Weight-related Parameters Research Articles

Analytical Modelling of Textile Parameters and Draping Behaviour of 2D Biaxial Braided Sleevings

Biaxial braided sleevings are commonly used for producing hollow complex-shaped composite parts through bladder inflation moulding. To enable feasibility analyses, part design and the prediction of mechanical properties of the resulting fibre-reinforced component, various geometrical and weight-related parameters of the braided fabric in its draped state must be known, such as fibre orientation, fibre volume fraction and areal weight. In the present work, a comprehensive analytical model describing fabric formation, preform architecture and weight as well as the change of relevant textile parameters of a biaxial braided sleeving during draping is established. The principal modelling approach is based on sporadic investigations found in literature and was substantially expanded to compile an extensive collection of relationships for the utilisation in a sleeving-on preforming process. Furthermore, a critical overview about the state of the art in the area of geometrical modelling of tubular 2D braided structures and a comparison of the identified procedures in regard to the desired application is given.

Chances and Limitations of Video Games in the Fight against Childhood Obesity-A Systematic Review.

A systematic literature search was conducted to assess the chances and limitations of video games to combat and prevent childhood obesity. This search included studies with video or computer games targeting nutrition, physical activity and obesity for children between 7 and 15years of age. The study distinguished between games that aimed to (i) improve knowledge about nutrition, eating habits and exercise; (ii) increase physical activity; or (iii) combine both approaches. Overall, the games were well accepted. On a qualitative level, most studies reported positive effects on obesity-related outcomes (improvement of weight-related parameters, physical activity or dietary behaviour/knowledge). However, the observed effects were small. The games did not address psychosocial aspects. Using video games for weight management exclusively does not deliver satisfying results. Video games as an additional guided component of prevention and treatment programs have the potential to increase compliance and thus enhance treatment outcome. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

The effects of antipsychotics on weight gain, weight-related hormones and homocysteine in children and adolescents: a 1-year follow-up study.

To analyze weight gain, metabolic hormones, and homocysteine (Hcys) levels in children and adolescents on antipsychotics (AP) during a year-long follow-up. 117 patients, AP-naïve or quasi-naïve (less than 30days on AP), were included. Weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score (z-BMI), and levels of leptin, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adiponectin, ghrelin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and Hcys were measured at baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12months, while patients remained on the same AP. Patients (mean age: 14.4±3years; 64.1% male) were on risperidone (N=84), olanzapine (N=20) or quetiapine (N=13) from baseline up to 1-year follow-up and significantly increased weight (5.8±4.3kg at 3-month, 8.1±6.1kg at 6-month, and 11.6±7.0kg at 1 year), BMI, and z-BMI. Leptin levels significantly increased from baseline to 3 and 6 months, as did TSH levels from baseline to 3 months, while FT4 levels decreased from baseline to 3 and 6 months. Patients with BMI>85th percentile at baseline (N=16) significantly increased weight, BMI, and z-BMI, more than patients with normal BMI over time. Higher baseline levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin were associated with increased weight/BMI during follow-up, while higher baseline levels of FT4, adiponectin, and ghrelin were associated with lower weight/BMI during follow-up. All AP were associated with increased weight and BMI/z-BMI in all of the assessments; however, at 1-year assessment, this increase was significantly higher for patients on quetiapine. Both higher baseline levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin, as well as being overweight/obese at baseline were associated with increased weight/BMI during 1-year follow-up in children and adolescents on AP. Awareness of weight-related parameters in this population may help inform decisions regarding AP prescriptions.

Weight-related and analytical maternal factors in gestational diabetes to predict birth weight and cord markers of diabetic fetopathy

Objective: The objective was to determine the value of clinical and analytical maternal factors to predict birth weight and umbilical cord biochemical markers of diabetic fetopathy.Methods: Prospective evaluation of gestational diabetes pregnancies (n = 50). Maternal weight-related clinical and analytical factors were collected during pregnancy. After birth, an umbilical cord sample was taken.Results: Univariate linear regression analysis showed relationship between maternal weight, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) with birth weight percentile. A significant association was found between maternal weight and cord insulin and C-peptide. Maternal HbA1c, leptin and insulin during pregnancy showed a positive linear association to cord leptin, insulin and C-peptide. In multivariate analysis models, final maternal BMI showed an independent positive association with cord C-peptide.Conclusions: Maternal weight-related and analytical parameters show diagnostic value to birth weight and cord markers.

Camp-Based Immersion Treatment for Obese, Low Socioeconomic Status, Multi-Ethnic Adolescents

Immersion treatment (IT) provided in a camp setting has been shown to promote short-term improvements in weight and health status in obese adolescents. However, evidence of IT's long-term efficacy and efficacy for multi-ethnic and lower socioeconomic status (SES) adolescents is limited. This was a cohort study with a pre/post design and longitudinal follow-up. The intervention was a 19-day camp-based IT program comprising (1) a nutrition curriculum and ad-lib access to a nutritious diet, (2) several hours of physical activity daily, (3) group therapy, and (4) cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This analysis included 52 low-SES adolescents that participated in 2009 and 2010. A subgroup of 33 campers and their families was offered follow-up monthly for 10 months. Primary outcome measures were change in weight-related parameters immediately postcamp and after 10 months of follow-up. Campers had significant short-term improvements in mean waist circumference (mean [M], 2.6; standard deviation [SD], 3.2 cm), weight (M, 2.6; SD, 1.9 kg), BMI (M, 1.1; SD, 0.9 kg/m2), BMI z-score (M, 0.06; SD, 0.07), and percent overweight (M, 6.1; SD, 4.7). Campers offered follow-up had a modest increase in mean percent overweight (M, 2.0; SD, 8.4) during 10 months of follow-up. However, 33% experienced continuing decline in percent overweight during follow-up, and long-term follow-up was associated with significant overall (precamp vs. end of follow-up) improvements in percent overweight (M, 4.9; SD, 7.2). Camp-based IT with CBT is a promising intervention for improving short- and long-term weight status of low-SES adolescents. Additional research is needed to increase long-term efficacy.

Body weight, weight gain and hyperglycaemia are associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes

AimThe aim of this study was to measure the capacity of glucose- and weight-related parameters to predict pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders in women with gestational diabetes. MethodsAn observational study was conducted involving 2037 women with gestational diabetes. The associations of glycaemic and weight-related parameters with pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders were obtained by univariate and adjusted multivariate analyses. Also, model predictability and attributable predictor risk percentages were calculated, and collinearity and factor interactions examined. ResultsMultivariate analyses revealed that hypertensive disorders were mainly predicted by average third-trimester glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels≥5.9%, by being overweight or obese before pregnancy and by excess gestational weight gain after adjusting for age, tobacco use, chronic hypertension, parity, urinary tract infections and gestational age at delivery. Prepregnancy body weight (overweight and obesity) had the strongest impact on pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders (attributable risk percentages were 51.5% and 88.8%, respectively). The effect of being overweight or obese on hypertensive disorders was enhanced by HbA1c levels and gestational weight gain, with elevated HbA1c levels multiplying the effect of being overweight before pregnancy. ConclusionThe average third-trimester HbA1c level is a novel risk factor for pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders in women with gestational diabetes. HbA1c levels≥5.9%, prepregnancy overweight or obesity and excess gestational weight gain are all independent risk factors of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders in such women. In treated gestational diabetes patients, the strongest influence on hypertensive disorders is prepregnancy obesity.

Body Image After Sleeve Gastrectomy: Reduced Dissatisfaction and Increased Dynamics

Individuals with severe obesity commonly report poor body image. Improvement in body image has been found after conservative weight reduction programs as well as after bariatric surgery (gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion, or gastric banding). However, no studies investigating body image after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are available. Of 70 consecutive patients who planned to undergo LSG at a comprehensive obesity center, 62 patients were included in the study and evaluated before surgery. Their mean body mass index (BMI) was 51.3kg/m(2) and the patients' mean age before surgery was 43.8years. One-year follow-up data were obtained for 51 patients (82.3%). Body image was assessed using the body image questionnaire (BIQ-20), and depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Patients reported poor body image before surgery. One year after LSG, negative evaluations of the body and perceptions of body dynamics and vitality had markedly improved, without reaching healthy levels. No correlations between body image and weight-related parameters (BMI, percentage of excess weight loss) or mood after 1year were found. Body image improves after LSG. This improvement might reflect changes to patients' attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts rather than real weight lost. Further studies should investigate the factors that mediate improvement of body image after bariatric surgery.

Subjective and Biological Weight-Related Parameters

Administration of atypical antipsychotics often induces significant weight gain and metabolic changes. Little is known about subjective weight-related parameters in adolescent patients. Therefore, this cross-sectional, explorative study aimed to assess these parameters and their relationship with biological weight-related parameters. 74 patients (mean age: 19.9 [SD ± 2.3] years; 66.2% male) with schizophrenia under clozapine or olanzapine treatment were examined. Subjective well-being, eating behavior, body perception and social functioning were assessed, using the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire, FKB-20 Body Perception Questionnaire, Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptics, Short Form and Global Assessment of Functioning. Patients' biological weight-related parameters were measured as well. Gender differences as well as associations between subjective and biological weight-related parameters were evaluated. Female patients reported significantly worse negative body appraisal and physical functioning than males. An elevated BMI was associated with impaired physical functioning in females and with negative body appraisal and hunger in males. In our sample of young patients with schizophrenia unter treatment with atypical antipsychotics, an elevated BMI was associated with impaired physical functioning and negative body appraisal, respectively. Bearing in mind the high risk of obesity in this population, the mentioned impairments should be accounted for, especially in terms of compliance and quality of life.

The relationship between breast size and anthropometric characteristics

Current clinical selection criteria for mammaplasty use weight-related parameters, and weight loss is recommended as a nonsurgical intervention to reduce breast size. However, research has not firmly established if breast size is related to body size and composition. This study aims to investigate anthropometric characteristics in smaller and larger breasted women and identify predictors of breast mass. A bra fitter determined underband and cup size of 93 A to H cup size women (mean ± standard deviation, age 25.7 ± 5.6 years, height 1.67 ± 0.6 cm, and mass 65.6 ± 11.0 kg). Estimations of breast mass (g) were made, and participants were categorized as smaller (<500 g) or larger (>500 g) breasted. Restricted anthropometric profiles determined body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, sum of eight skinfolds, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, somatotype, percent body fat, fat and fat-free mass, and suprasternal notch to nipple distance. All variables (excluding height, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, and age) were significantly greater in larger breasted women. Body mass-related parameters and suprasternal notch to nipple distance were positively related to breast mass, with BMI and suprasternal notch to nipple distance accounting for half of the variance in breast mass. Smaller and larger breasted women demonstrate differences in anthropometry, with body mass and BMI demonstrating strong relationships to breast mass. Measures of BMI and suprasternal notch to nipple distance enable predictions of breast mass and suggest that weight-related parameters are not appropriate exclusion criteria for mammaplasty.

Design of an Adaptive PD Controller for the Weight-Independent Motion Control of a Mobile Robot

Previous research on mobile robots has been based on models of mobile robots with invariant weight parameters. However, the most practical mobile robots that bear heavy burdens have varying weights and centres of gravity. This paper suggests a design for an adaptive PD controller that estimates and adapts to the weight-related parameters of robots that bear varying heavy burdens. Using the suggested adaptive PD controller, the motion of mobile robots can be independent of the weight-related parameters and the operational performance is confirmed by target tracking simulations.

Assessing Quality of Life for Morbidly Obese Patient

As the worldwide prevalence of obesity has been steadily rising, bariatric surgery which guarantees sustainable weight control for morbid obesity is rapidly developing at the same time. Morbid obesity carries significant health risks to patients in multi-dimensional way including physical, psychological, and social co-morbidities. And the decrease in well-being due to poor health may have adverse effects on health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) for morbidly obese patients Bariatric surgery provides innovative treatment for morbid obesity and reverses its co-morbidities with positive alteration of weight-related parameters. Assessing HR-QOL is one of indispensable factors for measuring outcomes of bariatric surgery because poor HR-QOL of obese people has often persisted after weight loss. Numerous studies reporting HR-QOL in bariatric patients were conducted using various instruments, none of which, however, achieved recognition as gold standard HR-QOL instrument for bariatric patients. HR-QOL instruments in bariatric field need to satisfy some conditions. It could detect obesity-related HR-QOL hazards sensitively before and after surgery for evaluating effects of bariatric surgery. And it has to be equipped with reliability and validity in Korean version as well as original questionnaire in English. The main aim of this review is to identify instruments used in assessing HR-QOL in bariatric patients and reveal their pros and cons in order to find adequate HR-QOL instruments for Korean morbidly obese patients.

Metabolite Profiling Identifies Candidate Markers Reflecting the Clinical Adaptations Associated with Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

BackgroundRoux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is associated with weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, and a reduction in co-morbidities such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. To generate further insight into the numerous metabolic adaptations associated with RYGB surgery, we profiled serum metabolites before and after gastric bypass surgery and integrated metabolite changes with clinical data.Methodology and Principal FindingsSerum metabolites were detected by gas and liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry before, and 3 and 6 months after RYGB in morbidly obese female subjects (n = 14; BMI = 46.2±1.7). Subjects showed decreases in weight-related parameters and improvements in insulin sensitivity post surgery. The abundance of 48% (83 of 172) of the measured metabolites changed significantly within the first 3 months post RYGB (p<0.05), including sphingosines, unsaturated fatty acids, and branched chain amino acids. Dividing subjects into obese (n = 9) and obese/diabetic (n = 5) groups identified 8 metabolites that differed consistently at all time points and whose serum levels changed following RYGB: asparagine, lysophosphatidylcholine (C18:2), nervonic (C24:1) acid, p-Cresol sulfate, lactate, lycopene, glucose, and mannose. Changes in the aforementioned metabolites were integrated with clinical data for body mass index (BMI) and estimates for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Of these, nervonic acid was significantly and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (p = 0.001, R = −0.55).ConclusionsGlobal metabolite profiling in morbidly obese subjects after RYGB has provided new information regarding the considerable metabolic alterations associated with this surgical procedure. Integrating clinical measurements with metabolomics data is capable of identifying markers that reflect the metabolic adaptations following RYGB.

Gender modifies the relationship between weight increase during adult life and fasting plasma glucose in obese-overweight subjects

Maternal deprivation (MD) in rodents is used to simulate human-infant early life stress, which leads to neural, hormonal, and behavioral alterations. Palatable food (PF) can reduce the stress response, and individuals use it as a self-applied stress relief method. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the association between MD in the early life (P1–P10) and PF consumption (condensed milk, P21–P44) in the central neuroplasticity (BDNF/NGF levels) and central neuroinflammatory parameters (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels) in male and female Wistar rats in the adolescence. In addition, weight-related parameters (weight gain, Lee Index, and relative adipose tissue weight) were evaluated. PF exposure increased relative adipose tissue weight; however, it did not lead to a change in animals’ body weight. MD reduced hypothalamic BDNF and NGF levels, and hippocampal TNF-α levels in male and female rats. Animals of both sexes that received PF, exhibited reduced hypothalamic NGF levels. Neuroinflammatory marker evaluations showed that male rats were more susceptible to the interventions than female rats, since MD reduced their cortical IL-10 levels and PF increased their IL-6 levels. Differences in the Lee index, central BDNF, TNF-α, and IL-6levels were observed between sexes. Male animals per se presented greater Lee index. Female rats had higher BDNF and IL-6 levels in the hippocampus and hypothalamus and higher hypothalamic TNF-α levels than those observed in males. In conclusion, there were more noticeable effects of MD than PF on the variables measured in this study. Sex effect was identified as an important factor and influenced most of the neurochemical measures in this study. In this way, we suggest including both female and male animals in researches to improve the quality of translational studies.

Measuring outcomes following bariatric surgery: weight loss parameters, improvement in co-morbid conditions, change in quality of life and patient satisfaction.

Restrictive and particularly malabsorptive bariatric operations achieve significant sustained weight loss. Results from different operations have been difficult to compare. The aims of this review are: 1) to indicate the limitations of outcomes reported as weight-related parameters; 2) to document some of the patient characteristics that impact weight loss; 3) to assess the literature documenting improvement in obesity-related medical conditions; and 4) to review studies that quantitate changes in health-related quality of life (QoL). Weight-related parameters such as body mass index and % excess weight inconsistently correlate with body fat. Direct determination of body fat with bioelectric impedance may offer more reliable outcome parameters. Patient characteristics such as gender, age, weight, body mass index, ethnicity, race and socioeconomic status affect weight loss following bariatric operations. Improvements in co-morbid conditions are poorly documented in many studies. Standardized instruments that assess health-related QoL have shown differing values. SF-36 has given inconsistent results following bariatric operations. Both BAROS and IWQoL-Lite have demonstrated significant improvements after surgery. Bariatric surgeons have rarely used patient satisfaction as an outcome parameter. This review suggests that bariatric operations should be judged by change in fat mass or fat mass index, improvement in obesity-related medical conditions, change in health-related QoL as judged by standardized instruments, and level of patient satisfaction. In addition, surgeons should characterize their study population and report outcomes for sub-populations.

The effect of age, weight-related parameters and hormonal contraceptives on andrological assays

Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), testosterone (T), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), T/SHBG ratio and the calculated free T were evaluated in healthy female blood donors. The influence of age and weight-related parameters were studied together with the effects of 9 different oral contraceptives. A gradual decrease with age of DHEA-S, T, T/SHBG and free T levels were observed. The Quetelet index showed a significant negative correlation with the androgen levels except for the T/SHBG ratio. In the females using contraceptives, DHEA-S levels were only significantly decreased in the group using Depo-provera R. Most contraceptive users had slightly lowered T levels. Marvelon R and Ministat R induced an increase in the SHBG levels. Androstenedione (A) levels were studied for some of the contraceptives (Ministat R, Marvelon R, Lyndiol R, Depoprovera R); levels were found to be significantly lower than in normal premenopausal women. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between DHEA-S and the T, T/SHBG and free T levels in the serum of 106 normal women.

Age-dependence of V/ P relationships and weight-related parameters in rat lungs

1. 1. In vitro static deflation volume-pressure ( V/ P) curve and wet and dry weights were measured in lungs of normal rats ranging from 28–29 days to 220–230 days of age. 2. 2. Both the ratios of lung wet weight/body weight and lung dry weight/body weight became progressively smaller as the animals grew older. 3. 3. The percentage water content in lungs tended to gradually decrease except for that during the younger age. 4. 4. V/ P curves with volume expressed as either ml/lung weight or % maximum lung air volume were found to shift upwards and to the left as the animals grew older. 5. 5. A gradual decrease in the elasticity of lung tissue with age was suggested to be responsible, at least in part, for such a shift of V/ P curves. 6. 6. It is necessary to establish a reference value for each age of animal at the use of these parameters and the V/ P curves.