Weight Percentage Of Filler Research Articles

Modification of the Epoxy Resin Mechanical and Thermal Properties with Silicon Acrylate and Montmorillonite Nanoparticles

In this study we have investigated the effect of montmorillonite with alkyl quaternary ammonium salt that had been doped into the silicon acrylate (AC-Si)/ Epoxy Cresol Novolac (ECN)/ montmorillonite nano composites on structural, mechanical and thermal properties of composite samples. Moreover the effect of increase in weight percentages of fillers at 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 wt% on the amount of Impact and flexural strength had been investigated. Also impact and flexural strength were performed on two different systems namely (a) ECN filled nanoclay and (b) AC-Si ECN filled with nano montmorillonite as a function of clay respectively. By increase in the weight percentage of filler in the context of matrix up to the 0.03 wt%, the amount of flexural and impact strength were increased but by adding filler more that 0.03 wt%, the amount of flexural and impact strength will decrease. The resulting nanocomposites have optimal mechanical properties at 0.03 wt% montmorillonite content. Addition of The AC-Si will increase the interlamellar distance due to better dispersion of the clay within the matrix. Cross section of fracture surfaces that had been shown by SEM micrographs, specifies that, increase in viscosity had caused due to aggregation that is the main cause of fluctuation in samples properties. In addition the produced samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) differential scanning calorimetry, Thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing (impact and flexural).

Experimental and analytical investigations into the effects of inorganic filler on the polypropylene nanocomposite microhardness

In the present study, polypropylene/nanoclay (PP/NC) and polypropylene/nano-calcium carbonate (PP/CC) nanocomposites with different weight percentages of filler were prepared using a twin-screw extruder. The effects of nanoparticles content on the nanocomposite were studied using the hardness measured under the applied loads in the range of 10–100 gf. It was observed that the microhardness increases with an increase in the nanofiller weight percentage. The hardness reaches its maximum for 1 wt% and 3 wt% for PP/NC and PP/CC, respectively. The results of the present study are evaluated by analytical methods proposed by Marsh and Tabor. For this purpose, mechanical properties of PP nanocomposites were obtained by uniaxial tensile and compression tests. The results were incorporated in Tabor and Marsh formula. According to the analytical methods, the results obtained from compression test were more accurate than those obtained from tensile test. In addition, variation of H/ Y ratio ( H and Y are microhardness and yield stress, respectively) versus the filler content under different applied loads was obtained. Finally, the Marsh model is modified in this work. The modified model proves more accurate in prediction of microhardness and H/ Y ratio of PP nanocomposite at different applied loadings. The new proposed model correlates the yield stress, elastic modulus, and the applied load to microhardness.

Polylactide-based polyurethane shape memory nanocomposites (Fe3O4/PLAUs) with fast magnetic responsiveness

Polylactide-based polyurethane shape memory nanocomposites (Fe3O4/PLAUs) with fast magnetic responsiveness are presented. For the purpose of fast response and homogeneous dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles, oleic acid was used to improve the dispersibility of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. A homogeneous distribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was obtained for nanocomposites with low Fe3O4 loading content. A small agglomeration was observed for nanocomposites with 6 wt% and 9 wt% loading content, leading to a small decline in the mechanical properties. PLAU and its nanocomposites have glass transition around 52 °C, which can be used as the triggering temperature. PLAU and its nanocomposites have shape fixity ratios above 99%, shape recovery ratios above 82% for the first cycle and shape recovery ratios above 91% for the second cycle. PLAU and its nanocomposites also exhibit a fast water bath or magnetic responsiveness. The magnetic recovery time decreases with an increase in the loading content of Fe3O4 nanoparticles due to an improvement in heating performance for increased weight percentage of fillers. The nanocomposites have fast responses in an alternating magnetic field and have potential application in biomedical areas such as intravascular stent.

Synergistic Effects of Carbon Fillers of Phenolic Resin Based Composite Bipolar Plates on the Performance of PEM Fuel Cell

AbstractThe most essential and costly component of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the bipolar plate. The production of suitable composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with good mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity is scientifically and technically very challenging. This paper reports the development of composite bipolar plates using exfoliated graphite, carbon black, and graphite powder in resole‐typed phenol formaldehyde. The exfoliated graphite with maximum exfoliated volume of 570 ± 10 mL g−1 used in this study was prepared by microwave irradiation of chemically intercalated natural flake graphite in a few minutes. The composite plates were prepared by varying exfoliated graphite content from 10 to 35 wt.% in phenolic resin along with fixed weight percentage of carbon black (5 wt.%) and graphite powder (3 wt.%) by compression molding. The composite plates with filler weight percentage of 35/5/3/exfoliated graphite/carbon black/graphite powder offer in‐plane and trough‐plane electrical conductivities of 374.42 and 97.32 S cm−1, bulk density 1.58 g cm−3, compressive strength 70.43 MPa, flexural strength 61.82 MPa, storage modulus 10.25 GPa, microhardness 73.23 HV and water absorption 0.22%. Further, I–V characteristics notify that exfoliated graphite/carbon black/graphite powder/resin composite bipolar plates in unit fuel cell shows better cell performance compared exfoliated graphite/resin composite bipolar plates. The composite plates own desired mechanical properties with low bulk density, high electrical conductivity, and good thermal stability as per the U.S. department of energy targets at low filler concentration and can be used as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Novel Anisotropic Magnetoelectric Effect on δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) Multiferroic Composites.

The past decade has witnessed increased research effort on multiphase magnetoelectric (ME) composites. In this scope, this paper presents the application of novel materials for the development of anisotropic magnetoelectric sensors based on δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites. The composite is able to precisely determine the amplitude and direction of the magnetic field. A new ME effect is reported in this study, as it emerges from the magnetic rotation of the δ-FeO(OH) nanosheets inside the piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) polymer matrix. δ-FeO(OH)/P(VDF-TrFE) composites with 1, 5, 10, and 20 δ-FeO(OH) filler weight percentage in three δ-FeO(OH) alignment states (random, transversal, and longitudinal) have been developed. Results have shown that the modulus of the piezoelectric response (10-24 pC·N(-1)) is stable at least up to three months, the shape and magnetization maximum value (3 emu·g(-1)) is dependent on δ-FeO(OH) content, and the obtained ME voltage coefficient, with a maximum of ∼0.4 mV·cm(-1)·Oe(-1), is dependent on the incident magnetic field direction and intensity. In this way, the produced materials are suitable for innovative anisotropic sensor and actuator applications.

Dental Resin Composites with Enhanced Properties Bycommercial Silica Particles as Fillers

To explore the preparation of novel dental resin composites with enhanced properties, two commercial silica particles with sizes of around 1μm and 40 nm were chosen as inorganic fillers, and firstly surface functionalized by 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) to incorporate cross-linkable vinyl groups onto the surface of fillers. Then the modified fillers were blended with organic monomers, bisphenolAdiglycidyldimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), to fabricate the resin compositeswith a three-roll mixer.Resin composites with various weight percentage of fillers and component ratio of microparticle and nanoparticle were prepared. Surface functionalization of silica particles was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical properties degree of conversion, and depth of cure of the resultant resin composites were investigated byuniversal testing machineand FTIR. The results indicated that surface modification of silica particles was successful and the surface organic contents were 3.29% and 4.34%, respectively. Among the studied resin composites, the resin composite with 75 wt.% silica particles (59 wt.% microparticles and 16 wt.% nanoparticles) presented the highest value of depth of cure (5.52 ± 0.07 mm), and optimum mechanical properties such as flexural strength (149.8 ± 3.3 MPa), flexural modulus (13.8 ± 0.06 GPa), compressive strength (340.6 ± 8.3 MPa) and Vicker’smicrohardness (78.26 ± 2.45 HV). The study of dental resin composites fabricated from commercial silica particles with excellent properties might provide a new sight for realizing the preparation of this kind of dental resin composites in an industrial scale.

Effect of Plaster of Paris Waste and Sintering Temperatures on Physical Properties of Pottery

This paper shows the results of a study of the change of physical properties of pottery due to adding different quantities of POP waste to the pottery powder mixture. The aim of this paper is a contribution to environmental protection and the demonstration of an opportunity to recycle POP waste. POP wastes produced by the local ceramics manufacturer were selected as filler in pottery. The pottery which was produced via the slip casting process and sintered at 950°C, 1000°C and 1050°C and with different weight percentage of filler (0wt. %, 2wt. %, 4wt. %, 6wt.%, 8wt.%, 10wt.%) into the composition. In the performed tests and examinations the characteristic properties of pottery like particle size, shrinkage, porosity and density were analyzed. The results and their interpretation show that POP can be used as filler in pottery ceramic.

Effects of Fillers of Animal Origin on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Utility Polymer

The effects of some animal materials, viz feather, hide and hoof, as fillers incorporated into propylene matrix were investigated. Composites of two varying weight percentages of fillers in fixed weight of the polymer resins were produced for each filler type by the injection moulding technique. The physico- mechanical properties of the composites prepared showed positive effects in the properties such as, tensile strength, elongation at break, compressive strength, flexural strength and surface hardness. Polypropylene hide composite increased the tensile strength from 18MPa to 21MPa at 1% filler loading. The decrease in elongation at break was experienced for the three fillers incorporated into the propylene polymer matrix. The compressive and flexural strengths were seen to be enhanced by these fillers. These animal fillers gave polypropylene composites great strength by enhancing its mechanical properties with the hide filler showing the best reinforcing qualities. These materials of animal origin can be used as fillers and also as biodegradable fillers for polymer resins and mimic bio-plastics.

Bisphenol, Diethylstilbestrol, Polycarbonate and the Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy–Silica Nanostructured Composites

The report has a double character: it deals with the synthesis and preparation of a series of polymers based on bisphenol-A (BPA) monomer; a series of physical and thermomechanical properties are examined for one type (diglycidyl ether of BPA, DGEBA with nanosilica) of the prepared materials. The reactions involved in diepoxy curing with a diamine, functional group modelling for cross-linked polymers, formation of a polymer DGEBA, BPA polyaddition to DGEBA forming a polyether, DGEBA curing with Jeffamine and cross-linking to form a resin are analyzed. Nanocomposites of silica, coated with cross-linked epoxy–amine, are synthesized and examined by 29Si-magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric and dynamic mechanical analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Epoxy matrix is filled with nanosilica to design materials with defined properties. A low weight percentage of filler results in matrix improvement.

On the Unreacted Hugoniots of Three Plastic Bonded Explosives

AbstractThere is a continuing interest in determining the detonation characteristics of loaded plastic‐bonded explosives (PBXs). Within the UK, the relevant government agencies wish to better understand the response of insensitive high explosives. This has required more detailed investigation of the transit of reaction from the unreacted state to products. The starting condition for shock to detonation transition (SDT), before application of a kinetic scheme to describe reaction, is thus the unreacted Hugoniot for the material. In this work, three PBXs, manufactured by BAE Land Systems, are investigated and modelled. All contain RDX in differing quantities in an HTPB binder. One of them contains aluminium. Two of the materials have the same weight percentage of filler and binder but differ in the grain size distribution entrained. The experimental Hugoniots are presented, and a composite equation of state is derived using an engineering model, and a model based on continuum mixture theory. Both are shown to describe the measurements well. Further applications of the technique are described and future uses are outlined.

Effect of nanosize CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 particles on the rheological behavior of polypropylene and its simulation with a mathematical model

AbstractNanosize CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 fillers were synthesized with an in situ deposition technique, and their sizes were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. CaSO4 was prepared in 12‐ and 22‐nm sizes, and Ca3(PO4)2 was prepared in 13‐ and 24‐nm sizes. Experimental variables, such as torque, shear viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate, of the nanofilled polypropylene (PP) composites were measured with torque rheometry and melt flow index (MFI) measurements. Torque versus time, shear viscosity versus weight percentage, and MFI versus weight percentage were plotted to investigate the rheological behavior of the nanofilled composites. The Cross–Williamson (CW) model was simulated with the MATLAB simulation package to study the thinning behavior of the PP composites. The experimental results show a decrease in the shear viscosity with increasing weight percentage of filler. Shear thinning in the molten PP composites was comparatively greater with decreasing nanosize of CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2. This kind of behavior was confirmed by the N parameter as determined from the CW model. The simulation of experimental data also showed similar trends as the theoretical data. At a certain stage, a violation of theoretical data was observed. This was because of practical limitations of the equation, as the equation does not include consideration of the physical situation of chain entanglements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4190–4196, 2006

Determination of filler concentration in magnesium hydroxide filled LDPE during extrusion, using ultrasound

The relative effects of changes in temperature, pressure and weight percentage filler on ultrasonic velocity through static samples of magnesium hydroxide filled low density polyethylene (LDPE) melt have been determined for a range of temperatures and pressures. Ultrasonic velocity was found to be most sensitive to change in temperature and least sensitive to change in pressure. Using these data and data obtained during extrusion of unfilled LDPE, the amount of magnesium hydroxide present (weight percentage) in LDPE was determined. Values of weight percentage calculated from extrusion data were compared with values obtained from the thermogravimetric analysis of extrudate. Variations in weight percentage of filler between the two sets of data followed the same trend with time of extrusion.

Dynamic and static moduli of elasticity of resin-based materials

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the elastic moduli of 34 resin-based materials using a dynamic and a static method. The effect of water storage was also studied up to 6 months. Methods: Five samples of each material were prepared according to ISO-4049. The dynamic moduli were first determined non-destructively from the fundamental period of the vibrating specimen, then the static moduli were determined by a three-point bending test. The percentages of fillers by weight were determined by ashing in air at 900°C. Results: Low values were obtained with flowable composites as well as with two packable resin composites. Correlations were found between the static and the dynamic modulus of elasticity ( r=0.94; p=0.0001) as well as between the weight percentage of fillers and the moduli of elasticity ( r=0.82; p<0.05 for static modulus and r=0.90; p<0.05 for the dynamic modulus) both at 24 h. Water storage significantly affected both static and dynamic moduli of elasticity (ANOVA two factors; p<0.05). Significance: The low moduli of the flowable composites do not allow their use in posterior cavities under high stress. However, this does not exclude their use for minimally-invasive Class I cavities when the opposing tooth is stabilized to a large amount on the natural enamel.The Grindosonic method is very useful and simple for determining the dynamic moduli although it gives higher values than the static one. The elastic modulus evolution of resin-based materials after water storage is unpredictable since different patterns were observed as a function of time.

Effective material properties and thermal stress analysis of epoxy molding compound in electronic packaging

In this study, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the elastic modulus of epoxy molding compound (EMC) are measured using fabricated specimens and then the measured values are compared with the predicted values by theoretical equations (such as dilute suspension method, self consistent method, Hashin-Shtrikman's bounds, Shapery's bounds and others). The measured values are distributed within the upper and lower bounds of predicted values. The measured elastic modulus and the CTE of EMC approach close to the predicted values by self consistent method and upper bound of Shapery's equation respectively. Two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis are performed using the measured and analytically predicted values. Finite element method (FEM) analysis indicates that firstly the EMC with eighty weight percentage of filler shows less thermal stress when package is cooling down and relatively high thermal stress when package is heating up. Secondly the stress concentrations at the edge sections about two times higher than the interfaces and at the vertex parts about 1.4 times higher than the edge sections are observed.

Effect of titanate coupling agent on electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and mechanical properties of PC–ABS–NCF composite

AbstractNickel‐coated carbon fibers (NCF) treated with a coupling agent (CA) have been used for preparing composites of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) (90/10%) by melt blending. These composites have been evaluated for electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), mechanical properties, dispersion, and adhesion of the polymer to a filler using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). There is an improvement in the EMI SE, tensile strength, and impact strength of the composite when the carbon fiber is coupled with titanate CA. In loading NCF in composite, the optimum concentration of the CA Lica 38 used is about 2.0 phf combined with 1.5 phf calcium stearate (Ca.st.) (on the weight percentage of fillers); the composite can reach an SE of 50 dB by the coaxial transmission line test method.

A comparison of monomer conversion and inorganic filler content in visible light-cured denture resins

Visible light-cured (VLC) denture resins are relatively new products used for the reline and repair of dentures. The conversion of monomer into polymer in 3 brands of visible light-cured denture resins was investigated. The relationship of the inorganic filler content to this conversion was also studied. It was determined that these reline materials vary in monomer conversion and weight percentage of filler, and this variation is brand dependent. The monomer conversion ranged from 77% to 97%. Significant differences in these values were found when duration of light exposure was increased. In addition, resin nearest to the light source polymerized to a greater extent when compared to resin that was 1 mm deep to this surface, hence furthest from the light source. The inorganic filler content ranged from 0% to 15%. For the resin systems studied, the relationship between monomer conversion and inorganic filler loading was inversely proportional. Results indicated that monomer conversion of VLC repair resins was affected by the duration of light exposure as well as the amount of inorganic filler present in the material.