Weight Loss Food Research Articles

A model to predict the ATP equivalents of macronutrients absorbed from food

Calculating the physiologically available energy of food at the cellular level (ATP), based on known stoichiometric relationships and predicted nutrient uptake from the human digestive tract may be more accurate than using currently available factorial or empirical models for estimating dietary energy. The objective was to develop a model that can be used for describing the ATP costs/yields associated with the total tract uptake of the energy-yielding nutrients for an adult human in a state of weight loss (sub-maintenance energy intakes). A series of predictive equations for determining ATP yields/costs were developed and applied to the uptake of each energy-yielding nutrient, as predicted separately in the upper-digestive tract and the hindgut using a dual in vivo-in vitro digestibility assay. The costs associated with nutrient ingestion, absorption and transport and with the synthesis and excretion of urea produced from amino acid catabolism were calculated. ATP yields (not including costs associated with digestion, absorption and transport) were predicted as 28.9 mol ATP per mol glucose; 4.7-32.4 mol ATP per mol amino acid and 10.1 mol ATP per mol ethanol, while yields for fatty acids ranged from 70.8 mol ATP per mol lauric acid (C12) to 104 mol ATP per mol linolenic acid (C18 : 3). The energetic contribution of hindgut fermentation was predicted to be 101.7 mmol ATP per g organic matter fermented. The model is not proposed as a new system for describing the energy value of foods in the diet generally, but is a means to give a relative ranking of foods in terms of physiologically available energy (ATP) with particular application in the development of specialised weight-loss foods.

The effect of education on promoting self efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease

Background: With regard to increasing cardiovascular disease, developing new and effective strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors seems to be necessary and self efficacy is an effective factor in selecting appropriate methods to achieve the intended purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education on promoting self efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods: In this quasi experimental study, (single group before and after), 92 patients with vascular disease who had at least two modifiable vascular risk factors received nursing interventions with one of family members. Data were completed by using the same questionnaire before the education, after education and one month after education. Analysis was performed by using descriptive tests, ANOVA with repeated measures. Results: ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the mean scores of overall self efficacy and subgroups related to drug use, exercise, smoking cessation, weight loss and healthy food intake increased significantly after training and one month after training. Conclusion: The results showed that education is effective in promoting self efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease. This method can be very useful to convince patients to do the behavior changes and adherence to long-term drug regimens.

Rapid screening of illicit additives in weight loss dietary supplements with desorption corona beam ionisation (DCBI) mass spectrometry

Desorption corona beam ionisation (DCBI), the relatively novel ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique, was utilised to screen for illicit additives in weight-loss food. The five usually abused chemicals – fenfluramine, N-di-desmethyl sibutramine, N-mono-desmethyl sibutramine, sibutramine and phenolphthalein – were detected with the proposed DCBI-MS method. Fast single-sample and high-throughput analysis was demonstrated. Semi-quantification was accomplished based on peak areas in the ion chromatograms. Four illicit additives were identified and semi-quantified in commercial samples. As there was no tedious sample pre-treatment compared with conventional HPLC methods, high-throughput analysis was achieved with DCBI. The results proved that DCBI-MS is a powerful tool for the rapid screening of illicit additives in weight-loss dietary supplements.

Digestible nutrients and available (ATP) energy contents of two varieties of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis)

A model, which combines a dual in vivo–in vitro digestibility assay and stoichiometric relationships describing nutrient catabolism, has been recently developed to allow prediction of the available energy (AE) content of a food in terms of its ATP yield. The model uses the growing pig as an in vivo model for upper gastrointestinal tract digestion in humans. Terminal ileal digesta from the pig are incubated with human faecal inocula (in vitro fermentation model) to simulate human hindgut fermentation. The respective in vivo and in vitro digestibility assays provide predictions of the ileal absorbed and hindgut-fermented nutrient contents of a food which are then used to predict ATP production post-absorption, based on known stoichiometric relationships. In this study, the model was used to determine the AE contents of fresh, ripe Hayward (Actinidia deliciosavar Hayward) and Hort16A (Actinidia chinensis var Hort16A) kiwifruit. Kiwifruit pulp, containing 3gkg−1 of titanium dioxide, included as an indigestible marker, was fed to growing pigs and terminal ileal digesta were collected. Ileal nutrient digestibilities were determined. A sample of digesta was incubated in vitro with a fresh human faecal inoculum and the fermentable organic matter determined. The predicted available (ATP) energy contents of the Hayward and Hort16A kiwifruits were 5.9 and 6.2kJg−1 dry matter, respectively, approximately 44–47% of the determined apparent digestible energy (ADE) content. The AE contents of the kiwifruit, expressed relative to the AE content of dextrin (a highly digestible source of glucose) were 0.57 and 0.61 for Hayward and Hort16A, respectively. Comparable ratios for metabolisable energy (ME) were 0.74 and 0.73. The predicted AE from kiwifruit was much lower than the predicted ME from kiwifruit when compared to dextrin. The ME values overestimate the energy content of kiwifruit that is available to the cell. AE was not only lower than ME but the two energy systems ranked the kiwifruit types differently in terms of energy supply to the body. The relatively low energy content per unit of dry matter and high water content of kiwifruit make kiwifruit an ideal weight loss food.

Simultaneous determination of rimonabant and orlistat illegally added in the weight-loss functional foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and selective analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of rimonabant and orlistat in weight-loss functional foods. After the foods were extracted under accelerated solvent extraction, the HPLC separation was performed on a Waters Atlantis T3 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) with a linear gradient elution program of methanol and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. Electrospray ionization was applied and operated in the positive ion mode. The results showed that the limits of detection for the rimonabant and orlistat were 0.5 mg/kg. The calibration curves showed good linearities for rimonabant and orlistat in the range of 0.5 - 100 microg/L, and the correlative coefficients were 0.998 9 and 0.999 4, respectively. The mean recoveries at the 3 spiked levels (2, 5, 10 mg/kg) were 80.5% - 102.1% with the intra-day precision less than 6% and the inter-day precision less than 8%. The work studied the mass spectrum characterization of the 2 drugs and speculated on the fragmentation pathways. The method is sensitive, reproducible and adapts to the determination of rimonabant and orlistat in different weight-loss functional foods.

Rapid Determination of Medical Components Found in the Health Food for Weight Loss by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

A method for the rapid determination of 11 medical components found in health foods for weight loss using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed. HPLC separation is performed on an ODS column with the gradient elution method. The mobile phase consists of two solvents. Solvent A is water and solvent B is methanol/acetonitrile (1:1), and both contain 0.1% formic acid and 5 mmol/l of ammonium acetate. Each medical component is analyzed with multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) in both negative and positive modes through electrospray ionization (ESI). The recovery rates of the 11 medical components added to commercially available health foods were 46.3-114% and each coefficient of variation was 13.7% or less. It was confirmed that this method is applicable to the urgent analysis of health foods that have caused damage to health.

The effects of prolonged caloric restriction leading to weight-loss on food hedonics and reinforcement

Evidence suggests that when animals are chronically deprived of calories, the reward of a food stimulus becomes more salient. Recently leptin has been implicated in food reward. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of weight-loss on food hedonics and on the reinforcing value of palatable snack food, and to determine whether plasma leptin concentrations were related to these variables. Fifteen apparently healthy obese adults ( n = 9 women and 6 men; age = 33.5 ± 7.8; BMI = 35.7 ± 1.1 kg/m 2) were subjected to 8 weeks of caloric deprivation (− 700 kcal/day). Plasma leptin (ELISA), body weight and composition (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry), food reinforcement (concurrent schedules task) and food hedonics (visual analogue scale) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Body weight decreased by 5.2 ± 2.7% ( p = 0.001) while leptin decreased by 30.1 ± 32.6% ( p = 0.001). Relative to baseline, after weight-loss food hedonics or “liking” was rated significantly higher for the food reinforcers ( p = 0.001) offered at sessions end, and this change was not significantly correlated with changes in plasma leptin. No significant effect of weight-loss was noted for the reinforcing value of palatable snack food. In conclusion, after 8 weeks of caloric deprivation there was no change in the reinforcing value of palatable snack foods, but the rating of food “liking” increased ~ 10%, and this increase was independent of weight-loss.

565. Modulation of the Acute Phase Response by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Expression of the IL-1 Type 1 Soluble Receptor

Acute rejection is a leading cause of graft loss in transplant recipients. Studies on the pathogenesis of acute rejection have suggested a major contributory role for certain cytokines and acute phase proteins. Interleukin (IL)-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in initiating and maintaining immunogenic inflammation associated with acute rejection. Previous experiments have shown that IL-1 antagonists can help reduce acute inflammation associated with allograft rejection. We performed a series of experiments to determine whether administration of a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector expressing the soluble extracellular domains of type I receptor for IL-1B can reduce inflammation in a turpentine induced murine inflammation model. METHODS: Experimental wt B6/129 mice were injected intramuscular using 2109 IU with either rAAV2-CMV-sIL-1r or rAAV2-CMV-LacZ. Saline injected B6/129 mice served as negative controls and B6/129 IL-1 receptor KO mice served as the positive control for these experiments. Four weeks after rAAV injection, both experimental and control mice underwent induction of inflammation by subcutaneous administration of 100 microliters sterile turpentine. Mice were followed for 6 days following turpentine injection. Blood samples were taken at 12 hours, three days, and six days pre- and post-turpentine administration. Sera samples were used to measure cytokine and acute phase protein levels. Body weight and food intake were measured daily during the course of the study. RESULTS: Following subcutaneous injection into the left hindlimb with sterile turpentine, the mice previously injected with saline or control rAAV2-CMV-LacZ began to lose weight, while those injected previously with rAAV2-CMV-sIL-1r did not experience as significant (P < 0.12) a loss in weight and the IL-1r KO mice gained weight. The amount of food intake showed a reduction in the mice that were administered saline, LacZ virus, and the IL-1r KO mice over those that were injected with rAAV2-CMV-sIL-1r. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins such as IL-6, Serum Amyloid A, and Serum Amyloid P showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the saline and LacZ injected mice over the KO and experimental mice. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the experimental results, mice that were administered rAAV expressing soluble IL-1 receptor were able to withstand the inflammatory reaction from subcutaneous turpentine injection better than the saline and LacZ controls. The reduced proinflammatory cytokine and acute phase proteins correlated to a reduced weight loss and higher food intake verses the control animals. This data suggests that IL-1 antagonists such as soluble receptors for IL-1 may be used to attenuate the inflammation associated with acute allograft rejection. Future studies will evaluate the ability of rAAV2-sIL-1r to attenuate inflammation associated with acute graft rejection.

Daily Changes of Plasma Corticosterone by an 8-h Daytime Feeding Occur Without Body Weight Loss or Severe Food Restriction in the Rat

Different studies have reported that daytime feeding entrains the circadian rhythm of corticosterone secretion in rats. However, it remained unclear whether calorie restriction or daytime feeding access have an effect. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of an 8-h daytime feeding access on the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone. Eleven adult male Wistar rats were assigned to two different conditions of access to food: ad lib feeding for one week and daytime feeding for the following two weeks. On the 7th, 14th and 21st day, blood samples were collected every 4 h from 08:00 to 04:00. Food intake and body weight were recorded daily. During daytime feeding, rats ingested 88% of the amount of food ingested over 24 h in the ad lib feeding period. However, body weight increased significantly from the first day to the end of experiment. Peak plasma corticosterone was 12 h shifted during daytime feeding period compared to the ad lib condition. This study showed that an 8-h daytime feeding entrained the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone without body weight loss or severe food restriction.