Rhizome Weight Research Articles

English

The podophyllotoxin content in rhizome and root samples of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (with leaf morphological variants, that is, 1, 2 and 3L), an endangered perennial herb and a source of highly valued aryltetralin lignan, collected from 17 different populations (2800 to 3600 m asl) spread across Uttarakhand State of Indian Central Himalaya were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In general, podophyllotoxin content (on percent dry weight) of both rhizomes and roots varied significantly (p < 0.05) between the morphological variants. The podophyllotoxin content of rhizomes ranged from 0.012 to 5.480%; maximum and minimum levels were recorded in 2L (Kedarnath population) and 3L variants (Ghangria population), respectively. The mean podophyllotoxin content (population-wise) varied significantly (p < 0.05) between different populations; in general, a positive correlation (p < 0.01) was observed between podophyllotoxin content and increase in altitude; population-wise maximum (2.053%) and minimum (0.045%) levels were recorded in Kedarnath and Dayara-1 populations, respectively. The levels in root samples ranged from 0.021 to 5.800%, similar to those in the rhizomes. While maximum amount (5.800%) was estimated in 2L plants from Kedarnath population, minimum (0.021%) level was found in 2L plants from Ghangria population. The mean podophyllotoxin content across morphological variants (population-wise) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Kedarnath population (maximum: 2.090%); a positive correlation (p < 0.01) was found between the podophyllotoxin content and increase in altitude. Amongst all the morphological variants analyzed from different areas, 2L plants of Kedarnath population (highest altitude; 3600 m) exhibited maximum podophyllotoxin content, both in the rhizomes and roots. The observed chemo-diversity amongst morphological variants (leaf number) and populations could be used for selecting elites for multiplication and commercial and/or conservation purposes. Key words: Alpine, cultivation, Podophyllum hexandrum, May apple, podophyllotoxin.

EFEK NAUNGAN DAN CEKAMAN AIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL KUNYIT DI KISMANTORO, WONOGIRI

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Turmeric is a medicinal plant that has largest secondary metabolites (curcumin). Improving secondary metabolites with abiotic stress that the provision of shade and water stress. This research aims to study the effects of shade and water stress on growth and yield of turmeric and content of secondary metabolites. The study uses a nested design with two factors, namely shade (without shade, 25%, 50%, 75%) and water stress (without stress, 25% field capacity, 50% field capacity, 25% field capacity). Analysis using the F test and DMRT 5% level. The results showed that shade did not effect to fresh and dry weight of plant. 75% shade decrease root lenght, fresh and dry weight of rhizome. Water stress did not effect to growth and yield of turmeric. The highest curcumin results in conditions without shade and without stress.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

PENGARUH TINGKAT NAUNGAN DAN CEKAMAN AIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TEMULAWAK (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA)

&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) is one of superior kind of plant which has many benefits as medicinal plants. Cultivation of temulawak not yet intensively and grown on the land under the trees. Therefore, this research was important to get shade and water stress levels appropriate for cultivation of temulawak and higher producing secondary metabolities. This research used a nested design with two treatment, that is shade (without shade, 25%, 50%, 75%) and water stress (without water stress, 75%, 50%, 25% field capacity) with five replicants. Result were analyzed using analysis of variance and if there significant diference followed by DMRT 5% level. The result showed without shade treatment increase growth of temulawak include number of leaves, fresh weight of plant and dry weight of plants, and shade 50% increase plants height. The treatment of without water stress increase growth and yield of temulawak include number of tillers, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of plants, fresh weight and dry weight of rhizomes. The levels of curcumin increase on shade 25% and water stress 25%.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

APLIKASI PUPUK KANDANG SAPI DAN AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAHE (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) DI MEDIA GAMBUT

Research was conducted in march to june 2013 in the experimental farm of agriculture and animal Science faculty of the islamic university of sultan syarif Kasim Riau. The objektives of the research are 1.) to know the influence of chicken and cattle manures on plant grownt and yield of ginger 2.) and to find the best dosage of chicken and cattle manures for growth and yield of ginger.The experimental design was Randomized Complet Block Design Factorial RCBD with 2 factor 3 replications and analized by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test DMRT. The first Factor was differents of manures (chicken and cattle) and the second factor is doses of manure ( 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ton/ha). The data were collected for plant height, amount of plant, leaf width member of tillers/ plant and wet weight of rhizome.Results of the research showed that chicken manure increased plant height at 16 weeks and wet weight of rhizome. Wet weight of rhizome with chicken manure 28,18 % was higher than cattle manure the best dosages of chicken and cattle manures was 5 ton/ha and in word plant height at 16 weeks, number of hears/ plant, number of tillers / plants and height of rhizomes. Aplication of 5 ton/ha of manures in wood number of tillers/ plant and wet weight of rhizome by 96,71% and 163,15 % respectively.

Performance of turmeric in cashew plantation as intercrop compared to sole cropping

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ABSTRACT : A field investigation was undertaken during 2011-12 to assess the performance of turmeric under cashew plantation as intercrop compared to sole cropping in open area. An experiment was laid out in cashew plantation spaced at 6 m × 6 m by utilizing of 16 m (4 m × 4 m) area and replicated thrice with similar management under both management conditions. Significantly higher fresh weight of rhizome (353.52 g/clump), number secondary rhizome (27.97) and clump size (201.24 cm) of turmeric var. PTS24 was recorded under sole cropping compared to intercropping (271.83 g/clump, 25.53 and 157.88 cm, respectively) under cashew plantation. Interception of PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) by turmeric crop at 150 days after planting as intercrop in cashew plantation was 27390 Lux compared to 30876 Lux in open condition. Due to shade loving nature of turmeric plants growth was significantly higher under cashew intercropping and yield was recorded higher under open situation.

Pengaruh Jenis Pupuk dan Tingkat Arbuskular Mikoriza terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Jahe (Zingiber officinale)

&lt;p&gt;Ginger (&lt;em&gt;Zingiber officinale&lt;/em&gt;) is one kind of plants to be processed as traditional medicine, drinks, and spices. the smallest type of ginger that has many benefits as medical plant. Demand for ginger plants growing in the community is increasing. Additions of manure and arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase the quality and quantity of ginger. This was conducted to obtain the kinds of manure and levels of AMF to ginger to produce optimum growth and yield. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two treatment factors, namely planting medium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Results were analyzed by analysis of variance and if there is a real difference continued DMRT 5% level. The results showed that the differences in the kinds of manure and the levels of AMF increase growth and yield of ginger. Chicken manure application showed the highest results in the fresh weight of stover plant, dry weight of plant stover, fresh weight of plant rhizomes, and dry weight of the rhizomes. Whereas the additions of AMF 15 grams per plant in zeolite showed the highest results in the number of plant tillers, dry weight of plant stover, fresh weight of plant rhizomes, and dry weight of the rhizomes.&lt;/p&gt;

INFLUENCE OF MONOCROPPING AND INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS BETWEEN PARA RUBBER AND OIL PALM PLANTATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF PHLAI

A study was conducted on the effects of spacing of intercropping system of planting Phlai (Zingiber cassumunar), between the 4-5 year-old RRIT 251 Para rubber and oil palm plantations, and mono cropping. The research focusing on observations of rhizomes’s height, germination, size, weight and yield of Phlai which was cultivated at Sithibhon Krisdagara Research Station, Prachuapkhirikhan Province in 2009-2011. The intercropping system between Phlai and Para rubber displayed the most significant difference at 3 and 6 months after planting. The measurements were height of stem (66.45 and 90.06 cm); size of rhizome (width (11.72 cm), length (20.91 cm) and average (16.32 cm); weight of rhizome (0.28 kg) and yield (17,611.25 kg ha-1), respectively. The mono cropping and the intercropping with oil palms showed the least rhizomes size (width (8.01 cm); length (13.83 cm) and average (10.92 cm), weight of rhizome (0.10 kg) and yield (4077.5 kg ha-1), respectively. Both the mono cropping and intercropping systems used the same spacing at 25×50, 50×50, 25×75, 50×75 and 75× cm did not affect the germination percentage and showed the same characters. Furthermore there was no interaction between the cultivated Phlai system and spacing on the same characters.

Use of organic and inogranic nutrients to enhance productivity of turmeric, Curcuma longa L.

This study on turmeric was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from April 2010 to March 2011. Five different fertilizer combinations were used in this experiment. Number of tiller per clump, weight of mother rhizome per plant, weight of primary and secondary finger per plant were significantly highest from F2 and lowest from F0. Highest turmeric yield per hectare (11.6 t/ha) was obtained from F2 and the lowest (5.7 t/ha) was observed from F0. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v37i2.17559 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 2, 189-193, 2013

Effect of Organic Manure and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Yield of Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Problems encountered in the development of herbal medicine industry is that most of the raw materials (80%) came from the forest or natural habitats and the rest (20%) of the results of traditional cultivation. Provision of raw materials still rely on the natural occurrence of genetic erosion has resulted in some important medicinal plants such as plant ginger, turmeric, kencur, and temulawak. Therefore, this research needs to be done in order to develop the cultivation of medicinal through strengthening technology to increase the production of industrial raw materials and herbal preparations. This research was conducted in the District of Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia. The research is focused to improve cultivation techniques of medicinal plants by using various types of organic manure (chicken, goat, and cow) combined with various doses levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application. The purpose of this research is to gain a steady cultivation technology through the use of organic nutrients and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi so as to increase the production of ginger plants. The results showed that there is no interaction between application of the three types of organic manure (chicken, goat, and cow) with the level of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dosage on the growth and yield of the young ginger. Chicken manure, goat manure, and cow manure having the same effect in improving the growth and yield of the young ginger, on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, and the fresh weight of ginger rhizome. Mycorrhizal treatment at various doses (5, 10, and 15 g/plant) can increase the plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, and fresh weight of ginger rhizome, but did not affect the fresh weight and dry weight of plants.

Effect of bioagents on management of rhizome diseases, plant growth parameters and nematode population in ginger

Efficacy of different fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents against rhizome diseases of ginger as well as nematode population vis-a-vis plant growth parameters was determined under field conditions. Combined applications of bioagents were more effective in reducing the disease incidence than the individual treatments. Trichoderma harzianum+ Pseudononas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis gave minimum disease incidence on rhizomes (8.64 %) as well as on tillers (12.50 %). Combined treatment also proved more effective in increasing the plant growth parameters i.e. number of tillers, plant height, fresh rhizome weight along with more recovery of old rhizome. The nematodes were recorded in varying population intensities in different treatments. Minimum population of root knot nematodes was recovered from a combination treatment of T. harzianum + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis (21.66/ 200 cc of soil).

Tolerance of Miscanthus × giganteus to salinity depends on initial weight of rhizomes as well as high accumulation of potassium and proline in leaves

Miscanthus×giganteus, a species useful for sustainable agriculture, can be cultivated on soils with lower bonitation and also with higher salinity. The study aimed to estimate NaCl concentrations which limit growth of Miscanthus×giganteus plants and to determine physiological parameters best reflecting the response of Miscanthus to salt stress. The experiment was conducted on plants grown at 0–200mM of NaCl. All analyses were done after 12 weeks of salt treatment. In rhizomes and leaves, fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW), relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), and ion content were determined; in leaves only, chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis rate (PN), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and proline content. Shoots developed at all NaCl concentrations, but at 200mM many rhizomes produced none; thus analyses on leaves were done only on plants grown at 0–150mM of NaCl. Salinity decreased FW and DW of roots and shoots significantly, and retarded increases in rhizome weight. In leaves, salinity of 100 and 150mM NaCl did not damage membrane structures, while in rhizomes only 200mM increased EL considerably. Most parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange declined under salinity. High amounts of proline, K and Na were accumulated in leaves at 100 and 150mM NaCl. RWC remained unchanged in roots and leaves and decreased in rhizomes under rising salinity. The initial FW of the rhizomes studied correlated with the salt tolerance of Miscanthus plants. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, PN, FW and DW of roots and leaves as well as potassium and proline concentrations in leaves are the most reliable indicators of the response of Miscanthus to salinity. A high accumulation of K+ and proline in leaves reduces the sodium effect and determines the tolerance of Miscanthus to salinity.

THE CURCUMIN CONTENT OF TEMULAWAK(Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) RHIZOME AS AFFECTED BY N, K AND MICRONUTRIENTS B, Fe, Zn

A polybag experiment to study the influence of N, K, and micronutrients B, Fe, Zn and the curcumin content in temulawak was conducted in Malang from February – September 2012. Using RBD, 8 treatments (P1 Inseptisol, without fertilizer, P2 Inseptisol 300 urea kg.ha -1 , P3 Inseptisol 200 KCl kg.ha -1 , P4 Inseptisol 300 kg.ha -1 and 200 kg.ha -1 urea and KCl, P5 Alfisol, without fertilizer, P6 Alfisol 300 urea kg.ha -1 , P7 Alfisol 200 KCl kg.ha -1 , P8 Alfisol 300 kg.ha -1 and 200 kg.ha -1 urea and KCl in 3 replications. The micronutrients in vitro applied RCD by 4 treatments (MS medium, MS without B, Fe and Zn) in 10 replications. The results of experiment showed that dry weight of rhizome per plant in Inseptisol and Alfisol is 30.98 and 9.75 g, content of curcumin 6 month after planting was 3.60 and 4.72%. The highest rhizome weight of 8 months after planting was a combination of N and K of Inseptisol (48.28) and Alfisol (35.75 g per plant).The highest content of curcumin 6 months after planting was on Alfisol (7.99%) and Inseptisol (6.7%) by 200 KCl kg.ha -1 .The curcumin content in complete media was higher than that without B, Fe and Zn i.e. 6.26 compared with 1.86–2.39%. Keywords : temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. Synm. Curcuma javanica ), N, K, B, Fe, Zn, curcumin content Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

THE CURCUMIN CONTENT OF TEMULAWAK(Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) RHIZOME AS AFFECTED BY N, K AND MICRONUTRIENTS B, Fe, Zn

A polybag experiment to study the influence of N, K, and micronutrients B, Fe, Zn and the curcumin content in temulawak was conducted in Malang from February – September 2012. Using RBD, 8 treatments (P1 Inseptisol, without fertilizer, P2 Inseptisol 300 urea kg.ha -1 , P3 Inseptisol 200 KCl kg.ha -1 , P4 Inseptisol 300 kg.ha -1 and 200 kg.ha -1 urea and KCl, P5 Alfisol, without fertilizer, P6 Alfisol 300 urea kg.ha -1 , P7 Alfisol 200 KCl kg.ha -1 , P8 Alfisol 300 kg.ha -1 and 200 kg.ha -1 urea and KCl in 3 replications. The micronutrients in vitro applied RCD by 4 treatments (MS medium, MS without B, Fe and Zn) in 10 replications. The results of experiment showed that dry weight of rhizome per plant in Inseptisol and Alfisol is 30.98 and 9.75 g, content of curcumin 6 month after planting was 3.60 and 4.72%. The highest rhizome weight of 8 months after planting was a combination of N and K of Inseptisol (48.28) and Alfisol (35.75 g per plant).The highest content of curcumin 6 months after planting was on Alfisol (7.99%) and Inseptisol (6.7%) by 200 KCl kg.ha -1 .The curcumin content in complete media was higher than that without B, Fe and Zn i.e. 6.26 compared with 1.86–2.39%. Keywords : temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. Synm. Curcuma javanica ), N, K, B, Fe, Zn, curcumin content Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

The Combination Effects of Zinc, Magnesium, Sulphur Foliar Fertilizer Management on Cassava Growth and Yield Grown on Map Bon, Coarse-loamy Variant Soil

Microelement fertilization is an important for adding efficiency of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in Thailand. It had grater effects on quality of cassava root. The cassava cultivar KU 50, HB 60 and HB 80 were grown on Map Bon, coarse-loamy variant, sandy loam, low organic matter at Khao Hin Son Research Station, Khao Hin Son, Phanom Sarakham, Chachoengsao, Thailand, to evaluate the combination effects of zinc, magnesium and sulphur foliar fertilizer management on yield and quality of cassava. The experiment was carried out in a split plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during May 2010 to July 2011. There were five main plots; T1) non foliar fertilization, T2) foliar fertilization of Zn+Mg+S at the rate of 10 cc/20 liters of water, 30 cc/20 liters of water and 60 g/20 liters of t ha-1water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month), T3) foliar fertilization of Zn+Mg at the rate of 10 cc/20 liters of water and 30 cc/20 liters of water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month), T4) foliar fertilization of Zn+S at the rate of 10 cc/20 liters of water and 60 g/20 liters of water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month) and T5) foliar fertilization of Mg+S at the rate of 30 cc/20 liters of water and 60 g/20 liters of water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month) and three cassava cultivars subplots; V1) KU 50, V2) HB 60 and V3) HB 80. The results illustrated that the treatment with various rates of zinc, magnesium and sulphur gave difference in fresh stem weight, fresh rhizome weight, fresh root weight (g/root) and root starch content, but the foliar fertilization with Zn+Mg+S gave the highest on its while KU 50 cultivar gave the greater effect on fresh stem weight and fresh rhizome weight, HB 60 cultivar tended to give higher fresh root yield (11.90 t rai-1 or 74.38 t ha-1) and fresh root weight (370.10 g/root) but HB 80 cultivar tended to give higher root starch content (27.16%) and root number (13.81 root/plant). The Zn+Mg treatment sprayed on HB 60 cultivar gave the highest fresh root yield (15.77 t rai-1 or 98.56 t ha-1) and fresh root weight (442.45 g/root) but the HB 80 cultivar with Zn+Mg+S foliar fertilization gave the highest root starch content of cassava by 29.33%.

Growth forms of Leymus chinesis (Poaceae) at the different developmental stages of the natural population

AbstractThe manner in which the density of Leymus chinensis increases from a single plant to a dominant population can be understood by tracing the development of a population from early to late stages. Parent shoot density, above‐ground dry weight, spike density, heading rate and spike dry weight, density of spreading shoots (buds/daughter shoots in apical/axillary rhizomes) and clumping shoots (buds/daughter shoots in axillary parent shoots), and young rhizome length and weight were investigated in the same quadrats for a low density/early stage (LE) population and a high density/late stage (HL) population. Clonal growth (buds/daughter shoots formation) and sexual reproduction (spikes formation) increased while rhizome storage (young rhizome weight) decreased during the transition from LE to HL. In a LE population an outward occupation strategy was employed, with a high proportion of spreading shoots. As the population density gradually increased until HL, an inward consolidation strategy increasing shoot amount in previously occupied areas, was adopted. This was characterized by a high proportion of clumping shoots. Interestingly, the trade‐off between spreading and clumping shoots can be adjusted by the duration of young rhizome elongation during a growth season. In other words, compared with a HL population, a LE population shortened the duration of young rhizome elongation during the growth season, which resulted in more time for the production of axillary spreading shoots along the rhizomes, and high amounts and proportions of total spreading shoots. The special growth patterns, that is, trade‐offs among growth forms, allow L. chinensis to establish dominant populations throughout the eastern Eurasian Steppe.

IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH N2 FIXATION AND INDOLE ACETIC ACID SYNTHESIS AS GROWTH PROMOTERS IN CURCUMA ALISMATIFOLIA GAGNEP.

Endophytic bacteria carrying out dinitrogen (N2) fixation and indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis were firstly identified in C. alismatifolia, a globally important flower crop. Their potential as growth promoters to stimulate the rapid growth of host plant was also examined. It will be beneficial to reduce the propagation period of tissue culture plantlets, and also utilize as a biofertilizer for rhizome production in the field. Seven endophytic bacteria were isolated from the leaf, four isolates from the leaf base, and two from the rhizome. ECS203, a gram-negative bacterium with a round shape, showed the highest N2 fixation at 4.2 nmol C2H4/106 cells/hr, and ECS202 showed the highest IAA synthesis at 296 μL μg − 1 protein. Three selected isolates of N2-fixing and IAA synthesizing endophytic bacteria, i.e., ECS202, ECS203, and ECS204, isolated from the leaf base, were used to reinoculate Curcuma plantlets derived from tissue culture. Then, plants were grown in sterilized sand for 2 months and weekly supplied with N-free nutrient solution. Plant growth, colonization, nitrogen fixation, and IAA synthesis were measured at two months after planting. The inoculated plants clearly showed a better performance of plant growth and yield in terms of the plant height, plant weight, leaf area, and diameter of new rhizomes compared with uninoculated plants. The chlorophyll content and N concentration of leaves and roots also increased in inoculated plants. Endophytic bacteria from inoculated plants colonized the roots, rhizome, and leaf base. Partial sequence analysis using 16S rDNA indicated that the isolate ECS202 corresponded to Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis (99.2% similarity over 1,371 bp), ECS203 to Bacillus drentensis (99.4% similarity over 1,450 bp) and ECS204 to Bacillus methylotrophicus (99.9% similarity over 13,06 bp).

Modeling below-ground biomass to improve sustainable management of Actaea racemosa, a globally important medicinal forest product

Non-timber forest products, particularly herbaceous understory plants, support a multi-billion dollar industry and are extracted from forests worldwide for their therapeutic value. Tens of thousands of kilograms of rhizomes and roots of Actaea racemosa L., a native Appalachian forest perennial, are harvested every year and used for the treatment of menopausal conditions. Sustainable management of this and other wild-harvested non-timber forest products requires the ability to effectively and reliably inventory marketable plant components. However, few methods exist to estimate below-ground biomass (rhizomes and roots) based on above-ground metrics. To estimate the relationship of above-ground vegetation components to below-ground biomass, data from a long-term sustainable harvest study of A. racemosa was used to develop a predictive model for rhizome mass. Over 1000 plants were extracted from two sites in the Central Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. Measurements of plant height and canopy dimensions were matched with corresponding green weights of rhizomes and roots. A multi-staged process was used to fit a mixed effects model. A random effects structure was selected using Akaike’s Information Criterion, while the fixed effects structure was simplified through backward selection using likelihood ratio tests. Over 500 plants were harvested from three neighboring sites to evaluate the effectiveness of the model in predicting below-ground biomass based on above-ground metrics. The relationships between above and below-ground biomass of plants from the sustainability study sites and the validation study sites were similar, indicating effectiveness of the model. Predicted values for the validation data were, on average, slightly larger than the observed values, indicating a small bias. The 95% prediction intervals computed from the model, however, covered the true values more than 95% of the time. This study demonstrates that estimating marketable rhizome biomass of native medicinal plants is feasible at a stand level. The model will serve as a valuable tool for inventorying forest products, allowing estimation of below-ground biomass based on above-ground metrics. Use of this tool will aid in developing effective inventory and management strategies for wild-harvested medicinal plants. Adaptation of this model to other species will encourage efforts toward sustainable use of non-timber forest products worldwide.

Role of Growth Regulators and Chemicals on Growth, Yield and Quality Traits of Ginger (&lt;i&gt;Zingiber officinalis&lt;/i&gt; Rosc.)

Investigations were undertaken in ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) to assess the influence of growth regulators and chemicals on yield and quality under Lower Pulney Hills condition at Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Thadiyankudisai, India. The variety Rio-de-Janeiro was utilized for the experiment. Eight treatments viz., brassinolide 0.1 ppm, paclobutrazol (pp333) 250 ppm, CCC 500 ppm, potassium chloride one per cent, salicylic acid 100 ppm, panchagavya three per cent, water were applied as foliar spray at third and fifth month after planting and control (untreated). Observations were recorded on growth, yield and quality. Plant height was higher in panchagavya treated plants whereas other growth parameters like number of tillers per plant and number of leaves per plant were higher in CCC treated plants. Yield characters viz., number of primary and secondary rhizomes per plant, length and girth of primary and secondary rhizomes, fresh and dry weight of rhizomes, yield per plot and yield per hectare were recorded highest in CCC 500 ppm foliar sprayed plants. For obtaining highest yield with good quality of ginger rhizomes, foliar application of CCC at 500 ppm could be recommended to the growers.

Physico-Chemical Characterization and Product Development from Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) Germplasm Available in South Western Region of Bangladesh

An investigation was carried out to study the physico-chemical characteristics of 10 selected ginger germplasm of South Western region of Bangladesh from August 2012 to January 2013. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design. The physico-chemical characters of 10 germplasms of ginger species were studied. There was significant variation among the germplasms in relation to rhizome characteristics and organoleptic evaluation. Better performance of ginger was found in germplasm No. 1 in respect of total rhizome weight, rhizome width, rhizome height, pulp weight, pulp thickness, skin thickness and percents of edible part. Ginger germplasm No. 7 gave better value in respect of pH (6.71) and vitamin C (5.70) content of rhizome pulp. The total soluble solids found higher (6.67 %) in germplasm No. 1 and titratable acidity (5.68 %) in germplasm No. 2. Carotenoids (0.200 mg/100g) found maximum in germplasm No. 10. Germplasm No. 3 and 2 was better in respect of anthocyanin (0.17 mg/100gm) and flavonoids (11.27 gm) content of ginger pulp. In case of product development from different ginger, sauce was successfully prepared by using 400 g sugar containing treatment consisting 300-500 g of sugar with 100 g variation of sugar in three treatments without changing other ingredient. Ginger pakora was successfully prepared by using 25 g flour containing treatment consisting 15-25 g of flour with 5 g variation in three treatments without changing other ingredient. All ginger germplasms are not available year round in the country. So it is possible to preserve these rhizomes by development of products like sauce, pakora, laddu, nimky etc. to meet the nutritional requirement of people of the country.

YIELD AND CURCUMIN CONTENT STABILITY OF FIVE UB CLONES OF TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorriza Rox.)

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Interactions between genotype and environment is affect yield and curcumine content of temulawak ( Curcuma xanthorrhiza Rox ). The aims of the study was to determine stability of yield and curcumine content in diffrent enviromental condition. Field experiment was conducted during 12 month of year 2010, and Randomized block design with three replications was applied at four locations : Sragen, Malang, Pasuruan and Sumenep. The materials tested consists of five clones : UB1, UB2, UB3, UB4, UB5 included control ( Balitro clone). The results showed that the stability of the rhizome yield in each locations , achieved by UB3 and UB4 clones. The highest rhizome weight was obtained by UB2 at 34,63 t/ha, while the constant high curcumin content was obtained by UB4. Clones UB1 and UB5 suitable to be developed on marginal lands and clone UB2 adaptive on high fertility environment. Key words :temulawak, adaptation, clones