Weight Gain In Pregnant Women Research Articles

Health System and Individual Barriers to Supporting Healthy Gestational Weight Gain and Nutrition: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Midwives and Obstetricians in Publicly Funded Antenatal Care in Tasmania, Australia.

Individual and health system barriers can impede clinicians from supporting weight-related behaviour change for pregnant women, particularly in publicly funded antenatal care accessed by women from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The aim was to understand clinicians' experiences of supporting healthy gestational weight gain for pregnant women in a publicly funded antenatal setting. The work was undertaken to guide the implementation of systems changes, resource development, and workforce capacity building related to nutrition, physical activity, and gestational weight gain in the service. The qualitative descriptive study used purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews conducted between October 2019 and February 2020. Nine midwives and five obstetricians from a publicly funded hospital antenatal service in Tasmania, Australia participated. Interview transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The three dominant themes were prioritising immediate needs, continuity of care support weight-related conversations, and limited service capacity for weight- and nutrition-related support. The subthemes were different practices for women according to weight and the need for appropriately tailored resources. Improving access to continuity of care and clinician training, and providing resources that appropriately consider women's socioeconomic circumstances and health literacy would enhance the ability and opportunities for clinicians to better support all women.

Related Factors with Addition Mother's Weight During Pregnant in the Work Area Public health center Belimbing, Padang City

Weight gain during pregnancy is an important indicator in predicting morbidity and mortality in babies and mothers. One important factor in pregnancy is the nutritional status of the pregnant woman which will have an impact on the mother and fetal growth. Factors related to weight gain in pregnant women cannot be separated from behavioral factors possessed by each individual. The aim of this research is to determine the factors associated with maternal weight gain during pregnancy in the Belimbing Community Health Center Working Area, Padang City. The design of this research is quantitative research, the research method used

The Effect of Acceptability of Dadih-based Functional Bread on Food Intake and Weight Gain of Pregnant Women in Padang City

The aim of this study was to analyze the acceptability of dadih-based functional bread and its effect on food intake and weight gain pregnant women. The study design was a quasi-experimental randomized controlled trial involving 88 pregnant women who were given bread (50 g) and filled with dadih-based vla (30 g) six times a week for three months. Acceptability was assessed using the Comstock method and food intake was assessed using the 2x24-hour recall method. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and independent t-tests. There is a relationship between the acceptability of bread with dadih vla and food intake (p<0.005). The results showed a significant difference in weight gain (p<0.005) between the control and intervention groups that was provided with the dadih-based vla, a typical Dutch dessert sauce. Dadih contains high calories, fat, and protein, which could help increase maternal weight. Respondent who consumed bread with dadih vla were able to meet the nutritional needs adequately.

Content of selected heavy metals in the umbilical cord blood and anthropometric data of mothers and newborns in Poland: preliminary data

The ability to accumulate metals in organs and tissues leads to disturbances in the physiological functioning of the body, causing oxidative stress. This negatively affects the functioning of the placenta and may result in miscarriages, premature birth and fetal growth disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the levels of selected heavy metals in umbilical cord blood and anthropometric parameters of mothers and the newborns. Content of elements in umbilical cord blood has been assessed by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The study results were collected and statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software (PS IMAGO). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test for associations between selected variables. Regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of anthropometric parameters of studied women and newborns. The study group consisted of women aged 19–41, whose pregnancy was uncomplicated and were not exposed to heavy metals due to their work or smoking. The following metals were identified in all collected cord blood samples: lead (26.25 ± 9.32 µg/L), zinc (2025.24 ± 717.83 µg/L), copper (749.85 ± 203.86 µg/L), manganese (32.55 ± 13.58 µg/L), chromium (8.34 ± 2.16 µg/L) and selenium (158.46 ± 41.58 µg/L). The conducted statistical analysis indicated the relationship between the copper content in the umbilical cord blood and the weight gain of pregnant women. A significant relationship was observed between newborn head circumference and chromium content. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between the content of zinc and copper, manganese and lead, manganese and selenium, lead and selenium, and lead and chromium in umbilical cord blood. The ratio of zinc to copper concentrations was related to neonatal head circumference. Weight gain in pregnant women is positively correlated with the copper level in umbilical cord blood. There is an association between head circumference at birth and the chromium concentration in umbilical cord blood. Copper and zinc levels in umbilical cord blood are positively correlated with head circumference at birth.

No effect of a low dose of omega-3 on the lipid profile of pregnant women with obesity: a randomized trial

Objective: Evaluate the lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight gain of pregnant women with obesity and the effect of a low dose (1,1 g/day) of omega-3 on these parameters. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was performed from May 1st, 2019 to October 31th, 2022 with pregnant women diagnosed with obesity by arrival BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2. The participants were randomized into two groups: omega-3 and control. All pregnant women received standard prenatal follow-up and the same diet and physical exercise instructions. Laboratory tests were performed at three different times: first moment with gestational age (GA 12-20 weeks), second (GA 24-28 weeks) and third (GA 32-34 weeks) measuring maternal serum levels of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) as well as weight gain and BMI were monitored. Results: A total of 172 pregnant women with obesity were evaluated. Of these, 87 (50.6%) composed the control group and 85 (49.4%) the omega-3 group. There was no difference of lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, BMI and weight gain values between groups during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd evaluation moments. Conclusion: Low dose (1,1 g/day) of omega-3 showed no effect on the lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, BMI and weight gain in pregnant women with obesity in omega-3 group during the evaluation moments.

The relationship between kinesiophobia and physical activity levels, gestational weight gain, and musculoskeletal pain in pregnant women

ABSTRACT The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of kinesiophobia on musculoskeletal pain, physical activity levels, and gestational weight gain in pregnant women. One hundred and sixty-three pregnant women participated in the study by completing a personal characteristics information form along with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. The results showed a weak negative correlation between total physical activity scores and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia scores (p = .005). Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with a 1.27-fold increase in kinesiophobia and a 1.16-fold increase in musculoskeletal pain compared to adequate weight gain (p < .001). Those with musculoskeletal pain had significantly higher kinesiophobia scores than those without musculoskeletal pain (p = .012). In the pregnant women in this study, an increase in kinesiophobia was associated with a decrease in physical activity. Sedentary and light-intensity activities prevailed among the pregnant women in the study. Musculoskeletal pain and kinesiophobia were associated with excessive weight gain, and those with pain had higher levels of kinesiophobia. Therefore, during pregnancy follow-ups, health professionals should evaluate pregnant women for kinesiophobia, pain, physical activity status, and weight gain.

Trajectory of blood pressure levels and weight gain in pregnant women: A group-based approach

Background and objectivesMorbidities associated with increased blood pressure levels during pregnancy represent one of the main causes of maternal mortality. The objective was to identify patterns of systolic blood pressure (SPB) trajectory in pregnant women undergoing prenatal care at the Unified Health System, and associations with weight gain trajectory, demographic, obstetric, anthropometric data, and health related behaviors. Methods and resultsCohort study with pregnant women using the public health services in Brazil. Data were collected through questionnaires and medical records. Trajectory patterns of SBP and weight gain were identified by a group-based trajectory model. For trajectory analysis, 460 women had SBP information available, totaling 2839 measurements, with an average of 6.2 measurements during pregnancy. Three SBP trajectory patterns were identified and classified as “Group 1” (48.0%), with a mean of 103 mmHg (95% CI 102.5–103.7 mmHg), “Group 2” (42.7%) with a mean of 114 mmHg (95% CI 113.7–114.9 mmHg), and “Group 3” (9.1%) with the highest mean SBP value of 130 mmHg (95% CI 128.8–131.5 mmHg). It was observed that regardless of the weight gain trajectory group, women classified in the group with the highest SBP had the highest SBP levels. The probability of being classified in Group 3 was higher among women with higher education, who started pregnancy presenting obesity, and who were using antihypertensive drugs. ConclusionThe probability of belonging to groups with a greater trajectory of SBP during pregnancy was associated with obesity, education, and hypertension under treatment.

THE INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN ON DISTURBANCE OF THE UTERINE-PLACENTAL BLOOD FLOW IN PREGNANT WOMAN WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: To evaluate the development of violations of uterine-placental blood flow depending on weight gain during pregnancy in women with arterial hypertension. Design and method: A prospective cohort examination of 110 pregnant women with arterial hypertension (including chronic and gestational arterial hypertension) and 80 women of the control group (practically healthy women without increasing blood pressure) was conducted. The study was conducted on the basis of perinatal centers of Astana (Kazakhstan) in 2018-2019. The weight gain for the period of pregnancy in women with hypertension and control groups was studied. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and weight gain for the period of pregnancy in the studied groups. Results: One of the main causes of the development of complications during pregnancy by the fetus is a violation of uterine-placental blood circulation (UPC), which depends not only on blood pressure levels. Disorders of the UPC were detected in pregnant women with hypertension and control groups of 20% and 2.5%, respectively (p = 0.0003). In pregnant women with hypertension, the odds ratio of chances of the development of UPC disorders increased by 4.4 times compared to the pregnant woman of the control group. Excessive increase in body weight during pregnancy in pregnant women with hypertension was detected in 16% and in the control group 5% (p = 0.018). The relative probability of developing a violation of the UPC with an excessive increase in the weight of a pregnant woman with hypertension soared by 50%. In the control group of pregnant women with a normal pressure level, excess weight gain was detected in 6.3% and there were no violations of the UPC. Conclusions: According to the results of the study, in pregnant women with hypertension, violations of the UPC were significantly more common compared to the control group. The odds ratio of the chances of developing uterine-placental blood flow surges by 4.4 times in pregnant women with hypertension compared to pregnant women with a normal level of pressure. Excessive weight gain in pregnant women with hypertension increases the development of impaired UPC.

Obstetric, maternal, and neonatal outcomes after Pilates exercise during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

One of the major exercises to improve the psychological and physical functions of pregnant women is Pilate's exercises. The aim of this study is to collect evidence about Pilates exercise effects on many consequences in pregnant women, such as maternal and neonatal outcomes and obstetric outcomes. PubMed, Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were scoured from their inception. Research comparing Pilates during pregnancy to other methods, or to the control was included. For randomized controlled trials (RCTs), The researcher utilized the Cochrane risk of bias tool; for non-RCTs, risk of bias tool to assess non-randomized studies of interventions, was used for cohort studies, and the national heart, lung, and blood institute tool. Meta-analysis was done using the Review manager 5.4. For continuous data, calculated the mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI), and the risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI for dichotomous data. Finally, 13 studies included with a total number of 719 pregnant women. The analysis showed that the Pilates group was significantly more likely to deliver vaginally than the control group (RR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.05 to 1.41], P value = .009). Women in the Pilates group were significantly lower than the control group to have Cesarean delivery (RR = 0.67, 95% CI [0.48-0.94], P value = .02). Moreover, Pilates-treated women were less likely to gain weight during pregnancy than control (mean difference = -3.48, 95% CI [-6.17 to -0.79], P value = .01). Pilates exercise improved the outcomes of pregnant women. It decreases the rate of Cesarean delivery and the time of delivery. Moreover, Pilates has a role in decreasing weight gain in pregnant women. As a result, that may improve the pregnancy experience for women. However, more RCTs needed with larger sample sizes to assess the Pilates effect on neonatal outcomes.

Effectiveness of a structured exercise intervention in gestational weight gain in pregnant women with overweight and obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

To assess the effectiveness of exercise interventions during pregnancy in managing gestational weight gain (GWG), excessive GWG, gestational diabetes (GD), hypertensive disorders, 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and birth weight in pregnant women with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). The search strategy was conducted in five electronic databases, restricting to articles published within the past 10 years. Randomized controlled trials comparing exercise intervention with usual prenatal care in pregnant women with OW/OB were considered. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and the quality of studies using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation classification. Continuous data were calculated as mean differences (MDs) and dichotomous data as risk ratios (RRs). Seven trials comprising 1648 pregnant women were included. Exercise interventions were associated with lower GWG (MD, -1.19 kg [95% confidence interval, CI, -1.79 to -0.60]) and lower incidence of GD (RR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.40-0.78]). When analyzing excessive GWG, 2-h post-OGTT, birth weight, and hypertensive disorders, there was no statistically significant difference between the exercise and usual care groups. The strength of evidence was considered moderate. Exercise interventions during pregnancy in women with OW/OB were shown to influence GWG and the incidence of GD.

Gambaran Kecukupan Gizi pada Kehamilan Remaja di Kota Salatiga

Background: Nutritional adequacy is one of the factors that affect the health of pregnant women and fetuses. Objective to describe the nutritional adequacy of adolescent pregnant women in Salatiga City.Methods: this study uses a mix method. The study population was all teenage pregnant women in Salatiga City. The sample is all pregnant women aged 12-16 years through total sampling technique. The instruments used were food records 2x24 hours and the SQ-FFQ form last one month for quantitative research, pens, recording tools and qualitative research log books. Quantitative data were analyzed using NutriSurvey 2007 software, qualitative data were analyzed through coding.Result: The level of macronutrient adequacy of adolescent pregnant women in Salatiga City mostly has a deficit of weight and more, namely carbohydrates (57.14%) and fat (85.71%). Most of the micronutrient adequacy levels are deficits, namely potassium (85.71%), calcium (100%), zinc (100%), iron (85.71%), folate (85.71%), vitamin B1 (100%) and vitamin E (57.14%).Conclusion: Research on the level of macronutrients adequacy of adolescent pregnant women in Salatiga City is mostly in the category of heavy and overweight deficits, namely carbohydrates and fats above 50%. The level of micronutrients adequacy in most of the deficit categories, namely potassium, calcium, zinc, iron, folate, vitamin B1 and vitamin E is above 50%. This is influenced by the imbalance of food intake consumed during pregnancy. This also results in weight gain of pregnant women not being ideal for weight gain during pregnancy, even though they have good nutritional status.

Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Gene-204A/C Polymorphism in Normal and Gestational Diabetic Pregnancies

To investigate the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene ( CYP7A1)-204A/C single nucleotide polymorphism and its relationship with the blood lipid levels of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal pregnant women. The genotype and allele frequencies of CYP7A1-204A/C gene polymorphism of 1037 normal pregnant women, the normal controls, and 627 pregnant women with GDM were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood glucose (Glu) were measured by enzymatic assay. Chemiluminescence determination of plasma insulin (Ins) was conducted. Apolipoproteins A1 (apoA1) and B (apoB) were measured by the turbidimetric immunoassay. Allele frequencies of A and C at the CYP7A1-204A/C polymorphic locus were 0.586 and 0.414, respectively, in the GDM group and 0.557 and 0.443, respectively in the control group. The distribution of genotype frequencies in both groups showed conformity with the Hardy-Weinberg principle. There was no significant difference in allele and genotype frequencies between the GDM group and the control group. In the control group, carriers of the genotype AA were associated with significantly higher concentrations of apoA1 and lower levels of Ins and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) compared with those with genotype CC (all P<0.05). In the non-obese subgroup of the control subjects, carriers of the genotype CC were associated with significantly higher plasma TG or apoA1 levels compared with those with genotype AA ( P<0.05). In the GDM group, carriers with genotype AA of CYP7A1-204A/C polymorphism had elevated levels of gestational weight gain (GWG) compared with those with genotype CC ( P<0.05). These results suggest that 204A/C polymorphism in the CYP7A1 gene is not associated with GDM, but may be closely associated with gestational weight gain in pregnant women with GDM. Variants in this locus are strongly associated with plasma apoA1, Ins, and HOMA-IR levels in the controls and elevated plasma TG levels in non-obese controls.

Gestational weight gain in pregnant women with obesity is associated with cord blood DNA methylation, which partially mediates offspring anthropometrics

Gestational weight gain in pregnant women with obesity is associated with cord blood DNA methylation, which partially mediates offspring anthropometrics

Pattern of weight gain in pregnant women and effect on maternal and neonatal outcome in Abuja, Nigeria: A longitudinal multicentre study

Background: Normal pregnancy is usually associated with weight gain. Abnormal weight gain in pregnancy could result in adverse neonatal and maternal outcome. Studies related to this in Nigeria are limited.Objective: The aim was to evaluate the pattern of weight gain in pregnancy and the feto-maternal outcome among women with different body mass indices attending antenatal clinic in the Federal capital territory (FCT).Study design: This was a longitudinal, multicentre study.Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty participants were recruited from 6 general hospitals in the FCT. Their body mass indices were calculated and they were categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese accordingly. They were followed up till 2 weeks postpartum. Maternal outcome sought included gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes and mode of delivery, postpartum haemorrhage, retained placenta and perineal injury. Neonatal outcomes included macrosomia, low birth weight, neonatal hypoglycaemia, shoulder dystocia, stillbirth and admission into special care baby unit (SCBU).Result: The mean age of participants was 28.8 years ±4.7 with parities ranging from 0-8. The majority of them (39%) were overweight. While most of the women (118, 56.2%) had normal weight gain (NWG) in pregnancy, 15(7.1%) had low weight gain (LWG) and 77(36.6%) had high weight gain (HWG). Most (95%) of the HWG was among the overweight and obese women. There was a higher induction rate and postpartum haemorrhage among HWG women and postdate among the obese group. There was no difference in neonatal outcome among the groups.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that HWG and LWG have more adverse pregnancy outcomes than NWG. Younger women (20-24years) with normal BMI at booking tend to gain suboptimal weight in pregnancy. HWG in pregnancy was commoner among overweight and obese women with increased induction of labour and postpartum haemorrhage among them. Post-date pregnancy was higher among the obese group. There was no difference in neonatal outcomes among the groups.

An mHealth Intervention to Reduce Gestational Obesity (mami-educ): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The World Federation of Obesity warns that the main health problem of the next decade will be childhood obesity. It is known that factors such as gestational obesity produce profound effects on fetal programming and are strong predictors of overweight and obesity in children. Therefore, establishing healthy eating behaviors during pregnancy is the key to the primary prevention of the intergenerational transmission of obesity. Mobile health (mHealth) programs are potentially more effective than face-to-face interventions, especially during a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 outbreak. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an mHealth intervention to reduce excessive weight gain in pregnant women who attend family health care centers. The design of the intervention corresponds to a classic randomized clinical trial. The participants are pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy who live in urban and semiurban areas. Before starting the intervention, a survey will be applied to identify the barriers and facilitators perceived by pregnant women to adopt healthy eating behaviors. The dietary intake will be estimated in the same way. The intervention will last for 12 weeks and consists of sending messages through a multimedia messaging service with food education, addressing the 3 domains of learning (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor). Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the demographic, socioeconomic, and obstetric characteristics of the respondents. The analysis strategy follows the intention-to-treat principle. Logistic regression analysis will be used to compare the intervention with routine care on maternal pregnancy outcome and perinatal outcome. The recruitment of study participants began in May 2022 and will end in May 2023. Results include the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing the incidence of excessive gestational weight gain. We also will examine the maternal-fetal outcome as well as the barriers and facilitators that influence the weight gain of pregnant women. Data from this effectiveness trial will determine whether mami-educ successfully reduces rates of excessive weight gain during pregnancy. If successful, the findings of this study will generate knowledge to design and implement personalized prevention strategies for gestational obesity that can be included in routine primary care. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05114174; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05114174. DERR1-10.2196/44456.

Effects of Antenatal Lifestyle Interventions in Pregnant Women with Normal Body Mass Index.

We aimed to explore the effect of lifestyle interventions on improving lifestyle behaviors on gestational weight gain in pregnant women with normal body mass index (BMI). The study was conducted in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province (Wuhan, China) between June 2020 and April 2022. A total of 355 pregnant women (<12 weeks of pregnancy) were enrolled and finally completed the program. Participants were divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received an individualized lifestyle intervention focusing on healthy lifestyle, like diet, exercise, and weight monitoring as four sessions at 16-18, 20-24, 28-30 and 34 weeks' gestation. Participants in the control group received routine antenatal care. The weight of both group was recorded from pregnancy until 6-8 weeks postpartum. The participants in the intervention group with normal pre-pregnancy BMI (n = 178) had lower GWG, excessive GWG, hypertension, and neonate birth weight compared to the control group (n = 177, P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of gestational diabetes, premature labor, delivery mode, preterm birth, small for gestational age, macrosomia, number of neonates referred to the NICU, and postpartum weight retention. Even though lifestyle intervention in pregnant women with normal BMI has a relatively limited effect, attention should still be paid to reasonable weight gain during pregnancy and the potential long-term impact of the intervention remains to be assessed.

Pattern of weight gain in pregnant women in slum areas of Hamadan using multilevel ordinal regression

BackgroundAdequate gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important factor for maternal and fetal health. This is especially important in low-income and slum areas due to limited access to health services and malnutrition. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the pattern of GWG changes in the slum areas of Hamadan in Iran.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, the study sample consisted of 509 pregnant women who referred to nine health care clinics in the slum areas of Hamadan. Women's weight gain based on the recommended GWG by U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) was divided into three categories: Inadequate weight gain, Adequate weight gain, and Excessive weight gain. In order to evaluate the trend of GWG, a multi-level ordinal model was used.ResultsAccording to pre-pregnancy BMI, a little more than half people (56.6%) were overweight or obese. 85.4% women in the first trimester and 49.1% in the second trimester did not have adequate GWG, but in the third trimester (38.9%) had adequate GWG. Based on multivariate analysis, pre- pregnancy BMI has a significant effect on the odds of inadequate GWG (P-value = 0.021); with one unit increase in pre-pregnancy BMI, the odds of inadequate GWG grows by 1.07 times compared to adequate and excessive GWG.ConclusionsIn general, women did not have adequate weight gain in the first and second trimesters.Thus, designing appropriate interventions to achieve optimal GWG seems to be necessary in slums.

Environmental factors associated with excessive gestational weight gain: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

The aim is, systematically examine the scientific evidences that associated environmental factors (environment, social environment, environmental planning and spatial population distribution) with the excessive gestational weight gain. A meta-analysis and systematic review carried out as per the Cochrane Handbook recommendations and following the steps recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. The inclusion studies were done with the following PECO criteria: P-pregnant women, E-environmental factors, O-weight gain. The search procedure was conducted on the databases EMBASE, Web of Science, Cinahl, LILACS and MEDLINE (PubMed). The relationship between the socioeconomic factors of the micro-region of residence and gestational weight gain was evidenced by the linkage between residing in high-poverty neighborhoods and inadequate gestational weight gain. This study revealed the higher prevalence of excessive gestational weight gain in pregnant women those lives in urban areas. Environmental factors of the pregnant women's residence area implicated in the excessive gestational weight gain. Our findings can therefore contribute to the development of public policies to prevent inadequate gestational weight gain.

The Correlation Between Gestational Weight Gain with Children Nutritional Status Age 0 – 2 Years in Simomulyo Health Center Sukomanunggal Village Surabaya City

Background: The golden period of child growth begins in the womb where a rapid growth and development occurs. Throughout the pregnancy, there is a gestational weight gain so that the mother’s nutritional intake can meet the needs of herself and her fetus. Low gestational weight gain can affect the next child’s life. Methods: This study is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were taken by using a total sampling with a sample size of 57 mothers with children aged 0 – 2 years. The independent variable is the gestational weight gain and the dependent variable is the child’s nutritional status. The data collection method was carried out by collecting secondary data through integrated health center’s data and the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book, then the results were analyzed by the chi square test. Results: Most gestational weight gain found in this study was in the adequate category according to IOM 2009 recommendations (45.61%). Most children’s nutritional status was normal according to the WAZ, LAZ, and BMI Z-score index (78%). The chi square test showed no relationship between gestational weight gain and children’s nutritional status (p&gt;0.05) Conclusion: In this study, there was no relationship between the weight gain of pregnant women and the nutritional status of children aged 0-2 years based on the of WAZ, LAZ and BMI Z-score index.

The efficacy of combined nutrition education and nutritional supplementation on nutritional status of prospective brides to prevent stunting in newborns

Background: Optimal growth and development of children is an indicator of the quality of human resources. Stunting is a condition of linear growth retardation which is the result of a long-term lack of nutrients. The stunting problem prevention program is prioritized in the first 1000 days of and the bride and groom who will later become pregnant and give birth to offspring. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of nutritional education and nutritional supplementation on changes in the nutritional status of the prospective bride and groom to prevent stunting in newborns.Methods: The design was quasi-experimental with a pre-post intervention in Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara in June 2020 to October 2021. Sample size: 126 of prospective brides aged 20-30 years who were divided into 3 groups. Data analysis used Paired t-test, Wilcoxon, ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis.Results: Mean BMI after intervention: 22.08±3.12 kg/m2. The intervention reduced the underweight category from 31 (24.6%) to 19 (15.1%). The average weight gain of pregnant women after the intervention was 63.08±7.02 kg. Statistical test there was a difference between groups (p = 0.000). The effect of intervention on infant anthropometry was 13 (11.21%) body length &lt;48 cm and 11 (9.48%) LBW and 10 (8.62%) abnormal head circumference.Conclusions: The intervention can change the parameters of the nutritional status of the subject and there is a relationship between weight gain during pregnancy and infant anthropometry (p=0.000).