Adult Weight Gain Research Articles

Ten-year weight gain is not associated with multiple cardiometabolic measures in Alaska EARTH study participants

Background and aimsAlaska Native (AN) traditional lifestyle may be protective against chronic disease risk. Weight gain in adulthood has been linked to increases in chronic disease risk among other populations; yet, its impact among Alaska Native people has never been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate changes in obesity-related metrics over time, and determine associations of changes with cardiometabolic markers of chronic disease risk among AN people. Methods and resultsStudy participants enrolled in the southcentral Alaska Education and Research Towards Health Study in 2004–2006 were invited to participate in a follow-up study conducted 2015–2017. Of the original 1320 participants, 388 completed follow-up health assessments consisting of multiple health surveys, anthropometric measurements, and cardiometabolic measures including blood sugars, blood lipids, and blood pressure. Differences in measurements between visits were determined and associations of weight change with cardiometabolic measures evaluated. Body mass index increased by 3.7 kg/m2 among men and 4.8 kg/m2 among women. Hip circumference (1.1 cm, p < 0.01) and waist circumference (0.7 cm, p < 0.01) increased among women; only waist circumference increased among men (1.6 cm, p < 0.01). Among men, there were no associations of weight change with cardiometabolic measures. Among women, there was an inverse association between weight gain and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol only (0.17 mg/dL (CI: −3.1, −0.03), p = 0.02). ConclusionsWhile weight increase over a 10-year period was not associated with substantive changes in cardiometabolic measures among AN men, there was a decrease in high density lipid cholesterol associated with weight gain among AN women.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in relation to weight change and the risk of weight gain in adults of normal weight at baseline: the Norwegian HUNT cohort study.

ObjectiveWe sought to investigate the relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level with weight change and the risk of weight gain in an adult population who had normal weight at baseline and were followed up for 11 years.DesignA population-based prospective cohort study.SettingNord-Trøndelag, Norway.ParticipantsThe study included 1501 adults who participated in the second and third surveys of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2 (1995–1997) and HUNT3 (2006–2008)) and had a normal body mass index ≥18.5 and <25.0 kg/m2 at baseline.Primary and secondary outcome measuresRelative weight change (%) was calculated as ((HUNT3 weight−HUNT2 weight)/HUNT2 weight×100). Relative annual weight change (%) was calculated as (relative weight change/follow-up years×100). Clinical weight gain was defined as relative weight change ≥5% over the 11 years, while annual weight gain was defined as relative annual weight change >1.25%.MethodsMultiple regression models were used to estimate adjusted coefficients for the relative annual weight change and risk ratios (RRs) for the risk of clinical weight gain and of annual weight gain.ResultsEach 25 nmol/L increase in season-standardised serum 25(OH)D level at baseline was associated with a reduction of 0.05% (95% CI −0.11 to 0.01) for relative annual weight change, a 10% (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.97) reduced risk of clinical weight gain, and a 19% (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.00) reduced risk of annual weight gain. A statistically significant trend was evident for the risk of clinical weight gain when 25(OH)D levels were treated as a categorical variable (p=0.006).ConclusionsThe findings suggested an inverse association of serum 25(OH)D level with the risk of clinical weight gain in adults who had normal weight at baseline over 11 years’ follow-up.

Abstract LB-158: Weight change in adulthood and colorectal adenoma incidence in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial

Abstract Obesity is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer, but the influence of weight change during one's lifetime on colorectal adenoma, precursor to colorectal cancer, is less understood. We prospectively investigated the association between weight change in different time periods in adulthood and the risk of colorectal adenoma. We included 1,041 incident distal colorectal adenoma cases (negative on baseline trial flexible sigmoidoscopy screen and positive on follow-up trial sigmoidoscopy screen 3-5 years later) and 16,394 controls (negative on both trial screens) from the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. We required participants to have no history of colorectal polyps, other colon comorbidities or cancer. Using self-reported weight data at trial baseline, we estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for early-late (age 20-baseline, i.e. ages 55-74), early-middle (age 20-50) and middle-late (age 50-baseline) adulthood weight change with colorectal adenoma using logistic regression. We defined the weight stable group (referent) as weight loss &amp;lt;0.5 kg/5 years or weight gain ≤1 kg/5 years. We defined the weight loss group as those who lost ≥0.5 kg/5 years. We included three weight gain groups: &amp;gt;1 to ≤2, &amp;gt;2 to ≤3 and &amp;gt;3 kg/5 years. We adjusted models for starting BMI (age 20 or 50), age, sex, race, smoking and other factors including diet. Compared to weight stable participants, weight loss in early-late adulthood was inversely associated with colorectal adenoma (OR=0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3-0.9); results were similar for early-middle adulthood (OR=0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.8), but less pronounced for middle-late adulthood (OR=0.8, 95% CI: 0.7-1.0). Early-late adulthood weight gain of &amp;gt;3 kg/5 years was associated with higher odds of adenoma (OR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.6); results were similar for middle-late adulthood (OR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.4), but less pronounced for early-middle adulthood (OR=1.1, 95% CI: 0.9-1.3). We observed some evidence of a stronger association for men than women (for early-late adulthood weight gain &amp;gt;3 kg/5 years, OR for men=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8; OR for women=1.1, 95% CI: 0.8-1.5), although the interaction was not statistically significant (p-int=0.65). When we stratified by starting BMI, we observed a significantly decreased risk of colorectal adenoma with weight loss from early-late adulthood among those who were overweight/obese at age 20 (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). Findings suggest that weight loss in adulthood for those who are overweight/obese is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal adenoma. In addition, our results suggest that a modest rate of weight gain in adulthood of &amp;gt;3 kg/5 years is associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma. These findings underscore the importance of healthy weight maintenance in adulthood in preventing colorectal adenoma. Citation Format: Shisi He, Sonja I. Berndt, Andrew T. Kunzmann, Cari M. Kitahara, Wen-Yi Huang, Kathryn Hughes Barry. Weight change in adulthood and colorectal adenoma incidence in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-158.

COVID-19-Related Home Confinement in Adults: Weight Gain Risks and Opportunities.

As the global COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, over 90% of U.S. adult residents are confined to their homes, with restaurants, shops, schools, and workplaces shut down to prevent disease spread. While it is a priority to mitigate the immediate impact, one area of great concern is the long-term effects of this pandemic on weight management in adults. As evident from previous research, small changes in body weight in relatively short time periods can become permanent and lead to substantial weight gain over time(1). Considering that the current situation could last a total of several months, this extended home confinement could exacerbate the problem of obesity in adults by substantially contributing to or exceeding annual weight gain.

The interaction between energy intake, physical activity and UCP2 -866G/A gene variation on weight gain and changes in adiposity: an Indonesian Nutrigenetic Cohort (INDOGENIC).

The present study aimed to investigate an interaction between energy intake, physical activity and UCP2 gene variation on weight gain and adiposity changes in Indonesian adults. This is a prospective cohort study conducted in 323 healthy adults living in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Energy intake, physical activity, body weight, BMI, percentage body fat and waist:hip ratio (WHR) were measured at baseline and after 2 years while UCP2 -866G/A gene variation was determined at baseline. We reported that after 2 years subjects had a significant increment in body weight, BMI, body fat and reduction in WHR (all P < 0·05). In all subjects, total energy intake was significantly correlated with changes in body weight (β = 0·128, P = 0·023) and body fat (β = 0·123, P = 0·030). Among subjects with the GG genotype, changes in energy intake were positively correlated with changes in body weight (β = 0·232, P = 0·016) and body fat (β = 0·201, P = 0·034). These correlations were insignificant among those with AA + GA genotypes (all P > 0·05). In summary, we show that UCP2 gene variation might influence the adiposity response towards changes in energy intake. Subjects with the GG genotype of UCP2 -866G/A gene were more responsive to energy intake, thus more prone to weight gain due to overeating.

Sotagliflozin added to optimized insulin therapy leads to HbA1c reduction without weight gain in adults with type 1 diabetes: A pooled analysis of inTandem1 and inTandem2.

To evaluate whether the addition of sotagliflozin to optimized insulin significantly increases the proportion of adults with type 1 diabetes who achieve HbA1c goals without weight gain. In a patient-level pooled analysis (n = 1575) of data from two phase 3, 52-week clinical trials (inTandem1 and inTandem2), the change from baseline in HbA1c and weight as well as the proportion of participants achieving an HbA1c of less than 7% without weight gain were compared between groups treated with placebo, sotagliflozin 200 mg and sotagliflozin 400 mg. From a mean baseline HbA1c of 7.7%, mean HbA1c changes at week 24 were -0.36% (95% CI -0.44% to -0.29%) and -0.38% (-0.45% to -0.31%) with sotagliflozin 200 and 400 mg versus placebo (P = .001 for both), respectively, with sustained effects through week 52. Weight significantly decreased at weeks 24 and 52 in both sotagliflozin groups compared with placebo. At week 52, the proportion of patients who achieved an HbA1c of less than 7% without weight gain was 21.8% with sotagliflozin 200 mg, 26.1% with sotagliflozin 400 mg and 9.1% with placebo (P < .001). Other HbA1c, weight and safety composite variables showed similar significant trends. When added to optimized insulin therapy, sotagliflozin improved glycaemic control and body weight and enabled more adults with type 1 diabetes to achieve HbA1c goals without weight gain over 52 weeks, although there was more diabetic ketoacidosis relative to placebo.

Effects of Pistachio Consumption in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention on Weight Change, Cardiometabolic Factors, and Dietary Intake.

Epidemiological studies have linked regular nut consumption with lower body mass index and reduced likelihood of weight gain in adulthood. Nuts can displace other foods in the diet, and thus, promote a healthier dietary pattern. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pistachio nut consumption in overweight/obese adults. This randomized controlled study enrolled non-diabetic overweight/obese adults (n = 100) assigned to a 4-month behavioral weight loss intervention only group (controls) or also prescribed 1.5 oz/day (42 g/day) of pistachios (pistachio group). Outcomes were change in body weight, cardiometabolic factors, and dietary intake. Percent weight change was similar in the two groups (−5.1 [0.5] (mean [SE])% in the control group and −4.9 [0.6]% in the pistachio group, and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were reduced in both groups (time effect p ≤ 0.05). The pistachio group (but not the control group) exhibited a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (time effect p = 0.01). Plasma alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lutein concentrations increased significantly in the pistachio group (time effect p < 0.05). Pistachio consumption was associated with increased dietary fiber intake and decreased consumption of sweets. Regular consumption of pistachios was associated with a comparable degree of weight loss, and similar reductions in BMI and waist circumference, in overweight/obese men and women compared to controls, and favorable changes in the diet, in the context of a behavioral weight loss intervention.

Association between sustainable dietary patterns and body weight, overweight, and obesity risk in the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort

Improving the sustainability of current food systems may prevent future public health, environmental, and social concerns. Our objective was to investigate the associations between sustainable dietary patterns, assessed using the Sustainable Diet Index (SDI), and the risk of obesity, overweight, and weight gain in French adults, with a prospective design. In 2014, the SDI was computed among 15,626 participants of the NutriNet-Santé study (of whom 76% were women) using data collected within the BioNutriNet project. The SDI ranges from 4 (lowest sustainability) to 20 points and includes 4 subindexes representing the 4 pillars of a sustainable diet. Longitudinal data of weight and height were collected yearly from 2014 to 2018. We used mixed models to estimate the associations between sex-specific quintiles (Qs) of the SDI and weight change and Cox proportional hazard models with different levels of adjustments to assess the association between sex-specific Qs of the SDI and risk of obesity and overweight (mean follow-up time: 2.8 y). At baseline, a higher percentage of participants with overweight was observed in the first SDI Q, reflecting the lowest sustainable dietary patterns (Q1), than in Q5 (29.83% compared with 12.71%). Compared with Q5, a slight increase (at the population level) of almost 160 g/y was observed in Q1, whereas weight remained relatively stable among participants in other Qs. In total, 281 incident cases of obesity and 777 cases of overweight were identified during the follow-up. Participants in Q1 had a higher risk of obesity and overweight than participants in Q5 (HR comparing Q1 with Q5: 4.03; 95% CI: 2.42, 6.10; P-trend<0.001; and HR comparing Q1 with Q5: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.95; P-trend<0.001, respectively). The findings support a potential protective role for more sustainable diets to prevent the risk of weight gain, overweight, and obesity.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03335644.

'You gotta have something to chew on': perceptions of stress-induced eating and weight gain among office workers in South Korea.

Job-related chronic stress has been discussed as a risk factor for weight change and metabolic disorders. The current study was conducted to understand the situations in which stress-induced eating occurs among office workers and how workers perceive stress to influence their daily eating practices and weight change. In-depth, one-on-one interviews were conducted with office workers. Metropolitan areas in South Korea. Twenty-two office workers from thirteen companies participated in the study. Most participants mentioned that they often felt work-related stress and reported various levels of perceived stress, as measured with open-ended questions. The main sources of work stress were (i) the nature of job characteristics, (ii) performance evaluations and (iii) relationships within the organisation. Participants linked stress with increased food consumption and cravings for sweet, savoury and greasy foods. Many participants emphasised the links between multiple health behaviours and stress. Not only dietary choices but also alcohol consumption, sleeping difficulty and insufficient physical activity were related to coping with work stress and demands. Finally, most participants who perceived work stress believed that their weight gain in adulthood was triggered by work stress. It is necessary to consider promoting behavioural modifications to support weight management and providing a means for stress management and the minimisation of stress-inducing working environments for workers to maintain or achieve a healthy weight and to prevent chronic disease incidence.

Abstract C071: Racial/ethnic disparities in weight, weight change in adulthood, and pancreatic cancer incidence: The Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract Purpose: Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians and African Americans have a higher incidence of pancreatic cancer compared to non-Hispanic whites that cannot be explained by the rates of obesity or absolute body weight. While absolute body weight in adulthood is positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk, the effect of weight change throughout adulthood, particularly among a racially diverse population, is not well documented for this high-risk group. Methods: This population-based prospective cohort study included 155,308 participants enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort from 1993-1996 (median follow-up = 20.2 years). We identified 1,328 participants diagnosed with incident primary invasive pancreatic cancer from the linked cohort data with the Hawaii and California SEER registries. Participants diagnosed with other cancers were excluded from the cohort analysis. Body weight at 21 years old and at baseline enrollment (age 45 or older) were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire at cohort entry. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the association between weight change from age 21 to cohort entry and pancreatic cancer risk adjusting for known risk factors such as smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, family history of pancreatic cancer and other sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The mean age at cohort entry was 59.3 years (SD 8.9) and the largest proportion of the cohort were Japanese American (30.1%), White (25.0%), and Latino (21.8%), respectively. The mean weight change from age 21 to baseline age was 28 pounds (SD 26.7). We observed that increased risk of pancreatic cancer was associated with weight at age 21 (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03-1.09, per 10-pound increase; p-trend&amp;lt;0.001) and weight at baseline (1.03; 1.00-1.05, per 10-pound increase; p-tend=0.03). Weight gain through adulthood (per pound increase per year) was associated with 11% increased risk of pancreatic cancer (1.11; 1.03-1.20) after adjusting for known lifestyle and behavioral risk factors. There was a significant interaction (p=0.03) between weight gain per year in adulthood and race/ethnicity, where Japanese Americans and Latinos experienced a 36% (1.36; 95% CI 1.14-1.64; p-trend&amp;lt;0.001) and 33% (1.33; 95% CI 1.11-1.59; p-trend=0.02) increased risk of pancreatic cancer per pound gained per year, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that weight gain in adulthood has a significant and independent impact on pancreatic cancer risk and specifically among racial/ethnic minorities. This study underscores the importance of maintaining a stable weight through adulthood, regardless of weight at age 21, in order to lower the risk of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Albert J Farias, Daniel O Stram, Songren Wang, Stephen J Pandol, Kristine R Monroe, V. Wendy Setiawan. Racial/ethnic disparities in weight, weight change in adulthood, and pancreatic cancer incidence: The Multiethnic Cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C071.

0318 Prospective Association of Actigraphy-Assessed Sleep with Physical Growth in the First 6 Months of Life

Abstract Introduction Suboptimal sleep is associated with weight gain and related chronic diseases in adults, adolescents, and older children. However, little is known regarding the associations between sleep and physical growth in infants. We investigated prospectively the associations between objectively-measured sleep patterns at 1 month and physical growth in the first 6 months of life. Methods We studied 344 full term infants in the ongoing longitudinal Rise &amp; SHINE (Sleep Health in Infancy &amp; Early Childhood) birth cohort study. At 1 month, infants underwent 7-day ankle actigraphy, estimating average sleep duration (24-hour, nighttime, and daytime) and sleep fragmentation (number of nighttime awakenings). Weight and length were measured at birth and 6 months and used to calculate weight-for-length z (WFL-z) scores. We used linear and logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between sleep patterns at 1 month with WLF-z at 6 months and rapid weight gain from birth to 6 months, defined as an increase in WFL-z greater than or equal to 0.67, controlling for covariates. Results Each 1-hour increase in 24-hour sleep duration was associated with a 0.07-unit (95% CI [0.01, 0.12]) increase in WFL-z at 6 months. Daytime, but not nighttime, sleep duration was positively associated with WFL-z. Greater number of nighttime awakenings was associated with higher WFL-z (beta = 0.28; 95% CI [0.08, 0.49]). 24-hour and nighttime sleep duration were positively associated with a 18.5% (95% CI [1.04, 1.35]) and a 23.4% (95% CI [1.02, 1.49]) higher odds of rapid weight gain from birth to 6 months, respectively. Conclusion Longer 24-hour sleep duration was associated with higher 6-month WFL-z and more rapid increases in WFL-z from birth to 6 months. Greater nighttime sleep fragmentation was associated with higher 6-month WFL-z. Sleep at 1 month might provide modifiable targets to help avoid lifetime complications of excess weight. Support R01DK107972.

Long-term excess body fat in adulthood and the risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in Chinese women.

This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term excess body fat and breast cancer risk by studying adult weight gain together with the subsequent weight fluctuations. Weight gain measure in three different time periods in adulthood of 1500 participants was collected in a case-control study of Western China. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% CIs. The increased risk of postmenopausal BC was associated with adult weight gain at 5years and at 10years before enrollment (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03-1.49 per 5kg increase; OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.14-1.70 per 5kg increase) but was not associated with adult weight gain at enrollment (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81-1.16 per 5kg increase). Only a positive association was observed in premenopausal women who had gained > 5.0kg at 10years before enrollment (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.10-2.35). Women who had gained > 5.0kg at 10years before enrollment and continued to gain during the subsequent 5years had the highest postmenopausal BC risk (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.58-7.08). Adult weight gain at 5years and 10years before enrollment are more closely associated with postmenopausal BC risk than adult weight gain at enrollment in Western China. Controlling body weight as early as possible throughout adulthood to keep weight gain not more than 5.0kg is particularly necessary for Chinese women.

Association between gastrointestinal phenotypes and weight gain in younger adults: a prospective 4-year cohort study.

Background/Objectives:Gastrointestinal phenotypes have previously been associated with obesity, however it is unknown if these phenotypes are a cause or a consequence of obesity and weight gain. Our aim was to assess whether these gastrointestinal phenotypes are associated with future weight gain in younger adults.Subjects/Methods:At baseline, 126 adult participants under the age of 35 were weighed and underwent measurement of gastrointestinal phenotypes including gastric emptying (GE), gastric volume, satiation, satiety and gastrointestinal hormones. Patients were re-appraised after median 4.4 years unless, during the period of follow up, they participated in a formal weight loss program, received obesity-weight loss interventions, or developed a health condition likely to affect weight. Participants were dichotomized into two groups for each phenotype at the median of each phenotype.Results:In total, 60 participants met criteria for inclusion and were evaluated after a median of 4.4 years [IQR: 3.5 to 5],36 participants were excluded due to conditions that would abnormally affect weight during study period including pregnancy and weight loss treatment, and 30 participants were lost to prospective follow-up. Faster GE was significantly associated with weight gain. Those with faster GE at baseline (n=30) gained a median of 9.6 kg [3.1 to 14.9] compared to those with slower GE at baseline (n=30) who gained a median of 2.8 kg [−4.6 to 9.2] (p=0.03), over the follow-up period. There was no association between the other phenotypes and weight gain.Conclusions:In adults ≤35 years old, faster gastric emptying is associated with significantly increased weight gain over the medium term. This provides supportive evidence for the role of gastric emptying in weight gain and development of obesity.

Body fatness over the life course and risk of serrated polyps and conventional adenomas.

Serrated polyps (SPs) and conventional adenomas represent 2 distinct groups of colorectal premalignancy. The influence of early life adiposity on risk of these precursors remains unclear. Within the Nurses' Health Study, the Nurses' Health Study 2, and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we assessed body fatness during childhood using 9-level somatotype and obtained weight and body mass index (BMI) in adulthood. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression to examine the association of SPs and conventional adenomas with body fatness in early childhood (age 5), late childhood (age 10), early adulthood (age 18/21) and middle adulthood (baseline) and weight change during early-to-middle adulthood. During 18-20 years of follow-up, we documented 8,697 SPs and 10,219 conventional adenomas in 132,514 women; 2,403 SPs and 4,495 conventional adenomas in 29,207 men. We found a modest positive association of adiposity in early and late childhood with risk of SPs and conventional adenomas, with odds ratios ranging from 1.12 to 1.18 for comparison of extreme somatotypes groups. The associations were attenuated after adjusting for adulthood BMI but remained significant for conventional adenomas. No association with early life body fatness was found in men. Adulthood body fatness and weight change during early-to-middle adulthood showed positive relationships with SPs and conventional adenomas in both women and men, with stronger associations observed for SPs (pheterogeneity < 0.0001). Our findings indicated a potential role in development of colorectal cancer precursors of childhood body fatness in women, and early-to-middle adulthood weight gain and attained adiposity in both sexes.

Emotional eating and obesity in adults: the role of depression, sleep and genes.

Stress and other negative emotions, such as depression and anxiety, can lead to both decreased and increased food intake. The term 'emotional eating' has been widely used to refer to the latter response: a tendency to eat in response to negative emotions with the chosen foods being primarily energy-dense and palatable ones. Emotional eating can be caused by various mechanisms, such as using eating to cope with negative emotions or confusing internal states of hunger and satiety with physiological changes related to emotions. An increasing number of prospective studies have shown that emotional eating predicts subsequent weight gain in adults. This review discusses particularly three lines of research on emotional eating and obesity in adults. First, studies implying that emotional eating may be one behavioural mechanism linking depression and development of obesity. Secondly, studies highlighting the relevance of night sleep duration by showing that adults with a combination of shorter sleep and higher emotional eating may be especially vulnerable to weight gain. Thirdly, an emerging literature suggesting that genes may influence body weight partly through emotional eating and other eating behaviour dimensions. The review concludes by discussing what kind of implications these three avenues of research offer for obesity prevention and treatment interventions.

Young adulthood body mass index, adult weight gain and breast cancer risk: the PROCAS Study (United Kingdom)

BackgroundWe tested the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) aged 20 years modifies the association of adult weight gain and breast cancer risk.MethodsWe recruited women (aged 47–73 years) into the PROCAS (Predicting Risk Of Cancer At Screening; Manchester, UK: 2009–2013) Study. In 47,042 women, we determined BMI at baseline and (by recall) at age 20 years, and derived weight changes. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for new breast cancer using Cox models and explored relationships between BMI aged 20 years, subsequent weight changes and breast cancer risk.ResultsWith median follow-up of 5.6 years, 1142 breast cancers (post-menopausal at entry: 829) occurred. Among post-menopausal women at entry, BMI aged 20 years was inversely associated [HR per SD: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79–0.95)], while absolute weight gain was associated with breast cancer [HR per SD:1.23 (95% CI: 1.14–1.32)]. For post-menopausal women who had a recall BMI aged 20 years <23.4 kg/m2 (75th percentile), absolute weight gain was associated with breast cancer [HR per SD: 1.31 (95% CIs: 1.21–1.42)], but there were no associations for women with a recall BMI aged 20 years of >23.4 kg/m2 (Pinteraction values <0.05).ConclusionsAdult weight gain increased post-menopausal breast cancer risk only among women who were <23.4 kg/m2 aged 20 years.

Adult weight gain and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

We aimed to examine the association of weight gain during adulthood with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. We performed a systematic search of PubMed and Scopus, from inception to June 2019. Prospective cohort studies investigating the association of weight gain during adulthood with the risk of CVD were included. The relative risks (RRs) were calculated by using random-effect models. Twenty-three prospective cohort studies with 1,093,337 participants were included. The RRs for a 5-kg increment in body weight were 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.19; I2 = 80%, n = 11) for CVD mortality, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.32; I2 = 90%, n = 8) for coronary heart disease (CHD), 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.12; I2 = 0%, n = 3) for stroke, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.25; I2 = 0%, n = 2) for myocardial infarction and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.23; I2 = 80%, n = 2) for heart failure. A dose-response analysis demonstrated that the risk of CVD mortality was unchanged with weight gain of 0-5 kg, and then increased sharply and linearly (P for nonlinearity < 0.001). The analysis of CHD indicated a sharp increase in risk from baseline up to weight gain equal to 25 kg (P for nonlinearity = 0.12). Adult weight gain may be associated with a higher risk of CVD. Measuring weight gain during adulthood may be better than static, cross-sectional assessment of weight because it considers trend over time, and thus, can be used as a supplementary approach to predict CVD.

Diet and physical activity as determinants of weight gain, overweight and obesity: The WCRF/AICR evidence and policy implications

AbstractIntroductionGlobally, over 1.97 billion adults and 338 million children and adolescents are living with overweight and obesity, increasing the risk of numerous co-morbidities, including at least 12 cancers(1). WCRF/AICR conducted a literature review of diet and physical activity as determinants of weight gain, overweight and obesity in adults and children. We also introduce a novel evidence-based policy framework for promoting physical activity, and linked database, currently in development as part of the EU-funded CO-CREATE project on child and adolescent obesity prevention.Materials and MethodsEvidence on diet and physical activity as determinants and risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity was systematically extracted from existing reviews and a systematic search for recent meta-analyses, then collated and analysed. The WCRF Continuous Update Project Expert Panel drew conclusions about which exposures influence risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity, using pre-defined criteria that included evidence of biological plausibility.ResultsThe Panel identified strong evidence that several diet and physical activity related exposures influence the risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity in adults and children (see table 1). Separate conclusions were drawn for adults and children in relation to screen time, considered a marker of sedentary time.However, the Panel noted that as exposures tend to cluster, physiologically interact and share common biological mechanisms, they should not be regarded as absolutely ‘singular'but an integrated concept of interrelated exposures within a pattern of lifestyle. Table 1.Risk of weight gain, overweight and obesitySTRONG EVIDENCEDECREASES RISKINCREASES RISKCONVINCINGWalkingScreen time (children)Sugar sweetened drinksPROBABLEAerobic physical activityFoods containing dietary fibre‘Mediterranean type’ dietary patternHaving been breastfedScreen time (adults)‘Fast foods’‘Western type’ dietFor full list of footnotes, see Energy Balance and Body Fatness report(1).DiscussionHealthy dietary patterns help prevent excess weight gain. Achieving such patterns requires attention to the broader economic, environmental and social factors that influence and constrain people's behaviour. The findings of this report support the need for evidence-based public health policy to help create health-enabling environments, particularly for children and adolescents. The WCRF International MOVING framework(2) presents a package of policies to promote physical activity, which alongside wider public health policy can help address the multiple drivers of overweight and obesity.

Weight gain and changes in nutritional status of Brazilian adults after 20 years of age: a time-trend analysis (2006-2012).

To analyze weight gain (WG) and change in nutritional status (NS) after the age of 20 years in the Brazilian adult population between 2006 and 2012. Time series using seven surveys from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). The analyses were stratified by region, age, sex and education, considering the sampling weights and complex design. In addition, relative weight change (RWC) in the period was determined for each category of independent variables using linear regression models. Analyses showed an increase in WG after 20 years in two vectors: by survey year and age group, where the increase was higher in women. From 2006 to 2012, individuals 25-29 years old (women: RWC = 70%; βyear = 0.54 kg/year) and 30-34 years old (women: RWC = 56%; βyear = 0.57 kg/year) showed greater RWC. In 2012, the higher WG occurred in the age groups of 21-24 and 25-29 years old. Regarding the change in NS, individuals who were overweight at 20 years had a higher probability of remaining in this condition (or shifting to obesity) over time. However, among those who had a normal weight, the probability of not becoming overweight or obese was > 80%, independently of sex. The Brazilian population displayed progressive WG in adulthood, especially in the first decade after the age of 20, in addition to the period effect. On the other hand, individuals with normal weight in their 20s tended to maintain the same condition.

Association between Irregular Lifestyle and Weight Gain in Non-Obese Japanese Adults

Association between Irregular Lifestyle and Weight Gain in Non-Obese Japanese Adults