Weight Fraction Of Oil Research Articles

Thermomechanically micronized sugar beet pulp: Emulsification performance and the contribution of soluble elements and insoluble fibrous particles

In this work, thermomechanically micronized sugar beet pulp (MSBP), a micron-scaled plant-based byproduct comprised of soluble elements (∼40 wt%) and insoluble fibrous particles (IFPs, ∼60 wt%), was used as a sole stabilizer for oil-in-water emulsion fabrication. The influence of emulsification parameters on the emulsifying properties of MSBP was investigated, including emulsification techniques, MSBP concentration, and oil weight fraction. High-speed shearing (M1), ultrasonication (M2), and microfludization (M3) were used to fabricate oil-in-water emulsions (20% oil) with 0.60 wt% MSBP as stabilizer, in which the d4,3 value was 68.3, 31.5, and 18.2 μm, respectively. Emulsions fabricated by M2 and M3 (higher energy input) were more stable than M1 (lower energy input) during long-term storage (30 days) as no significant increase of d4,3. As compared to M1, the adsorption ratio of IFPs and protein was increased from ∼0.46 and ∼0.34 to ∼0.88 and ∼0.55 by M3. Fabricated by M3, the creaming behavior of emulsions was completely inhibited with 1.00 wt% MSBP (20% oil) and 40% oil (0.60 wt% MSBP), showing a flocculated state and could be disturbed by sodium dodecyl sulfate. The gel-like network formed by IFPs could be strengthened after storage as both viscosity and module were significantly increased. During emulsification, the co-stabilization effect of the soluble elements and IFPs enabled a compact and hybrid coverage onto the droplet surface, which acted as a physical barrier to endow the emulsion with robust steric repulsion. Altogether, these findings suggested the feasibility of using plant-based byproducts as oil-in-water emulsion stabilizers.

Selection of Temperature regimes for conditioning and flotation of diamond-bearing kimberlite with compound collectors

The condition for stable fixation of a collector on the surface of diamonds and their flotation is the use of collectors of the optimal fractional composition and the choice of the optimum temperature regime of the process. To determine the parameters of the diamond flotation regime, the regularities of the phase transitions of asphaltene-tar fractions at increasing temperature and diluting F-5 with technical diesel fraction were established. It was demonstrated that increasing the collector temperature leads to the transfer of asphaltenetar fractions to a dissolved and finely dispersed state. To an even greater extent, dissolving asphaltene-tar fractions is facilitated by the addition of medium- and low-molecular weight fractions of oil, for instance, a technical diesel fraction.It was revealed that the KM-10, KM-14, and KM-18 reagents, being compounds of F-5 fuel oil with technical diesel fraction (10–18 % DF), were characterized by optimal viscosity and ability to displace aqueous phase from a diamond surface, thus ensuring stable hydrophobization and high floatability of diamonds. The optimal temperature regime has been selected, which involved maintaining the temperature at the stage of conditioning with the collector at +30–40 °С, at which the maximum selective fixation of compound collectors on the diamond surface, characterized by the value of the limiting wetting angle, was achieved. The flotation tests have confirmed that the best results are achieved at a temperature of +30–40 °С at the conditioning stage and +14–24 °С at the flotation stage. At +24 °С, the best results were obtained for the relatively less diluted KM-10 and KM-14 fuel oils obtained by diluting F-5 fuel oil with a technical diesel fraction at the diluent volume fractions of 10 and 14 %. The diamond recovery achieved in the flotation tests was 3.8–4.5 % higher than when using the traditional collector, F-5 fuel oil. At +14 °С, the highly diluted fuel oil, KM-18 with a volume fraction of 18 % of the technical diesel fraction, demonstrated better collecting abilities.The optimal compositions of the collector and the regimes of feed preparation and flotation were tested at a foam separation unit. The tests showed that it is possible to increase diamond recovery into concentrate by 2.3–4.5 %. The recommendations are provided on the use of thermal conditioning in the foam separation cycle and maintaining the conditioning medium temperature at +30–40 °С and the foam separation temperature at +14–24 °С.

Preparation of silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners using different surfactants and their effect on physical characteristics of polyester fabric

AbstractSilicone oil nanoemulsion softeners with different particle sizes can be prepared using different surfactants with various ratios aminosilicone oil, surfactants concentration and time of mixing. The silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners could penetrate well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they can induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric. In current study, we first prepared silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners by designing via DOE software and with different particle sizes using nonyl phenol, octyl phenyl ether and fatty alcohol surfactants, and we investigated them using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. In DOE software, the effect of various independent variables of emulsification process such as surfactant type, oil weight fraction, surfactant concentration and time of mixing on dependent variables were studied including particle size, z‐average and width. Then, we examined the physical characteristics of polyester fabric by applying silicone oil macro, micro and nanoemulsion softeners. The treated fabrics with these softeners were compared with each other through the physical properties. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the polyester fabric treated with silicone nanoemulsion softeners appeared to have smoother fiber surface. To prove the penetration of silicone particles into the fabric fibers, a cross section was taken from the cross section of polyester fabric by microtome in liquid nitrogen. The TEM images from cross section of fabrics treated with the silicone oil nanoemulsion softeners confirmed that the nanoparticles had penetrated well into the polyester fibers; therefore, they could induce desirable physicochemical properties in the fabric.

IR Spectrometric Determination of Weight Fractions of Oil and Gas Condensate in Products Oil and Gas Condensate Wells

A method of the IR spectrometric determination of weight fractions of oil and gas condensate in the production of oil and gas condensate wells is proposed. The features of infrared spectra of the integrated absorbance of hydrocarbon solutions, recorded using a Fourier-transform IR spectrometer and an IKAR-3 scanning IR spectrometer, are discussed.

Heat-set emulsion gels of casein micelles in mixtures with whey protein isolate

Emulsion gels, also called emulgels, were formed by heating homogenized suspensions of micellar casein (MC) mixed with sunflower oil at pH < 6.5. The shear moduli of the emulgels were determined during heating and their microstructure was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The gel stiffness was studied as a function of the MC concentration at three pH values (5.8, 6.0 and 6.3) and three weight fractions of oil (5, 10 and 15%). Emulgels were compared with gels formed by heating MC suspensions without oil. After homogenization the oil droplets were found to be surrounded by a layer of MC and when MC formed a gel during heating the oil droplets were incorporated within the MC network. The oil droplets were active fillers that allowed formation of self-supporting gels at lower MC concentrations in the aqueous phase compared to gels formed by MC suspensions without oil. At a given MC concentration in the aqueous phase, emulgels showed reduced syneresis and were stiffer. Replacement of 20% or 40% MC by whey protein isolate (WPI) led to formation of more homogeneous networks and reduced syneresis, but had little effect on the stiffness of the emulgels. Shear flow caused break-up in macroscopic parts which behaved after cessation of shear as gels with reduced stiffness and a low yield stress.

Development of Nanoemulsion of Silicone Oil and Pine Oil Using Binary Surfactant System for Textile Finishing

AbstractNanoemulsions of silicone oil and pine oil using a binary surfactant system were prepared. Silicone oil and pine oil were used to achieve softness and mosquito repellency and antibacterial activity respectively when the nanoemulsion was applied on the fabric. A silicone surfactant (AG‐pt) and a hydrocarbon surfactant (TDA‐6) were used in different proportions to obtain stable nanoemulsions at the lowest possible droplet size. The various emulsification process variables such as ratio of hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant, surfactant concentration, ratio of silicone oil to pine oil, oil weight fraction and sonication time have been studied. The optimal variables include the ratio of hydrocarbon to silicone surfactant of 80:20, surfactant concentration of 8%, ratio of silicone oil to pine oil of 80:20, oil weight fraction of 20% and 15 min of sonication time at 40% of the applied power. Nanoemulsions were found to be very stable with emulsion droplet size around 41 nm. In order to compare different emulsification techniques, emulsions were also prepared using the conventional method. Emulsions analyzed using SEM showed spherical droplets ranging from 40 to 120 nm. Atomic force microscopy was used to evaluate the bounciness, fluffiness and softness of fabric. From this study, it was found that stable nanoemulsion with a lowest possible droplet size of silicone and pine oil could be prepared by ultrasonic emulsification technique in order to deliver multiple properties when applied to fabric.

Optimization and Characterization of Biocompatible Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion for Pesticide Delivery

The formation of promising oil-in-water nanoemulsion suitable for pesticide delivery has been achieved by using methyl laurate as oil phase, and alkyl polyglycoside (APG) and polyoxyethylene 3-lauryl ether (C12E3) as mixed surfactant. Effects of APG and C12E3 mixing ratios, oil weight fraction, and total surfactant concentration on droplet size and distribution of the nanoemulsion were systematically investigated. Long-term stabilities of the nanoemulsions prepared with various surfactant mixing ratios were assessed by measuring droplet size at different time intervals; the results indicated that the main driving force for droplet size increase over time was Ostwald ripening. On this basis, a practical water-insoluble pesticide β-cypermethrin (β-CP) was incorporated into two optimized nanoemulsion systems to demonstrate potential applications. The results of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements showed that the nanoemulsions had a nearly monodisperse drople...

β-lactoglobulin stabilized nanemulsions—Formulation and process factors affecting droplet size and nanoemulsion stability

To avoid the toxicological concerns associated to synthetic surfactants, proteins might be an alternative for the stabilization of pharmaceutical nanoemulsions. The present study investigates the use of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) to stabilize oil in water biocompatible nanoemulsions intended for a pharmaceutical use and prepared by high pressure homogenization (HPH). The effects of composition (nature and weight fraction of oil, β-lg concentration) and of process parameters (pressure and number of cycles) on the droplet size and on the stability of nanoemulsions were thoroughly assessed. The nanoemulsions prepared with β-lg at 1wt% and with 5wt% Miglyol 812 (the oil with the lowest viscosity) displayed a relatively small particle size (about 200nm) and a low polydispersity when a homogenization pressure of 100MPa was applied for 4 cycles. These nanoemulsions were the most stable formulations over 30days at least. Emulsification efficiency of β-lg was reduced at higher homogenization pressures (200MPa and 300MPa). The effect of HPH process on the interfacial properties of β-lg was evaluated by drop shape analysis. This treatment had an effect neither on the interfacial tension nor on the interfacial dilatational rheology of β-lg at the Miglyol 812/water interface.

Ethanolysis of waste cottonseed oil over lithium impregnated calcium oxide: Kinetics and reusability studies

A series of Li/CaO catalysts has been prepared by impregnating 0.5–5.0 wt% Li in CaO by wet chemical method. Prepared Li/CaO catalysts have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area studies, in order to establish the structure and surface morphology of the catalyst. Hammett indicator test study was performed to determine the basic strength of the Li/CaO catalysts. The prepared Li/CaO catalysts have been employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of waste cottonseed oil (having 2.8 wt% free fatty acid contents) with ethanol. Under optimal reaction conditions viz., ethanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst to oil weight fraction of 5% and 65 °C reaction temperature, 98% fatty acid ethyl ester yield was obtained in 2.5 h of reaction duration. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the pseudo first order constant and Arrhenius activation energy were found to be 0.03 min−1 and 70.0 kJ mol−1, respectively. Further Li/CaO catalyst was also found to be effective for the ethanolysis and methanolysis of vegetable oils having up to 3.4 wt% free fatty acids. The use of 3-Li/CaO catalyst is advantageous considering that it not only utilizes waste cottonseed oil as a feedstock, but also renewable and nontoxic alcohol, ethanol, for the biodiesel production.

Chemical endurance of polymeric compounds containing radioactively contaminated spent vacuum oil

Oil-absorbent suspension was incorporated in a matrix material based on epoxy-4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol resin under laboratory conditions. The following powder materials were used as absorbents: magnesium and calcium oxides, Taunit, Aerosil, high-reactivity carbon mixture, and N910 synthetic polymer. Experiments were performed with radioactively contaminated spent VM-4 vacuum oil from chemicalmetallurgical production. The weight fraction of oil in the compounds was varied from 19 to 39%. The chemical endurance of the compound samples under the conditions of prolonged keeping in aqueous medium was examined. The results obtained show that all the polymeric samples ensure sufficiently strong fixation of oil and α-emitting nuclides, preventing their release into the leaching medium. The degree of leaching of oil and α-emitting nuclides from all the examined compounds in 90 days did not exceed 0.23 and 0.10%, respectively.

The flow behavior of the liquid/powder mixture, theory and experiment. I. The effect of the capillary force (bridging rupture)

Employing the equality of the mechanical work of shear stress and the energy of liquid bridges, a formula is developed for shear stress τ and unconfined yield strength f c of compressed powder, consisting of narrowly-sized solid particles mixed with oil. This formula predicts the dependence of shear stress and unconfined yield strength on the oil weight fraction, C, and the radius of the particles, R, as τ and f c ∝ sqrt ( C)/ R. Experimental data obtained with a Schulze cell were used to validate the developed formula. Experimental dependence of f c on R is in agreement with the theoretical formula. However, the experimental dependence of f c on oil weight fraction C does not agree with the theoretical predictions, especially at low C. Therefore, the theoretical model needs further modification. Despite some approximations, the theory predicts certain features, which can be useful for transport of the stressed powder/oil mixture.

Effect of temperature and salt on the phase behavior of nonionic and mixed nonionic–ionic microemulsions with fish-tail diagrams

The phase behavior of Brij-56/1-butanol/n-heptane/water is investigated at 30 °C with α [weight fraction of oil in (oil + water)] =0.5, wherein a 2̲→3→2¯ phase transition occurs with increasing W1 (weight fraction of 1-butanol in total amphiphile) at low X (weight fraction of both the amphiphiles in the mixture) and a 2̲→1→2¯ phase transition occurs at higher X. Addition of an ionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, destroys the three-phase body and decreases the solubilization capacity of the system at different δ (weight fraction of ionic surfactant in total surfactant). A three-phase body appears at α=0.25, but not at α=0.75 for the single system. No three-phase body appears with the mixed system at either α value. Increased temperature increases the solubilization capacity of the Brij-56 system; on the other hand, a negligible effect of temperature on the Brij-56/SDBS mixed system has been observed. Addition of salt (NaCl) produces a three-phase body for both single and mixed systems and increases their solubilization capacities. The monomeric solubility of 1-butanol in oil (S1) and at the interface (S1s) has been calculated using the equation hydrophile–lipophile balance plane for both singles- and mixed-surfactant systems. These parameters have been utilized to explain the increase in solubilization capacity of these systems in the presence of NaCl.

Formation of Nano-emulsions by Low-Energy Emulsification Methods at Constant Temperature

Formation of nano-emulsions has been studied in the system water/Brij 30/decane at 25 °C by three low-energy emulsification methods: (A) stepwise addition of oil to a water−surfactant mixture, (B) stepwise addition of water to a solution of the surfactant in oil, and (C) mixing all the components in the final composition. Nano-emulsions with average droplet size of 50 nm and high kinetic stability have been obtained only at oil weight fractions, R, lower than 0.3 by emulsification method B. Independent of the oil weight fraction, R, emulsions obtained by method B have lower polydispersity than those obtained by methods A and C. Phase behavior studies have revealed that compositions giving rise to nano-emulsions consist of Wm, (O/W microemulsion), Lα (lamellar liquid crystalline), and O (oil) phases, at equilibrium. It has been shown that equilibrium properties cannot fully explain nano-emulsion formation. Low values of equilibrium interfacial tensions and phase equilibrium involving a lamellar liquid crystalline phase are probably required but not sufficient to obtain nano-emulsions in this system. The key factor for nano-emulsion formation has been attributed to the kinetics of the emulsification process. The change in the natural curvature of the surfactant during the emulsification process may play a major role in achieving emulsions with small droplet size.

Solubilization of Micellar Cubic Phases and Their Structural Relationships in Anionic−Cationic Surfactant−Dodecane−Water Systems

The morphology and solubilization of micellar cubic phases are investigated as a function of the cationic weight fraction in the mixture of two surfactants, the surfactant-to-water ratio, and the oil weight fraction in the water−dodecane−sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)−dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) or didodecyl-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) systems at 25 °C. One phase transition H1 → I1 appears at low cationic weight fraction, Y, and the other Lα → I1 takes place at high Y upon addition of oil. Solubilization for dodecane of the micellar solution and of the micellar cubic phase increases with an increase in the cationic surfactant weight fraction Y from 0 to 0.30. SAXS measurements index the structure of the cubic phase as the discontinuous Pm3n cubic phase for single surfactant systems and mixed surfactant systems at different levels of oil. The cross-sectional area of the hydrophilic head of the surfactant keeps constant with increase in the oil weight fraction at a fixed cationic surfactant weight fraction as the interlayer spacing of the Pm3n cubic phase greatly increases. However, it decreases with an increase in the cationic surfactant weight fraction at fixed oil weight fraction as the interlayer spacing of the Pm3n cubic phase slowly increases. So the solubilization for oil can be increased by adjusting the mean curvature of the surfactant interface layer with the addition of mixed surfactants and long-chain oil.

Microemulsions Based on Soybean Phosphatidylcholine and Triglycerides. Phase Behavior and Microstructure

We have studied the phase behavior and microstructure of water/1-propanol/soybean phosphatidylcholine (SbPC)/triglyceride systems. Microemulsions are formed with both medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain triglycerides. The amount of SbPC and 1-propanol needed to form a microemulsion increases as the chain length of the triglyceride increases. The MCT system was investigated in more detail and compared with a hexadecane system. The phase behavior and pulsed field gradient NMR data for the MCT system suggest that the microemulsions formed at low SbPC concentrations and 0 < α < 0.5, where α is defined as the weight fraction of oil/(oil + water), are of a bicontinuous type. The self-diffusion data for the microemulsions formed at higher SbPC concentrations clearly indicate that there is some structure also in these microemulsions with an oil-in-water droplet structure at the water rich side and a gradual change to a bicontinuous structure when the MCT concentration is increased. The bicontinuity appears to be preserved even at low water concentrations. The microstructure of the microemulsion in this part of the phase diagram is, however, less well-defined, most probably with large polydispersity and rapid fusion and fission of the oil and water domains. The hydrodynamic radius and aggregation number of the SbPC aggregates formed in a mixture of 22.5 wt % SbPC, 22.5 wt % 1-propanol, and 55 wt % water was calculated as 27.5 Å and 68 SbPC molecules/aggregate, respectively.

PRECIPITATION OF ASPHALTENES AT HIGH PRESSURES; EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE AND RESULTS

ABSTRACT Precipitation of asphaltenes in crude oil has been measured both as a function of pressure and composition. The onset of precipitation has been determined by the measurement of conductivity. A specially designed high pressure conductivity cell has been constructed. Due to the low conductivity of most crude oils the electrode spacing has to be very narrow and the effective electrode area as large as practical. The cell has a coaxial design with inlet and outlet on opposite sides on the cylinder. The cell is rated to 700 bar and 120 deg.C but can be constructed for both higher pressure and temperature. The onset of precipitation is detected by a maximum in the weight normalized conductivity, i.e. the conductivity divided by the weight fraction of oil By using normal alkanes from ethane to pentane the precipitation onset is shown to increase linearly as a function of n-alkane carbon number. A smaller but significant increase in the onset is found by increasing the hydrostatic pressure. For monophasic live crude the onset is shown by a break in the conductivity curve.

Product evolution during rapid pyrolysis of Green River Formation oil shale

The devolatilization of rich (209 cm 3 kg −1), rapidly heated (1000 K s −1) Green River Formation, Colorado, oil shale has been studied at temperatures from ≈ 600 to 1100K, under helium (170 kPa) and vacuum. Oil yields decrease with increasing pressure at temperatures above the 800–900 K range. This is attributed to an increased probability of condensed phase cracking reactions involving oil precursors with increased pressure. The fact that escape of the oil from shale particles is vaporization-rate limited is supported by a comparison of the molecular weights of oil collected outside the particle and that left within the particle. The measured nature of particle porosity is consistent with the view that external gas pressure can affect vaporization rates within pores. Elemental and infrared characterization of different molecular weight fractions of oil are presented.

Evaluation of the Hydrophile-Lipophile-Balance (HLB) of Long-chain Nonionic Surfactant

Correlation between hydrophile-lipophile-balance temperature, TcomHLB, and the HLB number of commercial nonionic surfactants (C12C18) was investigated. The empirical formula, Row (1/x-1) = A (T-TcomHLB) is valid for these surfactants. (Row is the weight fraction of oil in water+oil, x, the weight fraction of surfactant in a system, T, the temperature, and A, a constant.) TcomHLB (HLB temperature=Phase Inversion Temperature) is a characteristic temperature related to the NcomHLB (HLB number), i.e., TcomHLB=koil (NcomHLB-Noil), provided the HLB temperature is 1080°C or more. (koil, Noil are constants for a given oil.) Through the application of these equations, an HLB number of a surfactant may be evaluated from the HLB temperature and phase behavior or vice versa.

Thermal degradation of shale oils: 1. Kinetics of vapour phase oil degradation

As vertical modified in-situ retorts (VMIS) have been scaled up and tested, the overall oil yield has declined and is generally lower than that observed in an above-ground process. This reduced oil yield could adversely affect the economics of VMIS retorting. Diminished yields are attributed to a combination of factors associated with scale-up such as in complete rubblization, wide particle size distributions (large blocks of shale), and poor flow distributions. Additionally, oil losses can occur by comparatively long exposure of the oil vapours to high temperatures, by exposure to successive condensation and revaporization of the oil as it travels down the retort, and finally by long time thermal exposure of the condensed oil retained in the bottom portion of large VMIS retorts. To study such vapour phase degradation of shale oil using oil produced from Occidental Petroleum's No. 6 VMIS retort, a tubular continuous flow reactor, with an on-line gas chromatograph for gas composition monitoring was used to study thermal degradation of shale oil under retorting conditions. Oil and a combination of gases including steam were metered into the preheater and then the vapours passed into a quartz tubular reactor where the temperature and residence time of the gaseous mixture were controlled. Complete mass balances were performed giving the weight fraction of oil converted to noncondensable hydrocarbon gases and coke. This experimental design is novel because high temperature thermal degradation of shale oil was studied for the first time under steady state flow conditions with carefully controlled residence time and temperature. A range of temperatures (425–625 °C) and residence times (2–10 s) were used in a series of factorial-designed experiments (3 2) to accurately determine the effects of these variables. Results of the study showed that the addition of steam to the carrier gas did not reduce oil degradation losses but did react with the coke thereby changing the product gas composition and quantity. A first-order oil degradation rate expression was used to model the rate of oil loss. The calculated activation energy was 17.3 kcal mol −1. Chemical analyses of the product liquids and gases confirmed previously reported findings that the oil loss indices (alkene/alkane, ethylene/ethane, naphthalene/( C 11 + C 12), and gas/coke) increase with increasing oil degradation.

The swollen micelle—microemulsion transition

A rather abrupt transition takes place in the properties of a nonionic microemulsion at a certain value of hexadecane uptake, W o (the weight fraction of oil plus surfactant that is oil). When W o is greater than 0.06, the microemulsion behaves as spherical particles that can be diluted with water without change in their properties. The intrinsic viscosity, Huggins coefficient, and 4 A 2 M w have values close to those observed for the globular proteins. When W o is less than 0.06 the particles are anisotropic in shape, as shown by classical light scattering. Moreover, the anisotropic particles are undergoing open association so that dilution decreases their average size. When diluted, the rate of oil uptake by the microemulsion is orders of magnitude smaller than for the swollen micelles.