Weight Of Cabbage Research Articles

Effect of different fertilization practices on the growth and yield of cabbage

The field experiment was conducted at the farmer’s field of Sutiakhali, a village near the BAU, Mymensingh to investigate effect of integrated nutrient management on yield of cabbage and soil fertility during the period from 5th November 2013 to February2014. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and five treatments levels viz. T1: Recommended Dose (RD, N150P53K50S30Zn1.5Bo.7Mo0.5) T2: Soil Test Base (STB, N178P65K51S27Zn1.5B0.7Mo0.5) T3: Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS, N158P59K42S24Zn1.5B0.7Mo0.5) + Cow dung (CD) @ 5.0 tha-1, T4: Farmer’s Practice (FP, N65P42K71S6) T5: Control (no fertilizer). The Integrated Plant Nutrition System showed significant positive effect on the yield and yield components of cabbage cv. Atlas-70. The results of the present study showed that cow-dung with inorganic fertilizers have significant variation on all the parameters except number of loose leaves. The highest values for plant height (25.88cm), number of folded leaves per head (42.50), length of the biggest leaf (34.77cm), length of the lateral root (31.92 cm), length of stem (6.83cm) were recorded in T3 treatments, on the other hand the highest values in case of number of loose leaves at the treatment of T5 (control). The yield of cabbage crop has increased significantly with application of inorganic fertilizer in combination of cow dung over the control. The highest values for fresh weight of cabbage was 89.16 t ha-1, dry matter content of head (5.93%), dry matter content of loose leaves (9.72%), were recorded at T3 treatments by the application of inorganic fertilizer (N158P59K42S24Zn1.5B0.7Mo0.5) in combination with cow dung @ 5.0 tha-1. The above results indicated that the integrated nutrient management had a remarkable effect in promoting soil fertility and increasing yield and yield components of cabbage.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 182-186

Effect of timely application of alternated treatments of Bacillus thuringiensis and neem on agronomical particulars of cabbage

Diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella is an economical pest of cabbage. Chemical pesticides constitute so far the major tool for pest management. However, the use of botanical pesticides and microbial is also considered. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of alternating treatments of Bacillus thuringiensis and Neem on agronomic particulars of cabbage as compared to solo and chemical applications. Results showed that the alternation of B. thuringiensis and Neem, performed as well as solo. Agronomic parameters were strongly related to the level of infestation of P. xylostella and other pests. The number of leaves was higher in the control and Dimethoate treatments depicting higher response to severe damages, whereas diameters of cabbage heads were higher in the Biobit and Neem treatments. There was no significant difference between the Biobit and the alternated treatment in terms of weight of cabbage. The diameter of cabbage treated with Biobit was higher than those treated with an alternated treatment. However, there was no significant difference between the alternated treatment and Neem. On the other hand, there was significant correlation between agronomic parameters and the presence of parasitoids. The correlation was significantly greater between the number of leaves, diameter and weight of cabbage in the presence of Oomyzus sokolowskii. These results indicate that timely application of alternated treatments of B. thuringiensis and Neem can be more economically viable as compared to single treatments and should be adopted in integrated pest management programs for cabbage. Key words: Diamondback moth, biobit, neem, cabbage, integrated pest management, yield.

Pathogenicity and Host-Parasite Relationships of Heterodera cruciferae in Cabbage.

Stunted cabbage ('Lupini') associated with severe soil infestations by a cyst-forming nematode were observed in large patches of open fields in Castellaneta, province of Taranto, southern Italy. Morphological traits based on mature cysts, males, and second-stage juveniles (J2s) and molecular analysis of ribosomal DNA (D2 to D3 expansion segments of 28S and internal transcribed spacer [ITS]1 region) were used to identify the species. ITS1 sequence information supported the identity of Heterodera cruciferae, also showing a high degree of similarity to other species of the Heterodera Goettingiana group, including H. goettingiana, H. carotae, and H. urticae. Nematodes successfully established permanent feeding sites in cabbage roots which caused cellular alterations in the root cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular cylinder by inducing typical multinucleate syncytia. Syncytial cytoplasm was granular and dense, with variously sized vacuoles and hypertrophied nuclei with nucleoli. Cabbage plant growth was also reduced in pathogenicity tests. The relationship between the initial nematode population density in soil and shoot plant weight was well described by the Seinhorst's equation. Tolerance limits with respect to shoot plant weight of cabbage to H. cruciferae was estimated as 1.50 units of eggs plus J2s/cm3 of soil. The minimum relative value (m) for plant height was 0.71 at an initial nematode population density of (Pi) ≥ 64 units of eggs plus J2s/cm3 of soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate (Pf/Pi) was 4.6 times that of the initial population density of 8 units of eggs plus J2s/cm3 of soil.

Phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos in cabbage

Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis L., and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, are the main daily foliar vegetables of the vast majority of the population of eastern and southern China. Cabbages are also planted and consumed widely in other countries. The insecticide and acaricide chlorpyrifos is registered in many countries. Chlorpyrifos controls a variety of insects in plants and soils, and chlorpyrifos is extensively used in the Chinese market. Food poisoning due to the presence of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables has been reported in China provinces. Plant uptake of pesticide residues in air, water, and soil is a source of pesticide residues in vegetables. Here, phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos by Chinese cabbage and cabbage were studied in the laboratory using the batch technique. From 0 to 16 days after chlorpyrifos treatment, vegetables roots, stems, leaves, and culture water samples were collected, and the residues of chlorpyrifos in culture water, plant tissues were analyzed using GC-FPD. The results demonstrate that culture solutions with chlorpyrifos had no significant inhibitory effects on vegetable plant height. However, at 1.0 mg/l, it had significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage. Then, at 10.0 mg/l, it had only significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of cabbage compared to the control treatment. The disappearance rates of chlorpyrifos in solutions were in sequence as: nutrition solution with Chinese cabbage, nutrition solution with cabbage, pond water, nutrition solution. The results showed also that chlorpyrifos can be taken up by roots of Chinese cabbage and cabbage from water and subsequently translocated as a function of time. Uptake dynamics of chlorpyrifos from culture solutions by the two cabbage plants were similar.

경엽식물 잎의 첨가가 김치의 발효 및 관능특성에 미치는 효과

감잎, 뽕잎 및 댓잎의 추출물 및 세절물을 김치에 첨가하여, 김치의 발효 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 먼저 감잎, 뽕잎 및 댓잎의 추출물을 제조하여 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 전자공여능 및 유산균 증식 저해활성을 조사하였다. 감잎 추출물이 뽕잎 추출물과 댓잎 추출물보다 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 전자공여능이 가장 높았고, 유산균의 생육을 더 크게 저해하는 것으로 확인되었다. 감잎, 뽕잎 및 댓잎의 세절물을 김치에 첨가하여 담근 14일 후의 관능평가 결과, 감잎 세절물 0.3%를 첨가한 김치에서 색, 풍미, 조직감 및 전체적인 기호도가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p＜0.05). 또, 감잎 세절물과 감잎 추출물 0.3%를 첨가하여 제조한 김치의 담근 당일과 담근 14일 후의 pH와 산도의 변화량( ΔpH, ΔTA)을 계산한 결과, 감잎 세절물에서 유의적으로 적은 변화량을 보였다(p＜0.05). 또한, 담근 14일 후의 감잎 세절물 0.3% 첨가한 김치에서 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 전자공여능이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p＜0.05). 김치 제조 시 감잎 세절물 0.3%의 첨가가 김치의 숙성 중 pH, 총산도의 변화, DPPH 전자공여능, 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 관능평가에는 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Lodging of cabbage seedling due to its own weight

The machinery used to harvest cabbages has a preprocessing unit that holds the stem and cuts it off under the cabbage head. Mechanical harvesting damages the cabbage head because the stem often bends. However, why the bending occurs is not known. The stem sometimes bends due to the cabbage's weight and environmental factors. This study aimed to clarify the mechanical characteristics of the cabbage hypocotyl and understand pliability of the cabbage stem. We investigated pliability of the cabbage stem, particularly the hypocotyl segment under the cotyledonary node, during the seedling stage. Flexural rigidity of the cabbage hypocotyl, a mechanical characteristic of pliability, was measured. It was found that flexural rigidity increased exponentially in proportion to the number of days elapsed. A simple model of the cabbage stem was constructed to examine whether the hypocotyl can bend due to weight and the deflection of the hypocotyl was simulated based on the data obtained. The hypocotyl showed maximum bending on the 21st day from the day of sowing.

Salt Stress Inhibits Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.)

Salinity induced inhibition in germination and early stages of cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata L.) [two varieties (autumn cabbage and spring cabbage)] were measured in response to increasing NaCl concentration. The salinity (NaCl) concentrations in solution were 0 (control), 4.7, 9.4 and 14.1 dS m(-1). Different concentrations of salt stress had considerable effect on germination, germination rate (1/t50, where t50 is the time to 50% of germination), root and shoot lengths, root, shoot and plant fresh weight of cabbage. Final germination in cabbage (autumn cabbage and spring cabbage) showed significant inhibition with increasing salt stress up to 14.1 dS m(-1) NaCl. The required time for germination increased with increasing concentration of salt. The seedling growth was strongly inhibited by all salt levels, particularly at 14.1 dS m(-1). Furthermore Root growth was more affected then shoots growth by salt stress. Fresh weights of root, shoot and plant were also severely affected by different salinity treatments. Linear regression revealed a significant negative relationship between salinity and final germination, germination rate, root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of roots, shoots and plants.

Produção de repolho em função da aplicação de boro associada a adubo orgânico

Em condições de campo, em solo argiloso com teor médio de boro, foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação com boro, associada à adubação orgânica, na produção de repolho híbrido Kenzan. Cinco doses de B (0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 kg ha-1) foram associadas, em esquema fatorial, à ausência e presença (0 e 10 t ha-1) de vermicomposto de esterco bovino. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições e as adubações orgânica e química foram feitas no sulco, por ocasião do transplantio das mudas. O ponto de colheita foi atingido 75 a 90 dias após o transplantio. A adubação com vermicomposto de esterco de bovino elevou a produção em 3,8 t ha-1, o diâmetro das cabeças de repolho em 0,8 cm e o peso das cabeças em 170 g. A produção de repolho aumentou linearmente com a adubação com B e variou de 52,94 t ha-1 a 65,95 t ha-1. A relação entre B no solo e produção foi linear e positiva.

Efficacy of Electrolyzed Acidic Water for Disinfection and Quality Maintenance of Fresh-cut Cabbage

This study aims to establish a practical procedure of fresh-cut cabbage disinfection with electrolyzed acidic water. The ratio of fresh-cut cabbage weight to treatment water volume and treatment duration were compared between electrolyzed acidic water and sodium hypochlorite solution as a conventional disinfectant to define the conditions of equal bactericidal effects. The time-dependent change in trihalomethane content was measured with fresh-cut cabbage treated with electrolyzed acidic water or sodium hypochlorite solution. The sodium hypochlorite solution treatment resulted in constant detection of approximately 0.05mg/kg of chloroform throughout the 72-hour storage, but no trihalomethanes were detected even immediately after the electrolyzed acidic water treatment. In the sensory evaluation, more than half of the thirty panelists detected abnormality in the odor and taste of cabbage immediately following the sodium hypochlorite solution treatment, whereas not more than one panelist detected abnormality even immediately after the electrolyzed acidic water treatment. After 60-minute storage following the sodium hypochlorite solution treatment, not more than two panelists detected abnormality in the odor and taste. This clearly indicates that abnormality in odor or taste is not detectable even in presence of residual trihalomethanes. Electrolyzed acidic water can provide an effective treatment without producing trihalomethanes or causing detectable abnormality in odor or taste even if used on foods to be immediately supplied to consumers.

Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1995

Abstract Fresh-market cabbage was direct seeded on 11 October, 1995 at Weslaco, TX in 100-cm-wide beds and maintained with standard cultural practices. Plots consisted of two rows by 10.7 m and were arranged in a RCB design with sixteen treatments and four replicates. Spray applications were made on 2 Nov, 29 Nov, 14 Dec 1995, and 17 Jan 1996 with three hollow-cone tips per row. Applications were made with 284 1/ha of water. Cabbage loopers, diamondback moth larvae, and beet armyworms were counted on five whole plants per plot. Cabbage heads were harvested on 30 Jan, 5 Feb, and 21 Feb and evaluated for damage from 0 = none to 4 = severe damage to wrapper leaves and/or head. Harvested weight of cabbage was based on an average of two harvests from 5 plants each. Analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means were calculated from averages over all sample dates.

NITROGEN NUTRITION FOR HOME GARDEN VEGETABLES

Studies conducted on selected vegetable crops in replicated trials using nitrogen fertilizer at the specified rates equivalent to 56 kg, 112 kg, 224 kg, and 448 kg per hectare, produced yield variations. The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) on vegetable production for the home gardener. The yield in numbers of U.S. No. 1 grade bell peppers treated at the rate of 224 kg was higher for the third harvest when compared to the individual yields of the 1st, 2nd, and 4th harvests. The accumulative weight and number of fruit were higher on pepper plants receiving 56 kg than those receiving greater amounts of nitrogen. Tomato yields were higher for the 3rd harvest of plants treated at the 56 kg rate when compared to the yield at greater rates. Maturity of tomatoes was delayed at the nitrogen rate of 448 kg per hectare. At the nitrogen rate of 56 kg, the 2nd harvest of snap beans recorded a higher yield than the individual yields of the other three harvests. Individual head weight of cabbage was the greatest when plants received 448 kg nitrogen as compared to plants treated with less nitrogen.

Response of cabbage head weight to simulated Lepidoptera defoliation

AbstractStudies were conducted to determine the effects of continuous constant amounts of artificial defoliation through the preheading and heading growth stages on head weight of cabbage. High levels of continuous artificial defoliation caused a reduction in head weight in all three years of the study, but the highest yield was always attained at some low level of preheading or heading defoliation. These results demonstrate that cabbage is tolerant to some levels of continuous defoliation before and after head formation. Results from this study are incorporated into a cost‐benefit analysis to estimate an economic threshold.RésuméEffet de la défoliation (réelle ou simulée) par des lépidoptères sur le poids des pommes de chouxL'étude a porté sur le poids des pommes de choux (Brassica oleracea) soumis à différentes intensités de défoliations répétées avant et pendant la formation des pommes. Pendant les trois années de l'étude, huit intensités de défoliation continue ont réduit le poids des pommes, mais le poids le plus élevé a toujours été obtenu avec une faible défoliation avant et pendant la formation des pommes. Ceci montre que le chou tolère une certaine défoliation avant et pendant la formation des pommes. Les résultats de cette étude ont été utilisés dans une analyse coût‐bénéfice pour estimer le seuil économique de défoliation.

The value of soil sterilants for the control of clubroot on a field scale

SUMMARYIn field experiments in Kent and Warwickshire a 98 per cent dazomet prill applied at 200 or 400 kg/ha or Telone II (mainly 1, 3‐dichloropropene) applied at 450 or 900 l./ha reduced significantly the percentage of plants infected with clubroot and increased the mean head weight of cabbage. Dazomet prill at 400 kg/ha, incorporated to 24 cm depth, combined the best disease control (a reduction from 47 to 6 per cent plants affected) with substantial yield increase (from 781 to 949 g mean head weight).