Weight Gain Of Chicks Research Articles

Comportamiento productivo de pollos en estrés por calor alimentados con una dieta adicionada con probiótico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of chickens raised under heat stress (HS) conditions and fed a diet supplemented with a probiotic. There were 270 1-day old chicks randomly assigned to one of these treatments: 1 and 2) housed under thermoneutral conditions and fed a standard diet without (TNE) or with a Lactobacillus – based probiotic (TNP); 3 and 4) housed under HS and fed a standard diet without (HSE) or with probiotic (HSP). The probiotic supplementation improved body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion of HS chicks (P<0.05) but it had no effect in TN chicks (P>0.05).

Floor eggs: Hatchability, microbiological analysis, and effects of post-hatch use of ceftiofur on performance of broiler chicks

The present study aimed to determine the effects of egg type (nest clean or floor eggs) on eggshell microbiological, hatching performance, chick quality, yolk sac microbiology, and the interaction between egg type and post-hatch use of ceftiofur on broiler performance at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. A total of 2500 fertile eggs were obtained from a commercial flock of Cobb Slow® broiler breeders. Half of the eggs were collected directly from the floor, and the other half were collected from the nests. Microbiological evaluation of eggshells was performed before and after sanitization. After hatching, 420 male chicks were randomly selected and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, separated by the type of egg (clean nest or floor) and the inclusion or not of subcutaneous ceftiofur, totaling four treatments. Egg type did not influence hatchability although the contamination level was 1.3% higher. The body weight and body weight gain of chicks at seven days were greater for chicks from nest eggs that received ceftiofur than chicks from floor eggs that also received ceftiofur. There was no interaction between the studied factors or individual effects for performance at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. It is concluded that incubation of floor eggs, after standard sanitization, does not influence the hatch results and chick quality. Furthermore, it has been proven that the use of ceftiofur is unnecessary when there is correct management during broiler rearing.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus alleviates intestinal inflammation and promotes microbiota-mediated protection against Salmonella fatal infections

The fatal impairment of the intestinal mucosal barrier of chicks caused by Salmonella significantly resulting economic losses in the modern poultry industry. Probiotics are recognized for beneficially influencing host immune responses, promoting maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity, antagonistic activity against pathogenic microorganisms and health-promoting properties. Some basic studies attest to probiotic capabilities and show that Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus could protect intestinal mucosa from injury in animals infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. However, the mechanisms underlying its protective effects in chicks are still not fully understood. Here, we used the chick infection model combined with histological, immunological, and molecular approaches to address this question. The results indicated that L. rhamnosus significantly reduced the diarrhea rate and increased the daily weight gain and survival rate of chicks infected with S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, we found that L. rhamnosus markedly improved the immunity of gut mucosa by reducing apoptotic cells, hence effectively inhibiting intestinal inflammation. Notably, pre-treatment chicks with L. rhamnosus balanced the expression of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, moderated endotoxin and D-lactic acid levels, and expanded tight junction protein levels (Zonula occluden-1 and Claudin-1), enhanced the function of the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells. Additionally, investigations using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing also demonstrated that L. rhamnosus greatly weakened the adhesion of Salmonella, the mainly manifestation is the improvement of the diversity of intestinal microbiota in infected chicks. Collectively, these results showed the application of L. rhamnosus against Salmonella fatal infection by enhancing barrier integrity and the stability of the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation in new hatch chicks, offering new antibiotic alternatives for farming animals.

Effects of on-farm hatching on short term stress indicators, weight gain, and cognitive ability in layer chicks

Layer chicks are usually transported early in life, experiencing immediate post-hatch food and water deprivation and various transport-related stressors with potentially negative long-term consequences for learning, cognition and welfare. In contrast, as chicks are only temporarily exposed to these stressors, the experienced stress could be sub-chronic which may improve cognitive flexibility. The aim of this exploratory study was therefore to investigate the acute and long-term effects of on-farm hatching (OFH) compared to conventional hatching. Dekalb White layer chicks were subjected to either OFH (n = 47) with ad libitum access to feed and water or temporary post-hatch resource deprivation and eight hour transport (RDT; n = 42). Physical and behavioural measures were collected to examine short-term effects of the treatment procedures. To determine longer term effects, treatment differences in learning and cognitive flexibility were assessed in a Y-maze using several paradigms (reversal, attentional-shift, extinction) between 4 and 12 weeks of age (WOA). Compared to OFH chicks, RDT had: greater corticosterone levels after transport (F1,19 =8.15, p = 0.01, RDT (16.24 ± 1.20 ng/mL) vs. OFH (8.13 ± 1.20 ng/mL) and post-recovery (F1,19 =4.93, p = 0.04; RDT (11.69 ± 1.35 ng/mL) vs. OFH (5.31 ± 1.37)), and lower body mass after resource deprivation and transport (F2258 =9.7, p < 0.001, RDT (33.14 ± 0.33 g) vs. OFH (37.62 ± 0.28 g)). Performance of activity behaviours (foraging, drinking, resting, wing-assisted running) after transport exhibited treatment by time interactions. Additionally, a tendency for OFH being heavier than RDT chicks was observed up to 11 WOA. The majority of birds learned the initial association in the Y-maze between a reward and location (77% of n = 19 RDT and n = 29 OFH chicks) or light stimulus (91% of n = 12 RDT and n = 11 OFH chicks). Subsequently, a number of chicks reached the learning criterion in the location reversal (24% of n = 13 RDT and n = 24 OFH chicks) and the light-to-location attentional-shift (47% of n = 11 RDT and n = 10 OFH chicks), and most of these chicks succeeded in the following extinction paradigm (80% of n = 3 RDT and n = 7 OFH chicks). No treatment effects were detected in any phase of cognitive testing. In conclusion, treatment affected behaviour and health parameters suggesting RDT animals were recovering from resource deprivation and transport. Continued treatment differences in body mass throughout rearing demonstrated long term effects as well although no effects on initial learning and cognitive flexibility were identified. Future work is needed to determine what mechanisms are responsible for the observed health and behavioural differences.

Stimulatory effect of medium components on phytase production by Aspergillus niger and biotechnological application as a poultry feed additive

The present study was conducted for the phytase production using solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus niger. Optimization of various medium components was carried out for better production of phytase. Maximum enzyme activity (265 IU/g) was obtained, when the fungus was grown in the optimized culture medium containing glucose (1%), NH4NO3 (0.5%), FeSO4.7H2O (0.1%), KCl (0.1%), and MgSO4.7H2O (0.1%) at 35 °C after 5 days of incubation time with pH 6.Then phytase was supplemented as a poultry feed additive and given to broiler chickens during a feeding trial of 5 weeks. For this purpose, the birds of the control group (T0) were fed on a basal diet without external phytase, whereas, the birds of the experimental group (T3) were given basal feed + 3000 IU Phytase per Kg diet. The results exhibited that there was an improvement in the body weight gain (BWG) of chicks i.e. 1903 g-2090 g for the control group (T0) and experimental group (T3), respectively. The current study thus indicated the affectivity of phytase as a supplement in the broilers diet for better growth performance and recommended its use as an efficient additive in poultry feed formulation.

Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides alleviates florfenicol induced kidney injury in chicks via inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis

Florfenicol (FFC) is a commonly used antibiotic in animal husbandry, which is easy to cause organs damage in a variety of animals. It has been proved to have nephrotoxicity and affect the yield and quality of meat products. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) have been proved to have the pharmacological effects of regulating immunity and protecting the liver of animals, and its alleviative effect on renal injury is unclear. In order to investigate the alleviating effect of SMPs on drug nephrotoxicity and determine its potential molecular mechanism, we took chicks as the research object, FFC as the induced drug, and established the model by adding SMPs in drinking water. The chicks were randomly divided into control group, FFC model group (0.15 g/L FFC), FFC + low, medium and high dose of SMPs groups (0.15 g/L FFC + 1.25, 2.5, 5 g/L SMPs) and SMPs group (5 g/L SMPs). The results showed that, SMPs increased the average weight gain and renal index of chicks, alleviated the pathological changes of renal structure induced by FFC, decreased the contents of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum and malondialdehyde in renal tissue, increased the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in renal tissue, up-regulated the relative expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) mRNA and protein, and down-regulated the relative expression levels of p53, Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 mRNA and protein and the apoptosis rate of renal histiocytes. It is concluded that SMPs could significantly alleviate the renal injury induced by FFC, and its mechanism may be related to improving renal antioxidant capacity and inhibiting abnormal apoptosis of renal histiocytes.

PREVENTION OF AVIAN MYCOTOXICOSIS WITH FEED WITH THE ZEODO ADDITIVE

The article presents the results of the study of the feed additive Zeodo in experimental mycotoxicosis in chickens. The authors found that the use of Zeodo feed additive contributes to an increase in live weight gain in chickens by 7.3 %. Conditions of feeding chickens with low-toxic feed and single injection with a mixture of mycotoxins. The authors also concluded that Zeodo reduces the synergistic effects of mycotoxins and has a preventive property against mycotoxicosis. The results of the experiments on the test of Zeodo feed additive give grounds for its further production tests.

FUZZY CONTROLLER APPLIED TO TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENT IN INCUBATION OF FREE-RANGE EGGS

Temperature variation in egg incubation can negatively affect the hatching time and weight gain of chicks, hence improving the incubator temperature accuracy can improve hatching rates. Controllers based on the fuzzy methodology have shown great potential for use in controlling incubator temperature variations. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a fuzzy logic-based controller for egg incubation. Four identical incubators were configured: two with a fuzzy controller and two with a conventional controller. After evaluation and validation, a case study of the incubating eggs of free-range chickens was conducted on where 12 incubation cycles consisting of 20 eggs per incubator. The variables obtained include hatchability and electricity consumption. The results showed that the fuzzy logic-based controller maintained uniform internal temperature and a 10.68% saving on electricity usage when compared with the conventional controller. Thus, the fuzzy methodology has great potential for use in the incubation of free-range eggs.

Влияние выпаивания раствора фотосенсибилизатора на микрофлору цыплят-бройлеров для профилактики инфекционных болезней

The aim of the work was to determine the effectiveness of the use of a photosensitizer for the prevention of infectious diseases in industrial poultry farming. The article defines photosensitizers with a description of the reactions they enter into in biological systems. The effectiveness of the photosensitizer «Photoditazine» in the prevention of staphylococcosis of broiler chickens for obtaining high-quality and safe poultry products has been determined. Photosensitizer Photoditazine has bactericidal activity, reducing the overall microbial contamination of the gastrointestinal tract, prevents staphylococcal infection, preserves the weight gain of chickens and ensures the safety of livestock.

Enhanced phytase production by Aspergillus niger mutants in solid state fermentation

The present research work was conducted to improve the phytase production by genetic alteration of Aspergillus niger with induced mutagenesis using solid state fermentation. Strain improvement was carried out in the presence of ultra violet (UV) irradiation and ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS) [0.5% v/v] treatments for various time intervals. We reported an improved strain of Aspergillus niger designated as UV-3 mutant producing a zone of hydrolysis of about 40 mm, in comparison to wild strain (26 mm). The highest enzyme activity was found to be 547.64 IU/g for UV-3 mutant followed by EMS-4 mutant (492.23 IU/g)compared to wild strain which showed 406.45 IU/g of enzyme activity. There was 1.35 fold increase in phytase production after mutation studies of Aspergillus niger. Phytase was applied as poultry feed additive and given to broiler chickens for 5 weeks. The results exhibited that there was increase in body weight gain (BWG) of chicks for experimental group (2028 g) in comparison to control group (1903 g). Thus, physical and chemical mutagenesis was proved as an effective technique for the improvement of strain and ultimately for enhanced and economical phytase production for different industrial applications.

Dynamics of non-specific humoral immunity factors in poultry which received feed supplement based on silkworm pupae

The purpose of the study was to determine the focus and the intensity of the effect of the developed feed supplement based on the silkworm pupae on the nonspecific humoral immunity of poultry. The research was carried out on one-day-old broiler chickens, which were kept in standard vivarium conditions. The birds of first group were given the supplement in the morning, mixing with compound feed at the rate of 3.0 ml/kg of live weight. The second group was control. On the 20th, 27th, 34th and 48th days, 5 birds from each group were euthanized and blood was collected for clinical and biochemical studies. To determine the indicators of non-specific humoral immunity of birds after receiving feed supplement based on silkworm pupae in the blood serum of birds, the level of total protein, albumins, globulins, the concentration of circulating immune complexes of average molecular weight and seromucoids were determined by generally accepted methods. As a result of the use of a feed supplement based on silkworm pupae, there was determined an increase in the level of hemoglobin up to 16.0% and a slight activation of erythropoiesis, an increase in the level of humoral immunity, as evidenced by an increase in globulins up to 12.2% and circulating immune complexes up to 30.7%, and also inhibition of seromucoid synthesis by 15.4%. Thus, it has been concluded that the use of a feed supplement based on silkworm pupae allows to increase the level of non-specific humoral immunity of chickens, as evidenced by increased expression of its markers (globulins, circulating immune complexes), as well as inhibition of seromucoid synthesis. The revealed positive effect of the feed supplement based on silkworm pupae on the state of natural resistance can be considered as one of the factors of increasing the average daily weight gain of chickens by 39.0% in the first 7 days of life

The effect of herbal extract mixture (Digestarom) supplementation to diets on duodenum and ileum histology in broiler chickens

Phytogenic feed additives are used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and performance enhancer in the nutrition of broiler chicks. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of the usage of phytogenic feed additives which are used as an alternative to antibiotics in broilers at different levels in the rations, on the morphology of the duodenum and ileum. For this purpose, 48 male ROSS-308 one-day-old broiler chicks were used in the study. Chicks with a body weight of 43±3 g were randomly divided into 24 replicate sets from three experimental groups, each of which consisted of 8 replicates (2 chicks per house). The other two experimental groups were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg (DIG100) and 150 mg/kg (DIG150) phytogenic product Digestarom®. In conclusion, it was determined that herbal extract mixture supplementation to broiler chick rations generally increased villus height and villus width, and decreased tunica muscularis thickness. Hence, herbal extract mixture might lead to better digestion and absorption by increasing the intestinal surface area, digestion and absorption levels, also increase body weight gain in broiler chicks by reducing the microbial load.

조도가 육계 병아리의 생산성, 혈액성상 및 면역 수준에 미치는 영향

In this study, we investigated the effects of light intensity on broiler chick growth performance, blood parameters, and stress levels. A total of 240 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers (47.97±0.166 g) were subjected to three different intensities of light (20, 30, and 50 lx), with each treatment being conducted with four replicates. On the seventh day, the growth performance (body weight, feed conversion ratio, and breast muscle and liver weights) and blood parameters were determined; the levels of serum corticosterone, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α were also evaluated. The body weight, weight gain, liver weight, and breast muscle weight of chicks exposed to a light intensity of 50 lx were significantly increased compared with those of chicks subjected to 20 lx (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05). No significant differences were observed in the leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts and the biochemical profile exceptions being the levels of glucose and inorganic phosphorus in the blood of the chicks in the three light intensity groups. However, serum corticosterone and IL-6 levels were the highest in chicks exposed to a light intensity of 20 lx (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that broiler chicks exposed to higher light intensity (50 lx) show significant improvements in terms of weight gain and corticosterone and IL-6 levels. Thus, high light intensities enhanced the growth performance, stress levels, and immune status of broiler chicks.

Improving the bioavailability of manganese and meat quality of broilers by using hot-melt extrusion nano method

ABSTRACT 1. Mineral excretion is an issue in the poultry industry. The use of micro minerals in nano form can increase bioavailability and decrease excretion rate. However, information concerning the bioavailability of nano manganese (Mn) in broiler chicks is limited. 2. This experiment studied the influences of hot-melt extrusion (HME)–processed manganese sulphate on body weight gain, Mn bioavailability, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet as a starter and grower phase. A total of 700 birds (Ross 308, 1-day-old) were randomly placed in 35 cages (20 birds per cage). The broiler chicks were fed one of seven experimental diets, which consisted of a control (without supplemental Mn), different levels of MnSO4 (IN-Mn60; 60, 120, and 200 mg/kg), or HME MnSO4 (HME-Mn; 60, 120, and 200 mg/kg). 3. There was an increased serum Mn content in broilers fed diet supplemented with HME-Mn. In the grower phase, increased dietary Mn levels elevated the concentrations in the serum, liver, and tibia. There were increases in the excreta Mn content of broilers fed increasing levels. The supplementation of HME-Mn showed a lower percentage of abdominal fat compared with the IN-Mn treatment diets. Supplementation with HME-Mn decreased intramuscular fat compared with the diets supplemented with IN-Mn. The supplementation of HME-Mn decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at d 6 of age. The HME-Mn source showed a greater decrease in TBARS compared with the IN-Mn treatment. 4. In conclusion, HME processing increased bioavailability and could be used as an environmentally friendly method to facilitate lower levels of Mn in the diet of broiler chickens.

Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extracts ameliorates coccidiosis in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria oocysts

Attention has recently been focused on the protective effect of naturally occurring antioxidants in biological systems against parasites. Available evidence suggests that Azadirachta indica has good antioxidant ability as well as promising potentials in the management of parasitism. Therefore, this study evaluated the ameliorative and therapeutic potentials of aqueous leaves extract of A. indica on some biological parameters such as weight gain, oocyst count, haematology, some biochemical and oxidative stress markers in broiler chicks experimentally infected with Eimeria oocyst. Phytochemical analysis of A. indica revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. We observed a dose dependent mean weight gained in the treated groups compared with the negative control. The aqueous leaves extract of A. indica demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the shedding of oocyst in faeces of broiler chicks with up to 87.44% in the 800 mg/kg. The extract did not have significant effects on the RBCs, PCV and Hb concentrations in all the treatment groups compared to the negative control. The heterophils decreased in a dose dependent manner similar to the heterophils/lymphocyte ratio as compared to the negative control. Furthermore, the extract had hepato- and nephron-protective potentials by ameliorating markers of liver and kidney function such as ALT, AST, albumin, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, and urea. Finally, the extract had good antioxidant ability by decreasing the MDA levels and increasing the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase when compared to the negative control giving further credence to support the folkloric application of the plant in the management of parasitic infections.

Use of different combinations of enzyme complexes in broiler diets

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of “on top” addition of different enzyme complexes, the enzyme α-galactosidase and three sources of the enzyme phytase available on the market, in broiler diets. In the first experiment, 1260 one-day-old Cobb 500® chicks were distributed into seven treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates and 30 birds/replicate. Treatments consisted of combinations of different enzyme complexes, namely, complex A (phytase, protease, xylanase, ß-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, pectinase), complex B (protease and cellulase) and complex C (xylanase, amylase and protease); isolated α-galactosidase (GAL); and three sources of phytase (P1, P2 and P3) in the diet. The treatments were formulated as follows: T1 - basal diet (BD); T2 - BD + enzyme complex A + enzyme complex B (BDAB); T3 - BDAB + GAL; T4 - BD + complex A + GAL; T5 - BD + complex C + P1 + GAL (BDCG); T6 - BDCG + P2; and T7 - BDCG + P3. The following variables were measured in the experimental period of 42 days: feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), average final weight (AFW), feed conversion (FC), and carcass yield. Significant differences occurred for AFW, WG and FC in the pre-starter phase. In the second experiment, 112 Cobb 500® chicks aged 25 days were distributed into seven treatments in a CRD with four replicates and four birds/replicate. Treatments were the same as in the first experiment. Nutrient digestibility was evaluated in an experimental period of seven days. Differences were found in the metabolism coefficient of ether extract (MCEE). Dietary inclusion of enzyme complexes improves the AFW and WG of chickens from 1 to 7 days of age and MCEE in the grower phase.

The Effect of Feeding Frequency and Amount on Performance, Behavior and Physiological Responses of Broilers

The aim of this study was to conclude the effect of feed frequencies and amount on growth performance, carcass traits, physiological responses and behaviors of broilers chicks. One hundred Ross broiler chicks at 7 days old were randomly assigned into five regimens (20 chicks per each program with two replicate). Experimental design were as follows; T1: feeding once a day (100% diet at 6:30), T2: two equal feedings per day (50% of total diet at 6:30 and 18:30), T3: two feedings per day (75% at 6:30 and 25% at 18:30), T4: three equal feedings per day (33.33% at 6:30, 12:30 and 18:30) and T5: three feedings per day as 50% of diet at 6:30, 25% at 12:30 and 25% at 18:30.Chicks were fed with commercial broiler diet for five weeks. The obtained results indicated that offering two equal feeding times per day was significant (p < 0.05) improved overall body weight, body weight gain and average daily gain of broiler chicks. Chicks fed single, twice per day and three times of 4th regimen showed higher feed intake than chicks of 3rd and 5th regimens. Feed frequencies had significant (P<0.05) effect on percent of carcass, spleen and intestine percentage. High proportion of chicks of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th feeding regimens showed significant more feeding and preening behaviors than chicks of 5th regimen. Chicks of 5th regimen exhibited significantly higher foraging behavior than those of 3rd and 4th regimens. Moreover, feeding frequency with different amount of feed decreased the duration of tonic immobility test means less stressful and high chick welfare. T2 showed significant increasing on heterophil, total protein, globulin, serum glucose and growth hormone levels in comparison to the other groups, as well as a lower albumin/globulin ratio and albumin. In conclusion, two equal feeding per day (T2) might be a desirable feeding approach that might produce good healthy birds with maximum growth performance and improved welfare.

Weight Gain and Feed Conversion of Broiler Chickens in Reviewed from Cage Temperature and Humidity

Background: Broiler chicken production is influenced by several factors, namely genetic, management, and environmental factors. Genetically superior chickens will not produce maximum results if not supported by a comfortable environment for chickens (comfort zone) because they are animals that will grow optimally at a certain temperature range. in addition, humidity also affects the production and health of chickens. So that the selection of the cage becomes important to create comfortable environmental conditions for chickens. Cage with a relatively stable temperature will greatly affect the production results, including body weight and feed conversion. Purpose: To determine the effect of temperature and humidity of semi-enclosed cages on weight gain and feed conversion of broiler chicken. Method: Observation was carried out during a period of maintenance of broiler chickens on farms and data collected in the form of the recording of chicken weight and feed conversion. Result: Temperature and humidity of semi-enclosed cages have a good effect on production results, with chicken harvest weight of 2197.3 grams and feed conversion of 1.52 kg. Conclusion: this study indicate that temperature and humidity have a good influence on weight gain of chickens and feed conversion value.

The Effect of the Synergy Between Opiates and Prolactin on the Growth of Chickens

It is generally admitted that opioids can stimulate the release of both prolactin (PRL), the opiates induced hyperprolactinemia via dopamine receptor blockade. Prolactin hormone (PRL) plays an important role in conjunction with some hormones such as GH, PTH, ACTH, and T4 to stimulating body growth. The prolactin hormone has an important role in feeding behavior, as its role is evidenced by its effect on metabolism. In migratory birds, fat is stored in its body before migration, and the hormone prolactin activates the process of building and storing fats lipogenesis and Deposition of Fats. The hypothesis of this study is to investigate the role of natural stimuli such as sound in stimulating peptide hormones in the body and thus weight gain in chickens. 100 birds of 1 day old were used it was divided into two treatments, each treatment with 5 replications. The chicks heard different sounds and it was as follows: the first the control without sound CS, the second hen sound (mother sound) HS. The sound was heard from the one old day to 14 days, at a rate of 3 times a day, in the morning, in the afternoon and at night, for an hour each time. Chicks were raising to 42 day. The hormone was estimated in three stages, before exposure to sound 30 minutes during exposure directly after exposure for 30 minutes, and the prolactin hormone concentration was calculated each time, the results show: Significant increase (P<0.05) in live body weight cumulative, weight gain cumulative, relative growth rate cumulative, and total feed conversion ratio to HS compared with CS. Significant improvement (P<0.05) in the concentration of the hormone prolactin of HS in the period after exposure to sound 30 minutes during exposure directly after exposure for 30 minutes at the age of 14 days (the end of the exposure to the sound of the period). As mentioned above, the opioids stimulate prolactin, but the question here who is responsible for stimulating the opioids? Opioids secretion is linked to the body’s sense of well-being and well-being, as it is secreted naturally to aid in rest and relaxation, and this is often noticed on the organism when it feels safe and comfortable. Chicks, when it hearing her mother’s sound, gives it a powerful stimulus, and they become more active and more and less fearful and amazement. This will release the opioid, which in turn stimulates prolactin. PRL and GH are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and affect a wide variety of physiological functions in birds. Similarly, a relationship between plasma GH concentration and body growth is well documented. There is a chemical similarity between prolactin hormone and growth hormone, so there is a similarity in biological functions, as prolactin stimulates physical growth and weight gain in birds, reptiles and mammals due to its similarity with growth hormone as the injection of prolactin causes a significant increase in body weight.

Effect of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) prepupae meal on growth performance and gut development in broiler chicken

An experiment was conducted to explore the suitability of black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus) prepupae as poultry feed. Ninety day old, unsexed, Cobb chicks were distributed into 2 treatment groups, with 5 replicates, having 9 birds in each replicate, in a completely randomized design. The two dietary treatments consisted of corn-soy control diet and 5% supplemented insect meal-based diet. Results indicated similar (P > 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion ratio in chicks fed either insect meal or control diet during the experimental period. There was also no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the crude protein digestibility, cellular immunity as well as the length or weight of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum between the treatments. It could be concluded that the black soldier fly prepupae meal can be incorporated at 5% in broiler diet. Thus, BSF can play a significant role in converting waste into feed and add to the feed basket in future.