Weft Yarn Count Research Articles

Effect of abrasion level on surface handling and thermal conductivity of blended suit fabrics

The tactile comfort of garments is of great interest for researchers to achieve their performance efficiently. This research aims to study the ability of blended worsted fabrics to be used as men’s suits by checking the thermal conductivity (k) and surface handling properties that are represented in surface roughness deviation (SMD), surface mean friction (MIU), and electrostatic properties before and after abrasion actions. Different levels of weft yarn counts (16 Ne and 24), weft density (19 and 21 per cm) and fabric weave structures (stripped twill 2/2 and stripped satin 4) were used. Abrasion weight loss percentage, thermal conductivity, surface roughness, and friction in warp and weft directions, and electrostatic properties were measured. Results showed that all the fabric factors studied are significant to affect abrasion weight loss percentages, thermal conductivity, and fabric roughness in the weft and warp directions. Fabric friction behavior follows the fabric roughness, but there is a difference between weft direction and warp direction. In addition, the fabrics achieved a reasonable resistance to form static charges after abrasion actions, and the fabric factors studied are not significant to affect the electrostatic properties except for abrasion cycles as P-value equals 0.03.

Modelling Surface Roughness of 3/1 Twill Fabric Using Weft Yarn Count and Weft Thread Density

The surface roughness of fabric is one of the fabric properties that is used to evaluate the sensorial comfort of clothes. However, its objective evaluation requires sophisticated and expensive testing instruments and skilled testing expertise. Developing a predictive model is therefore an alternative approach to overcome such limitations. This study investigated a regression model to predict the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabric using weft yarn count and weft thread density. Nine samples were produced by varying the weft yarn count and weft thread density at three different levels, while their surface roughness was determined using a Kawabata instrument (KES-FB4) under standard testing conditions. A two-factor predictive model equation was developed using design expert software. Based on the results and findings, the effects of count and density on the roughness of 3/1 twill fabric were found to be statistically significant for the developed model at a confidence interval of 95%. The model was tested by correlating the measured and predicted surface roughness values of 100% cotton 3/1 twill fabric. The results of the model test indicate a significant correlation (R2 = 0.9644) between the measured and predicted surface roughness values of 3/1 twill fabric, with a 95% confidence interval. Model validation was performed, and the study showed that the measured and predicted values of the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabric have a 0.828 coefficient of determination (R2). This indicates that the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabric can be predicted well by weft yarn count and weft thread density. This model can be thus used in textile industries and by research institutes for predicting the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabrics in the new product development process.

Tekrarlı Yıkamaların ve Yapısal Parametrelerin Japon Tüketicilerin Havlu Kumaş Tercihine Etkisi ve Türk Tüketicilerle Karşılaştırılması

The objective of this research is to determine the effects of weft yarn count, weft density and repeated laundering effects on terry fabric preference of Japanese participants and to compare with the preferences of Turkish participants. In addition, the terry fabric samples are evaluated by Japanese panelists in order to determine the importance of characteristics related to preference. Terry samples woven with nine different constructions are subjected to 5, 10, 20 and 40 washing cycles in a household washing machine before subjective evaluations. The subjective evaluations are performed in two steps with a total of 40 Japanese volunteers consisting 20 men and 20 women at the ages of 18-25 years. Both Japanese and Turkish participants preferred terry fabric samples woven with finer weft yarns at a higher rate. The preference rate for terry fabrics decreased with increasing washings cycles among the participants of both countries. In addition, the most important characteristics related to preference of Japanese participants has been revealed.

3D Printing on Textiles – Overview of Research on Adhesion to Woven Fabrics

3D printing on textiles has great potential to influence developments in various industries. It enables the production of new, potentially personalised products in areas such as technical textiles, protective clothing, medical products, fashion, textile and interior design. 3D printing can also contribute to waste-free production processes. In the method of 3D printing on textiles, the material is applied directly to the textile substrate to create 3D objects, patterns or designs on the surface. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, where thermoplastic filaments are extruded and deposited in thin layers based on a 3D model, is widely used for this purpose. A precise control of factors such as temperature and speed is essential in FDM to regulate the flow of polymer material during the printing process. The most commonly used polymer for 3D printing on textiles using FDM is polylactic acid (PLA). Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is another widely used material, known for its low shrinkage rate and high printing accuracy, while thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is used due to its exceptional mechanical properties, e.g. tensile strength, flexibility, durability and corrosion resistance. Good adhesion between 3D printed objects and the textile surface is essential for the production of quality products. Adhesion depends on various factors, e.g. textile properties, printing parameters and the type of polymer used. The composition of the woven fabric, including the areal density, warp and weft density, yarn count, fabric thickness and weave pattern, significantly affects the adhesion strength of the 3D printed polymer. When considering double weaves, which allow different materials in the upper and lower layers, better adhesion properties are found than at single weaves. A cross-sectional analysis revealed that the polymer penetrates deeper into a double-woven fabric, resulting in improved adhesion. In general, the study highlights the advantages of double weaves for 3D printing applications on textiles.

Linear Model Equation for Prediction and Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Plain-Woven Fabric

Nowadays, evaluating fabric touch can be a great interest of industries to match the quality needs of consumers and parameters for the manufacturing process. Modeling helps to determine how structural parameters of fabric affect the surface of a fabric and also identify the way they influence fabric properties. Moreover, it helps estimate and evaluates without the complexity and time-consuming experimental procedures. In this research paper, the linear regression model was developed that was utilized for the prediction and evaluation of surface roughness of plain-woven fabric. The model was developed based on nine different half-bleached plain-woven fabrics with three weft Yarn counts 42 tex, 29.5 tex & 14.76 tex, and three weft thread densities (18 picks per c, 21ppc & 24 picks per c) and then the surface roughness of plain-woven fabric was tested by using Kawabata (KES-FB4) testing instrument. The findings reveal that the effects of count and density on the roughness of plain-woven fabric were found statistically significant at the confidence interval of 95%. The weft yarn count has a positive correlation with surface roughness values of plain-woven fabrics. On the other hand, pick density has a negative correlation with the surface roughness values of plain-woven fabrics. The correlation between measured surface roughness by KES-FB4 and calculated surface roughness by the model equation show how they are strongly correlated at 95% (R² of 0.97).

Prediction of fabric pilling tendency based on blended worsted fabric construction

This article investigates a comparison between three different models to predict pilling rates of blended worsted fabrics using the ICI box testing method. Regression analysis was used to relate between weft yarn counts, picks per inch, fabric weave structure and pilling rates. Based on three different selected materials of weft yarns, a coding system was established to differentiate between single and plied weft yarn counts. The results showed an independent equation for every model, whereas the R-square values were acceptable for all models. Furthermore, fabric weave structure was found as the closest variable affecting pilling rates in two models when considering the value of coefficient of correlation.

A statistical prediction model for pilling grades of blended worsted fabrics based on fabric bending rigidity

A laboratory statistical tool based on fabric bending rigidity and weft yarn count to predict fabric pilling grades of blended worsted fabrics is proposed. Multiple regression analysis is performed to obtain three dependent models as evaluation tools for pilling tendency. Three different materials of weft yarns; 60/40% blend of wool/polyester fibers, 35/65% blend of viscose/polyester fibers and 20/40/40% blend of viscose/polyester/acrylic fibers were considered. Moreover, four different counts of weft yarns, different ranges of picks per inch (44–50) and three structures of fabric weave (Plain, twill and satin) were used. Results showed that the first model recorded the best performance to predict fabric pilling grades when considering coefficient of regression analysis was (R2 = 0.92) and Mean Square Error was (MSE = 0.074). Moreover, measuring of fabric bending rigidity and counts of weft yarns is sufficient to be an indicator for predicting the fabric pilling tendency.

Influence of fabric structure on electrical resistance of graphene-coated textiles

Coating is a technique widely used in the textile industry for different purposes, mainly in coloring and functional finishes. Graphene is usually applied to fabrics using coating techniques to provide such fabrics with properties like thermal or electrical conductivity. All woven fabrics have peaks and valleys in their structure, generated by the warp and weft threads interlacing. When spreading the graphene coating, the paste is placed in the fabric’s interstices, and the connection between conductive particles is only produced when the height of the coating is sufficient to connect the different areas where it is deposited. This article analyzes three types of satin weave with three interlacing coefficients (ICs) (0.4, 0.25, 0.17) and two sets of weft yarns each (20 and 71.43 tex). For a blade gap of 1.5 mm, the electrical resistance of samples with weft yarn count of 20 tex and IC of 0.4 is 534.33 Ω, while for IC = 0.25 electrical resistance is 36.8% higher and for IC = 0.17 this parameter increases 249.3%. For samples with weft yarn count of 71.43, the sample with IC = 0.40 exhibits an electrical resistance of 1053 Ω, for IC = 0.25 this value rises to 33.9% and for IC = 0.17 the electrical resistance value increases a total of 78.9%. This finding can be of interest for coatings where continuity is crucial, and for the application of substances that need to be protected from external factors, for which fabrics with deep interstices can be designed to house said products.

The effects of yarn and fabric structural parameters on surface friction of plain-woven fabrics

Purpose Friction is considered to be one property of cloth that has considerable importance in the fields of both technological and subjective assessment for surface properties of textile fabrics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the affective aspects of yarn and fabric structural parameters on the behavior of surface friction of plain woven fabrics. Design/methodology/approach In this study, nine varieties of half-bleached cotton plain-woven fabrics with three weft yarn count (tex) and three weft thread density (ppc) are produced and will be examined for their frictional characteristics. The surface frictional properties of plain-woven fabrics were measured by using Kawabata (KES-Fb4) testing instrument. The ANOVA analysis is used to determine how yarn (count) and fabric (density) structural parameters does influence the surface friction properties of the fabrics. Also, the interaction effects between the factors (count and density) on the response variable (surface friction) of plain-woven fabrics. Findings The findings of this study revealed that the effects of weft yarn count and pick-density have statistically significant on the frictional behavior of the fabric surface properties at a 95% confidence interval. Thus, weft yarn count has a positive correlation with both coefficient of friction (MIU) and mean deviation of coefficient of friction (MMD) on frictional behavior of the fabric surface properties. On the other hand, pick density has a negative correlation with both MIU and MMD on frictional behavior of the fabric surface properties. The weft count, pick density and their interactions (Count X Density) have multicollinearity in the experiment term because the variance inflation factor values were greater than one. Originality/value The findings of this study can be routinely used across the textile industries and laboratories to provide a fundamental understanding regarding the surface frictional properties of the woven fabric for different end applications concerning the yarn structural parameters and fabric structural parameters. And the relationship of count and density with surface friction of plain woven fabrics.

Study of Variation of Weft Tension Behaviour during Unwinding from Shuttle. (Dept. T)

In the present work, the behaviour of dynamical weft tension during unwinding from shuttle have been studied. The phenomenon has been investigated considering the effect of yarn parameters, such as yarn count and hairness, traverse length of weft bobbin, unwinding speed from the shuttle and shuttle tension. The experiments were carried out by varying all factors at two different levels using 25 factorial design technique. The unwinding tension corresponding to the tip and base of weft bobbin as well as the differences between the two position tension curves (A-Q), is recorded and statistically evaluated. The results indicated that the weft tension variation was found to be affected significantly by: weft yarn count, unwinding speed and shuttle tension. In terms of two and three factor interactions, the results show : weft count with shuttle tension (x3 x5), as well as count with unwinding speed, and shuttle tension (x3 x4 x5) affect significantly on the weft tension variation.

An Experimental Study on Selected Performance Properties of 100% Cotton Terry Fabrics

This paper presents an experimental study of the selected performance properties of 100% cotton terry fabrics. In this study, nine different constructions of terry fabrics are woven with Ne 12/1, Ne 16/1 and Ne 20/1 100% carded cotton ring spun weft yarns in three different weft densities. Fabric samples are subjected to 5 washing cycles before undergoing the tests; air permeability, resistance to pile loop extraction, bursting strength, tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, static water absorption and drying rate. Experimental results were analyzed using General Linear Model Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Paired-Samples T Test Analysis. According to results, weft yarn count is effective on air permeability, resistance to pile loop extraction, bursting strength, tensile strength, tear strength, mass loss ratio and static water absorption and weft density is effective on air permeability, resistance to pile loop extraction (15, 20 and 25 mm pulling distances), bursting strength, tensile strength, tear strength, mass loss ratio and remaining water ratio. The statistical evaluations demonstrate that repeated launderings also effect the performance properties of woven terry fabrics.

Abrasion, Pilling, and Snagging Properties of Half-bleached Bedsheet Fabrics Made from 100% Cotton Yarns with Various Parameters.

ABSTRACT The bedsheet is one of the most common direct contact textile products in our daily life and it may cause discomfort during sleeping due to several factors. In this study, the effect of yarn parameters on abrasion, pilling, and snagging resistance of half-bleached bedsheet fabric has been investigated. Nine woven bedsheet fabrics were manufactured from the same warp yarn count (20Tex) and three types of weft yarn counts (21.5, 25, and 30Tex) with three incremental yarn twists for each type of yarn count. The bedsheet fabrics underwent half-bleach treatment before property evaluation. The results show that the bedsheet fabric made from coarser yarn count (30Tex) and the least twist (826 TPM) have very good abrasion resistance of 96%–97.86% (least mass loss 2.15%–3.95%) than others. The statistical analysis proves that the pilling and snagging properties of bedsheet fabrics are affected by yarn count and twist. However, abrasion resistance in the appearance change method is insignificant at an F-value of 12.761 and P-value of 0.058. Linear regression results show that yarn count (Tex) and abrasion resistance (mass loss method) has a positive correlation at Adj.R2 value of 86.5%. Yarn twist also has a positive correlation with abrasion mass loss ratio and snagging resistance at Adj.R2 values of 97.4% and 87%, respectively.

Investigating the performance of polyester microfibers in situ bags using different weft yarn count and density

Microfiber fabrics are more efficiency in retaining fine-particles that increase the variation in in situ degradability. The aim of this was to examine the performance of in situ bags made from different microfiber fabric for meeting the required specification and their ruminal degradability compared with standard Ankom in situ bags. Four fabrics were manufactured using polyester microfiber with 1.04 denier, weft yarn counts (150 and 300), weft density (22 and 28 picks / inch), plain 1/1 textile structure. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation. Ruminal degradability was measured for three feedstuffs (soybean meal, wheat bran and berseem hay) using three rumen-fistulated rams as a replicates after 24 and 48 hours. Fabric's pore size was significantly decreased as either yarn weft count or density increased. Yarn weft count had a significant effect on all fabric's properties. Air permeability was significantly decreased as fabric's weft yarn count increased. Sample (1) meet the specific requirements for in situ bags and showed the nearest degradability values to those observed using Ankom bags for all feedstuffs in most incubation times. Microfiberin situ bags could be used in in situ ruminal degradation trials to reduce the variation in results due to the present of the fine particles.

Effect of weave structure on the slicing cut resistance of woven fabrics

Cutting processes using blades have found applications in many industries; for example, in garments, fiber–polymer composites, and high-performance fabric forming. In recent decades, the process of cutting the material using a robotic-controlled blade has raised concern about the value of the pressure and the cut force required for a certain type of woven fabric and the estimation of its value before the pressing and cutting process. A simple theoretical relation was established based on the fabric structure and yarn shear stress. The model formulation and experimental results to describe the basic theory of blade cutting fracture for woven fabric of different designs was derived. In this work, the experimental investigation of the effect of the fabric specifications, normal load, and the cutting speed on the cutting force was carried out, which indicates that the value of the specific cutting resistance of the fabric was found to be highly correlated with the fabric structure, warp and weft yarn count, Young’s modulus of the fabric, and fractional cover factors ratio ζ.

Evaluation the Impact of UVB Radiation on different High Performance Fabrics Treated with Nanomaterials

This paper summaries the evaluation of using two different nano-particles as UV blocking standard materials for treatment of hi-performance fabrics after UVB exposure. Six woven samples are manufactured using three different weave structure (Twill 2/2, Satin 5, and Weft backed structure), two different high tenacity weft yarn count and materials (polyester and polypropylene) are used. Titanium dioxide - Zinc oxide nano-particles are used as a treated materials to reduce the effect of UVB radiations, after that the samples were exposed to UVB breaking strength and tear strength are performed according to standard test methods to estimate the fabrics performance. The data are statistically analyzed and evaluated for the six samples using t-test for mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscope and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) are done for samples before and after treatment. The results of Ultraviolet protection factor test shows that nano-titanium oxide material has a better coating treatment than nano-zinc oxide.

Multi-objective Optimization of Woven Fabric Parameters Using Taguchi–Grey Relational Analysis

ABSTRACT Optimization technique is mainly used to find out the optimal value of control factors which yield the best response variables. In the case of more than one response variable, the optimization process using the Taguchi approach will give a different set of optimal level for each response variable. Consolidating Taguchi method with grey relation analysis will give optimal levels of control factors for all response variables. In the present study, multi-response optimization based on Taguchi-grey relational analysis was conducted to maximize tensile strength, breaking extension and air permeability of cotton woven fabrics. Cotton woven fabric parameters such as weft yarn count, weave structure, weft yarn density with three levels, and twist factor of the weft yarn with two levels were used as control factors. Using full factorial design, 81 experiments will be conducted. Whereas, using the Taguchi approach and L18 orthogonal array in particular, these experiments will be reduced to 16 experiments. Using Taguchi-grey relational method, optimal combination of the control factors which yield the best-woven fabric properties under study were obtained.

Enhancement of Colour Effects of Dyed-Yarn Mixed Fabrics Using Cramming Motion and Finer Polyester Yarns.

This paper reports the study of the effects of cramming motion implemented during weaving and finer weft yarns used on dyed-yarn mixed woven fabrics produced by using raw white warps and multicolored-wefts. The cramming motion was used to increase the dyed-weft yarns cover factor of fabric, and thus, to reduce the negative effect of white warp floats at the fabric face on the color attributes of fabric. The surface structure of fabric was characterized by using several key geometrical parameters that determined the resultant fabric color attributes. The effects of fabric structure and density, weft yarn count, and the introduction of black yarn on the fabric face layer on the fabric surface geometrical parameters, physical properties, as well as color attributes were investigated under the implementation of cramming motion on the fabric. The color attributes of fabrics using cramming motion and finer yarns were also compared to the fabrics without cramming motion. The experimental results indicate that the weft yarn density and cover factor of fabric face layer are increased by applying cramming motion and finer yarns for fabricating the blue-red and/or black mixed fabrics. Consequently, the fabric lightness can be further reduced for achieving a better color effect on colorful and figured woven fabrics mainly using dyed-wefts for color mixing.

Influence of Structure Variation and Finishing on Woven Fabric Thermal Properties

The paper investigates the influence of fabric structure variations and finishing on the thermal properties of woven fabrics for a tailored garment. Four distinctive pairs of fabrics were investigated, where the weft density, weft yarn count or type and finishing were varied within the fabrics in each pair. Several thermal properties such as conductivity, diffusivity, absorptivity, resistance, the ratio of maximal and stationary heat flow density and the stationary heat flow density were measured using an Alambeta device. The results obtained showed that variation of the weft yarn count and finishing have a significant effect on several thermal properties. Increasing the weft count increased the thermal conductivity, absorptivity, resistance and the ratio of maximal and stationary heat flow density. The application of oilproof and waterproof finishing affected thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity and thermal resistance. Milled finishing contributed to increasing the thermal resistance.

Influence of woven fabric specification and yarn constitutions on the dielectric properties at ultrahigh frequency

With the development of off-the-shelf fabrics commonly adopted as electronic substrates, the knowledge of their electrical properties over the frequency band of interest is fundamental to correctly design the circuits. In this paper, the split post dielectric resonator is used to test the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of woven fabrics at ultra-high frequency (UHF). The experiment uses the control variable method, and the influence of the yarn constitutions and the typical specifications of woven fabric on their dielectric properties was studied. The experimental results show that both warp yarn density and warp yarn count of these parameters have no significant effect on the permittivity and the dielectric loss tangent, and that both weft yarn density and count have nonlinear relationship with the dielectric constants. Meanwhile, fabrics with compact structure and low-crystallinity fibers have high dielectric properties. Generally, these results provide a guideline for designing the dielectric properties of woven fabric at the interested frequency.

Investigation of the effect of different structural parameters of cotton woven fabrics on their air permeability

This study presents an investigation of the effect of different structural parameters of cotton woven fabrics on their air permeability. For this purpose, 24 fabric samples having different structural properties were obtained by using three different weave types (plain, 1/3 twill and 1/7 sateen), two different weft yarn counts (Ne 20/2 and Ne 70/2) and four different yarn twist levels (120, 360, 600, and 840 turns/m). Cotton Ne 50/1; 150 turns/m warp yarns and 40 threads/cm warp density were used in all fabric samples. The relationship between the fabrics structural parameters like weft yarn count, weave type, yarn twist number and air permeability behavior are investigated.It has been shown that the increase of yarn counts and yarn twist led to an increase in air permeability values of cotton woven fabrics. Also, cotton woven fabrics with 1/7 sateen weave have the maximum air permeability value; these fabrics are followed by the fabrics having weave types of plain and 1/3 twill in spite of high weft density.