Ball Weight Research Articles

Combustion and characteristics of mechanically activated Ni + Al mixture: Effects of the weight and size of the milling balls

The dependences of the characteristics of a mechanically activated Ni + Al mixture and a Ni + Al mixture additionally activated in water (dispersion) on the weight and diameter of the steel balls used in the activation are studied. The burning velocity, size of the composite particle formed during activation, microstructure of the composite particles, crystal structure of the activated mixture, density of the pressed samples, and their elongation during combustion are examined. The possibility of modifying the characteristics of the activated and dispersed mixtures by changing the weight of the balls used in the activation is demonstrated. The properties of the activated mixtures are shown to be unaffected by the diameter of the balls. The dependences of the burning velocity on the experimental parameters are interpreted within the framework of the convective-conductive model of combustion.

Impact Resistance Behaviour of Light Weight Rice Husk Concrete with Bamboo Reinforcement

This paper investigate the performance of lightweight rice husk concrete (LWRHC) with varied bamboo reinforcement content for the concrete slab of 300mm × 300mm size reinforced with varied slab thickness subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at 0.65 m height has been used in this research work. The main variables for the study is to find the relationship of the impact resistance against the amount of bamboo reinforcement and slab thickness. A linear relationship has been established between first and ultimate crack resistance against bamboo diameters and slab thickness by the experiment. The linear relationship has also been established between the service (first) crack and ultimate crack resistance against the bamboo reinforcement diameter and slab thickness. 5% RH content exhibit better first and ultimate crack resistance up to 1.80 times and up to 1.72 times respectively against 10% RH content.

Effect of Thickness and Fibre Volume Fraction on Impact Resistance of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)

This paper investigate the effect of the thickness and fibre volume fraction (VF) on the impact performance of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) for the concrete slab of 300mm × 300mm size reinforced subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at 0.57 m height has been used in this research work. The objective of this research is to study the relationship of impact resistance SFRC against slab thickness and volume fraction. There is a good linear correlation between impact resistances of SFRC against slab thickness. However the impact resistance of SFRC against percentage of volume fraction exhibit a non-linear relationship.

The Effect of Thickness and Mesh Spacing on the Impact Resistance of Ferrocement Slab

This paper investigates the effect of the thickness and mesh spacing on the impact of ferrocement for the concrete slab of 300mm x 300mm size reinforced subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at height of 150 mm, 350mm, and 500mm has been used in this research work. The objective of this research is to study the relationship of impact resistance of ferrocement against slab thickness and mesh reinforcement spacing. There is a good linear correlation between impact resistance of ferrocement against slab thickness and its mesh spacing. The first and ultimate crack impact resistance for 40 mm slab are 2.00 times and 1.84 times respectively against the 20 mm slab with the same mesh spacing. The first and ultimate crack impact resistance for 40 mm slab with 20 mm mesh spacing are 2.24 times and 3.70 times respectively against 50 mm mesh spacing with the same slab thickness. The mesh with higher content of reinforcement provides more contribution to the slab resistance as compare with the thickness.

Effect of Steel Fibres Distribution on Impact Resistance Performance of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)

This paper investigate the effect of the mesh distribution on the impact performance of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) for the concrete slab of 300mm × 300mm size reinforced with varied thickness and fraction volume subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at 0.57 m height has been used in this research work. The objective of this research is to study the effect of the mesh distribution on the impact resistance SFRC for various slab thickness and fraction volume. Random fibre distribution is the more effective than the top and bottom fibre distribution in terms of absorption of impact energy, crack resistance, the ability to control crack formation and propagation against impact energy.

Effect of Mesh Distribution on Impact Resistance Performance of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Concrete

This paper investigate the effect of the mesh distribution on the impact performance of kenaf fibre mesh reinforced concrete (KFMRC) for the concrete slab of 300mm × 300mm size reinforced with varied thickness and mesh diameter subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at 0.40 m height has been used in this research work. The objective of this research is to study the effect of the mesh distribution on the impact resistance kenaf fibre mesh concrete for various slab thickness and mesh diameter. 2-layers one Top and one Bottom mesh distribution kenaf mesh is the most efficient in the ability to control crack formation and propagation against impact energy followed by 1-layer Middle mesh distribution and lastly the 1-layer Top mesh distribution is the least effective.

Impact Resistance Performance of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Concrete

This paper investigate the performance of kenaf fibre mesh reinforced concrete (KFMRC) with varied kenaf fibre mesh reinforcement content for the concrete slab of 300mm × 300mm size reinforced with different mesh diameter at constant spacing with varied slab thickness subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at 0.40 m height has been used in this research work. The main variables for the study is to find the relationship of the impact resistance against the amount of mesh reinforcement and slab thickness. A linear relationship has been established between first and ultimate crack resistance against kenaf fiber diameters by the experiment. The linear relationship has also been established between the service (first) crack and ultimate crack resistance against the slab thickness. The threshold (highest) values for service crack and ultimate crack is 47.9 N/mm2 and 130.58 N/mm2 respectively observed and computed for 50 mm slab with 7 mm diameter mesh.

The Effect of Mortar Grade and Thickness on the Impact Resistance of Ferrocement Slab

This paper investigate the effect of the thickness and mesh spacing on the impact of ferrocement for the concrete slab of 300mm × 300mm size reinforced subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.236 kg drop at height of 150 mm, 350mm, and 500mm has been used in this research work. The objective of this research is to study the relationship of impact resistance of ferrocement against the mortar grade and slab thickness. There is a good linear correlation between impact resistance of ferrocement against the mortar grade and the thickness of ferrocement slab. The first and ultimate crack impact resistance of mortar grade 43 (for 40 mm thick slab with mesh reinforcement) are 1.60 times and 1.53 times respectively against the mortar grade 17 slab (of same thickness with mesh reinforcement). The first and ultimate crack impact resistance for 40 mm thick slab (mortar grade 43 with mesh reinforcement) are 3.55 times and 4.49 times respectively against the 20 mm thick slab (of same mortar grade with mesh reinforcement).

Impact Resistance Behaviour of Banana Fiber Reinforced Slabs

This paper investigate the performance of banana fibre reinforced slabs 300mm × 300mm size with varied thickness subjected to low impact projectile test. A self-fabricated drop-weight impact test rig with a steel ball weight of 1.25 kg drop at 1 m height has been used in this research work. The main variables for the study is to find the relationship of the impact resistance against the BF contents and slab thickness. A linear relationship has been established between first and ultimate crack resistance against BF contents and slab thickness by the experiment. The linear relationship has also been established between the service (first) crack and ultimate crack resistance against the BF contents for a constant spacing for various banana fibre reinforced slab thickness. The increment in BF content has more effect on the first crack resistance than the ultimate crack resistance. The linear relationship has also been established between the service (first) crack and ultimate crack resistance against the various slab thickness. Overall 1.5% BF content with slab thickness of 40 mm exhibit better first and ultimate crack resistance up to 16 times and up to 17 times respectively against control slab (without BF)

Precise Disease Severity Assessment for False Smut Disease of Rice

AbstractFalse smut is a disease of rice inflorescence. The existing systems of disease severity assessment for rice false smut disease are not very sensitive as the ball quality and also the impact of false smut on filled grain number and grain‐filling were not under consideration. Here, a precise assessment method to evaluate the severity of the disease was developed. The ‘yield representative’ (YR) based on ‘mean floret wt.’ and ‘filled grain %’ was simulated for the precise disease severity assessment of rice false smut disease. The single floret weight envisages major yield components irrespective of the type of panicle. Correlation between YR and major yield attributes was studied, and it was observed that YR had significant correlation with ‘filled grain %’ (0.77–0.95) and ‘single spikelet weight’ (0.88–0.98). Significant negative correlation of YR was observed with the chaff percentage, false smut ball number and ball weight. This YR‐based methodology was utilized to assess the disease severity in nine rice cultivars. The disease severity in those nine cultivars was evaluated by the already existing methodologies also. The disease severity measured by the present technique was compared with the disease severity assessed by the old methodologies. The procedure adapted here for disease severity measurement was found to be more informative and useful. It was observed that in case of mild infection, the false smut was enhancing yield attributes. The high‐yielding rice varieties Savitri and Gayatri were found to be tolerant to false smut and may be used as resistant donors.

Investigating the controllable factors influencing the weight loss of grinding ball using SEM/EDX analysis and RSM model

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of individual variables and their interactions on weight loss of grinding ball using the SEM/EDX analysis and RSM model. The results SEM/EDX analysis indicated that corrosion mechanism type for steel balls is pitting. In addition, abrasive corrosion was observed on high carbon chromium steel ball surface. It was also found that steel balls were formed from corrosion phases of Fe, O, S and Si. The results of RSM model showed that the linear effects of all factors and the quadratic effects of solid concentration and charge weight of balls were significant parameters on wear rate. Also, it was observed no interactions between factors. Furthermore, results indicated that degree of influence of factors on the wear rate was in the order of ball type > solid percentage > pH > solid percentage2 > charge weight2 > grinding time > rotation speed of mill > charge weight > throughout.

Process optimization for the manufacture of Kheer Mohan employing Response Surface Methodology

Kheer Mohan is a famous, Chhana (soft cottage cheese) based Indian sweetmeat. Traditional method of its manufacturing, adopted by unorganized sector is cumbersome, highly time-consuming, energy and labour intensive. Present investigation was undertaken to optimize its production process employing Response surface methodology for its standardized large scale production in organized sector. Effect of four independent variables viz., sugar syrup concentration (°Brix), semolina (% by weight of Chhana ), cooking time (min) and weight of Chhana balls (g) on sensorial attributes, color (L*, a*, b*) and hardness (N) values of Kheer Mohan was studied. Process optimization resulted in about 61% reduction in cooking time, 60% reduction in weight of product ball and 5% reduction in sucrose content of optimized product compared to most preferred market sample. It had 66.18% total solid content, 6.22% fat, 49.32% sucrose, 1.28% lactose, 8.34% protein and 1.02% ash.

Effect of Grewia venusta(‘Ururu’) mucilage on the physicochemical and sensory properties of fried cake (‘akara’) prepared from bambara groundnut seed flour

Grewia venusta (‘Ururu’) mucilage was applied in the preparation of fried bambara groundnut cake (‘Akara’) to study its physicochemical and sensory properties. Batches of akara containing 0-2% mucilage were prepared by deep-fat-frying. The physical properties, proximate composition and sensory attributes of the akara were studied. The weight, volume and dimensions of the akara balls increased due to mucilage addition. The air spaces in the akara crumbs increased in number (56-295) with increasing level of mucilage. The akara crumbs became progressively spongy and their texture and flavour received higher scores than the control. The akara with 0% and 0.5% mucilage had the most attractive colour as shown by the panelists’ scores (4.8 and 4.4, respectively). The scores for colour of akara with 1.0% and 1.5% mucilage were not different significantly. The moisture, fibre, fat and ash contents of theakara increased while protein and carbohydrate decreased with increasing mucilage addition. The results suggested that apart from protein and colour, the quality of bambara groundnut akara improved upon addition of mucilage. The preparation of akara from bambara groundnuts with added Grewia venusta mucilage would help to diversify the utilization of the nuts as well as promote the use of a lesser known mucilage in food.

Relating Baseball Seam Height to Carry Distance

Past work has shown large variation in the drag of baseballs. Little is known concerning the causes of variation in ball drag. Ball diameter, weight, seam height, surface roughness, and shape influence lift and drag, and therefore carry distance. The aim of this work was to quantify the effect of seam height and roundness on ball lift and drag, which, to our understanding, has never been done outside of a wind tunnel. A bespoke, non-contact, ball surface profiler, was used to measure ball radius, including seam height. The profiles were analyzed to describe ball roundness and seam height separately. Balls with three different seam heights were projected in an enclosed stadium 102-122 m (describing a typical fly ball). Redundant radar devices were used to measure launch angle, speed, and flight paths. High speed video was used to confirm launch angle and ball spin rate. Hit distance was verified with a physical tape measure. The ball's roundness influenced the effective height of a seam. Measurements of the non-seam area of a ball were necessary to characterize the seams of a ball. A strong correlation was observed between seam height and a ball's drag coefficient. Lift, however, was not sensitive to seam height or ball shape.

CHARACTERIZATION OF MARKET KHEER MOHAN

Physico-chemical, sensorial, microbial and textural quality attributes of Kheer Mohan have been characterized. It is a chhana based, traditional sweetmeat, highly popular in eastern region of Rajasthan . Five cities (Gangapur city, Kurgaon, Chhoti Udai, Sapotra and Karoli) from the vicinity of the traditional manufacture region were randomly selected for this study. Initially, four samples from reputed manufacturers of each city were procured followed by popularity identification and screening of these samples through consumer’s preference survey. Wide variations in the c o m po sit i o n o f t h e market samples were observed. Fat , p r o t ein , l ac t o s e , s u c r o se , ash and total solids c on t e n ts of the market samples were in the range of 3.07-10.95, 5.12-10.50, 1.14- 1.90, 53.75-64.53 , 0.63-1.06 and 70.79-78.93 % , r e s p ec ti ve l y . Proximate composition of the most preferred Kheer Mohan , sold at Gangapur city, was 77.78% total solids, 10.70% fat, 10.32% protein, 1.20% lactose, 1.03% ash and 54.52% sucrose content. Observed weight of its single ball having average diameter 4.93 cm was 105.68 g. Average values of water activity, L * , a * and b * were 0.79, 46.77,13.64, and 30.60 respectively. Variations in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, weight and diameter of the market Kheer Mohan balls were in the range of 46.85-123.03 N, 0.35-2.54 mm, 0.14-0.38, 13.97-32.86 N 10.04-14.12 N.mm, 59.61-108.34 g and 2.34- 5.02 cm respectively. Microbial analysis showed presence of TPC, coliform, yeast and mold counts in market sample of Kheer Mohan . Sensory attributes of highly preferred Kheer Mohan sample includes moderate t o light b r o w n ball colour from surface to core, cooked and moderate caramelized flavour, pleasant taste with heated note. It had fairly tough, close knit, dense and chewy, non-elastic, granular body and texture with moderate sweetness and juiciness. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE HI /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

A Novel Low Cost Slope Transducer for Static and Dynamic Measurements

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a novel low cost transducer for angular deviation measurement, which replaces gyroscope in some of the Industrial applications where the gyroscope is found to be incompatible because of their size, weight, cost & complexity. This could be used to measure slope or an angular deviation under static and dynamic conditions. The basic approach of this work is to derive measured signal from a proposed transducer, proportional to the inclination of the platform with respect to ground. In this work, change in resistance of strain gauge due to the weight of a steel ball acting over it, produces an unbalanced voltage. This voltage is amplified and calibrated in terms of inclination angle. In this paper, a slope transducer has been designed and developed for measuring various inclinations with respect to horizontal earth’s surface.

Did the Edinburgh Time Ball Really Weigh 15 cwt?

For 160 years, the weight of the 1.5 m diameter Edinburgh time ball has been given as 15 cwt (762 kg). This stems from a remark in an 1853 paper by Charles Piazzi Smyth, that appears never to have been questioned. The descent of the ball, with its attached shaft, rack and piston has to be arrested by compression of air in a vertical cylinder having a diameter of 0.2 m. Air is bled from the cylinder during the ball descent in order to damp rebound motion and allow a gentle recovery to the rest position after a fall of 3 m. It is shown by reference to correspondence and announcements by the Astronomer Royal and other nineteenth century authorities, as well as considerations of the forces needed to raise the ball and arrest its descent with the air cushioning cylinder, that the actual weight of the original Edinburgh time ball is likely to have been less than 100 kg. Particular reference is made to the 1873 time ball apparatus that was supplied to Lyttelton, NZ, which has much in common with the Edinburgh arrangement.

Production of LaCaMnO3Composite by Ball Milling

La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 perovskite-type manganite was synthesized by high-energy ball milling raw oxides of La2O3 (purity 99.9%), CaCO3 (purity > 99%), and MnO (purity > 99%). The ratio of ball and powder weight was 10:1 and the rotating speed was set to 500 rpm. X-ray analysis indicated that La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 single phase was formed completely when milling time is up to 4 h. The peak intensity of perovskite structure decreased and a hump-like peak appeared with further milling time. When the milling time is longer than 40 h, the perovskite structure disappeared and the amorphous phase was formed completely. Scanning electron microscopy picture of 24 h milled sample showed that the particle size generally varies in a broad range from nanometer scale to a few μm. The magnetic measurements showed that ball milling samples have an inhomogeneous magnetic state and exhibit spin-glass like behavior. The signi cantly small magnetic entropy change and a remarkably broad temperature interval in entropy change were attributed to high degree of structural and magnetic disorder and broadening of magnetic transition.

Factors influencing ball-player impact probability in youth baseball.

Background:Altering the weight of baseballs for youth play has been studied out of concern for player safety. Research has shown that decreasing the weight of baseballs may limit the severity of both chronic arm and collision injuries. Unfortunately, reducing the weight of the ball also increases its exit velocity, leaving pitchers and nonpitchers with less time to defend themselves. The purpose of this study was to examine impact probability for pitchers and nonpitchers.Hypothesis:Reducing the available time to respond by 10% (expected from reducing ball weight from 142 g to 113 g) would increase impact probability for pitchers and nonpitchers, and players’ mean simple response time would be a primary predictor of impact probability for all participants.Study Design:Nineteen subjects between the ages of 9 and 13 years performed 3 experiments in a controlled laboratory setting: a simple response time test, an avoidance response time test, and a pitching response time test.Methods:Each subject performed these tests in order. The simple reaction time test tested the subjects’ mean simple response time, the avoidance reaction time test tested the subjects’ ability to avoid a simulated batted ball as a fielder, and the pitching reaction time test tested the subjects’ ability to avoid a simulated batted ball as a pitcher.Results:Reducing the weight of a standard baseball from 142 g to 113 g led to a less than 5% increase in impact probability for nonpitchers. However, the results indicate that the impact probability for pitchers could increase by more than 25%.Conclusion:Pitching may greatly increase the amount of time needed to react and defend oneself from a batted ball.Clinical Relevance:Impact injuries to youth baseball players may increase if a 113-g ball is used.

The Study of Wear Matrix Model Test Improvement

The ball mills, which have great energy consumption, are commonly used in coal-fired power plant. The key to reduce their energy consumption is to determine the best ball loading, the optimum gradation and the complement parameters. The premise of determining these parameters is to give the balls wear law. The wear matrix model, which determines the balls probability distribution through their diameters, is one of the practice methods to determine the balls attrition rule. This study assessed the wear law through the change of balls weight, determines the program feasibility and the test time through the test of a ball mill.