Weeks Of Strength Training Research Articles

Effects of Concurrent Strength and Aerobic Training on Blood Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Profile in Females with Overweight and Obesity

Background: Physical activity is recognized as a basic component of the management of children with obesity. Objectives: The current study aimed at exploring the effect of a 12-week concurrent strength and aerobic training on body composition, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), plasma insulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) between the females with overweight and obesity. Methods: The current semi-experimental study was conducted on 40 females (20 with obesity and 20 with overweight) aged 13 - 15 years selected and randomly assigned into four groups. Strength training was performed three days a week each session for 30 minutes at 50% to 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and aerobic training started from 50% and progressively reached 80% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples and anthropometric parameters were measured before and after practice. Data were analyzed by covariance. P < 0.05 was considered the significance level. Results: Significant changes were observed in body mass index (BMI), weight, body fat percentage (%BF), and skinfold fat after the intervention (P < 0.05). But, no significant changes occurred in FBS, glycosylated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, plasma insulin, HDL, LDL, TC, and TG (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The current study suggested that concurrent strength and aerobic training can improve body composition of females with overweight and obesity, and normal blood lipid and glucose hemostasis. However, it did not affect glucose hemostasis and lipid profile.

Physical Activity and Diabetes.

Physical Activity and Diabetes.

Effects of a 10-week strength training programme on hand function of patients with hand osteoarthritis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week strength training (ST) programme on hand function of patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA). The findings of this study would help clinicians/clinical staff to take ST into consideration in the management of patients with hand OA thereby enhancing clinical outcome. This study was a pre-test, post-test control group design. A total of 30 patients with hand OA participated in the study. Handgrip and pinch strength were measured using electronic hand dynamometer (in kg) and mechanical pinch gauge (in kg) respectively prior to and following a 10-week ST programme. The amount of handgrip and pinch strength of both hands generated by each participant was used as a quantitative measurement of the development of hand function. Data generated were analyzed using inferential statistics of one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the statistical significance was accepted for p value of &amp;lt;0.05. The findings of the study showed that the ST programme had significant effects on hand function of patients with hand OA. It was concluded that the ST programme can substantially enhance hand function of patients with hand OA. Therefore, the ST programme should be considered as a key element in the management of patients with hand OA.

Use of an Integrated Research-Practice Partnership to Improve Outcomes of a Community-Based Strength-Training Program for Older Adults: Reach and Effect of Lifelong Improvements through Fitness Together (LIFT).

Only 17% of older adults meet the recommendations for two days of full body strength training that is associated with improved functional fitness; reduced risk of falls; and reduced morbidity and mortality rates. Community-based interventions are recommended as they provide supportive infrastructure to reach older adults and impact strength training behaviors. Scalability and sustainability of these interventions is directly linked with setting-level buy-in. Adapting an intervention through an integrated research–practice partnership may improve individual and setting-level outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial reach and effect of a locally adapted, health educator-led strength-training intervention; Lifelong Improvements through Fitness Together (LIFT). LIFT was compared to an evidence-based exercise program, Stay Strong; Stay Healthy (SSSH). Intervention dose and mode were the same for LIFT and SSSH, but LIFT included behavioral change strategies. Older adult functional fitness was assessed before and after the 8-week strength training intervention. Health educators who delivered LIFT and SSSH were able to reach 80 and 33 participants, respectively. Participants in LIFT were able to significantly improve in all functional fitness measures whereas SSSH participants were only able to significantly improve in 5 of the 7 functional fitness measures. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary evidence that the locally adapted program reached more individuals and had improvements in functional fitness.

Different Patterns in Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations in Untrained Individuals Undergoing Nonperiodized and Periodized Strength Regimens

De Souza, EO, Tricoli, V, Rauch, J, Alvarez, MR, Laurentino, G, Aihara, AY, Cardoso, FN, Roschel, H, and Ugrinowitsch, C. Different patterns in muscular strength and hypertrophy adaptations in untrained individuals undergoing non-periodized and periodized strength regimens. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1238-1244, 2018-This study investigated the effects of nonperiodized (NP), traditional periodization (TP), and daily undulating periodization (UP) regimens on muscle strength and hypertrophy in untrained individuals. Thirty-three recreationally active males were randomly divided into 4 groups: NP: n = 8; TP: n = 9; UP: n = 8, and control group (C): n = 8. Experimental groups underwent a 12-week strength training program consisting of 2 sessions per week. Muscle strength and quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks (i.e., mid-point) and after 12 weeks. All training groups increased squat 1RM from pre to 6 weeks mid (NP: 17.02%, TP: 7.7%, and UP: 12.9%, p ≤ 0.002) and pre to post 12 weeks (NP: 19.5%, TP: 17.9%, and UP: 20.4%, p ≤ 0.0001). Traditional periodization was the only group that increased squat 1RM from 6 weeks mid to 12-week period (9.4%, p ≤ 0.008). All training groups increased QCSA from pre to 6 weeks mid (NP: 5.1%, TP: 4.6%, and UP: 5.3%, p ≤ 0.0006) and from pre to post 12 weeks (NP: 8.1%, TP: 11.3%, and UP: 8.7%, p ≤ 0.0001). From 6 weeks mid to 12-week period, TP and UP were the only groups that increased QCSA (6.4 and 3.7%, p ≤ 0.02). There were no significant changes for all dependent variables in C group across the time (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated similar training-induced adaptations after 12 weeks of NP and periodized regimens. However, our findings suggest that in the latter half of the study (i.e., after the initial 6 weeks), the periodized regimens elicited greater rates of muscular adaptations compared with NP regimens. Strength coaches and practitioners should be aware that periodized regimens might be advantageous at latter stages of training even for untrained individuals.

Individual and average responses of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness after four weeks of strength training in adolescents

Abstract Aims: To analyze the average and individual responses of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in adolescents after four weeks of strength training. Methods: 19 adolescents with sleep problems recruited in the Federal Institute of Pernambuco, were subject to anthropometric evaluations as well as those for body composition assessment, a 1 repetition maximum test, the sleep parameters (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQI and Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS) and were submitted to four weeks of strength-training, performed alternately by segment, two sessions per week, according to recommendations for this population. Results: A decrease in the average PSQI score was observed (10.3±3.3 vs 8.8±4.0; p=0.006), but not in ESS (p>0.05), after intervention. The individual analyses demonstrated that ~63% of adolescents experienced reductions ≥ 3 points in the PSQI and ~58% of them experienced reductions ≥ 3 points in the measure of daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness reduced from 84.2% to 68.4% and from 52.6% to 31.6%, respectively. The comparisons of high and low responders to exercise training show that adolescents who reduced ≥3 points in the score of a least one sleep parameter presented lower weight, fat mass, and fat percentage (p<0.05). Conclusion: A short-term strength-training program is able to improve global sleep quality, but not daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Furthermore, the changes after training are highly heterogeneous. Further studies are required to better understand the effects of strength training on sleep parameters of adolescents.

Effects of strength training on selected physiological variables among basketball players

Introduction: The current study is on how 12 weeks of strength training impacts several physiological features in elite basketball players. The New Public School, Sec-18, and Sri Guru Harkrishan Model School, Sec-38, both in Union Territory Chandigarh, each had twenty basketball players recruited at random. Students' ages varied from 16 to 19. Each team contained 10 participants, and they were distributed equally between the strength training and control groups.Method: This research used a completely random group design. The Strength training group's workouts were planned for 1.5 hours twice a week (on Tuesdays and Fridays). The control group was not allowed to take part in any of the training programmes beyond the normal, everyday practice they were already engaged in. Pulse rate at rest, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate at rest, and peak expiratory flow rate were the physiological variables used for the research.Results: The ’t’ test was calculated using SPSS with a significance threshold of 0.05 to examine the mean difference between the pre- and post-tests. Measures of cardiovascular health, including heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate at rest, showed statistically significant improvement between the pre- and post-test periods.Conclusion: It has been concluded that strength training has a positive effect on the physiological variables. Physiological variables in the control group showed no significant change between the pre- and post-test. Therefore, athletes should make this exercise a regular component of their schedules.

Effects of Four Weeks of Strength Training on the Corticomotoneuronal Pathway

Neural adaptations to strength training have long been recognized, but knowledge of mechanisms remains incomplete. Using novel techniques and a design which limited experimental bias, this study examined if 4 wk of strength training alters voluntary activation and corticospinal transmission. Twenty-one subjects were randomized into strength training (n = 10; 7 females, 3 males; 23.5 ± 7.5 yr; mean ± SD) and control groups (n = 11; 2 females, 9 males; 23.0 ± 4.2 yr). Strength training involved 12 sessions of high-force isometric contractions of the elbow flexors. Before and after training, voluntary activation of the elbow flexors was assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation. Also, for the first time, magnetic stimulation of corticospinal axons was used to examine spinal-level adaptations to training. The evoked responses, termed cervicomedullary motor-evoked potentials (CMEPs), were acquired in resting biceps brachii in three arm postures. Muscle adaptations were assessed via electrical stimulation of biceps. Compared with the control group, the strength training group exhibited greater increases in maximal strength (12.8% ± 6.8% vs 0.0% ± 2.7%; P < 0.001), biceps electromyographic activity (27.8% ± 25.9% vs -5.2% ± 16.8%; P = 0.002), and voluntary activation (4.7% ± 3.9% raw change vs -0.1% ± 5.2%; P = 0.034). Biceps CMEPs in all arm postures were unchanged after training. Biceps twitch characteristics were also unchanged. Four weeks of isometric strength training of the elbow flexors increased muscle strength and voluntary activation, without a change in the muscle. The improvement in activation suggests that voluntary output from the cortex was better able to recruit motoneurons and/or increase their firing rates. The lack of change in CMEPs indicates that neither corticospinal transmission nor motoneuron excitability was affected by training.

The corticospinal responses of metronome-paced, but not self-paced strength training are similar to motor skill training.

The corticospinal responses to skill training may be different to strength training, depending on how the strength training is performed. It was hypothesised that the corticospinal responses would not be different following skill training and metronome-paced strength training (MPST), but would differ when compared with self-paced strength training (SPST). Corticospinal excitability, short-interval intra-cortical inhibition (SICI) and strength and tracking error were measured at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks. Participants (n = 44) were randomly allocated to visuomotor tracking, MPST, SPST or a control group. MPST increased strength by 7 and 18%, whilst SPST increased strength by 12 and 26% following 2 and 4 weeks of strength training. There were no changes in strength following skill training. Skill training reduced tracking error by 47 and 58% at 2 and 4 weeks. There were no changes in tracking error following SPST; however, tracking error reduced by 24% following 4 weeks of MPST. Corticospinal excitability increased by 40% following MPST and by 29% following skill training. There was no change in corticospinal excitability following 4 weeks of SPST. Importantly, the magnitude of change between skill training and MPST was not different. SICI decreased by 41 and 61% following 2 and 4 weeks of MPST, whilst SICI decreased by 41 and 33% following 2 and 4 weeks of skill training. Again, SPST had no effect on SICI at 2 and 4 weeks. There was no difference in the magnitude of SICI reduction between skill training and MPST. This study adds new knowledge regarding the corticospinal responses to skill and MPST, showing they are similar but different when compared with SPST.

Effectiveness of a strength training program for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: feasibility study

Introduction: Fibromyalgia is a disease characterized by chronic pain; it is a syndrome with an unknown cause and has no cure. Objective: Examine the feasibility of a strength training program in patients with FM. Methods: Fortyseven patients from general community were allocated into two groups: strength training group and control group. The patients underwent strength training performed three times per week for eight weeks. We used the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale to obtain data. Results: After eight weeks of strength training, there was a significant reduction in pain (p = 0.00) and stress (p = 0.02). No changes were found in the variables analyzed in the control group pre- and post-test. Conclusions: The practice of strength training is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of fibromyalgia patients.

Leg press exercise can reduce functional hamstring:quadriceps ratio in the elderly

The aim of this study was to investigate whether 12 weeks of leg press strength training exercise could affect the conventional and functional hamstring:quadriceps ratios in the elderly. Twelve elderly participants were submitted to a 12 week progressive training protocol (two sessions/week) using a 45° leg press exercise. A significant increase in the one repetition maximum was observed after 4, 8, and 12 weeks (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively) compared to week 0 and after 8 (p = 0.011) and 12 weeks (p = 0.001) compared to week 4. The concentric knee extensor peak torque was significantly higher at weeks 8 (p = 0.001) and 12 (p = 0.024) compared to week 0. There was no change in the concentric and eccentric knee flexor peak torques (p = 0.629 and 0.274, respectively) and conventional ratio (p > 0.314) after 12 weeks of training. The functional ratio (eccentric knee flexor peak torque:concentric knee extensor peak torque) reduced significantly after 8 (p = 0.034) and 12 (p = 0.036) weeks of strength training. Although the 45° leg press exercise requires knee extensor and flexor, hip extensor, and plantar flexor muscle strength, our findings suggest that the isolated use of the 45° leg press exercise reduces the knee functional ratio after 8 weeks of training. Therefore, 45° leg press exercise alone, without a hamstring exercise, should not be recommended for elderly individuals.

Effect of 8-Week Aerobic, Strength and Concurrent Training on Circulating Apelin in Morphine-Dependent Rats

Effect of 8-Week Aerobic, Strength and Concurrent Training on Circulating Apelin in Morphine-Dependent Rats

Vitamin C and E supplementation does not affect heat shock proteins or endogenous antioxidants in trained skeletal muscles during 12 weeks of strength training

BackgroundSupplementation with large doses of antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, has been shown to blunt some adaptations to endurance training. The effects of antioxidant supplementation on adaptations to strength training is sparsely studied. Herein we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on acute stress responses to exercise and adaptation to traditional heavy load strength training.MethodsIn a double blind placebo-controlled design, twenty-eight, young, trained males and females were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C and E (C: 1000 mg, E: 235 mg, per day) or placebo supplements, and underwent strength training for 10 weeks. After five weeks, a subgroup conducted a strength training session to investigate acute stress responses. Muscle samples were obtained to investigate changes in stress responses and in proteins and mRNA related to the heat shock proteins (HSPs) or antioxidant enzymes.ResultsThe acute responses to the exercise session revealed activation of the NFκB pathway indicated by degradation of IκBα in both groups. Vitamin C and E supplementation had, however, no effects on the acute stress responses. Furthermore, ten weeks of strength training did not change muscle αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP70, GPx1 or mnSOD levels, with no influence of supplementation.ConclusionsOur results showed that although vitamin C and E supplementation has been shown to interfere with training adaptations, it did not affect acute stress responses or long-term training adaptations in the HSPs or antioxidant enzymes in this study.

Effects of a 12-week strength training on hand function of type ii diabetes mellitus patients

Study aim: The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of a 12-week strength training(ST) programme on hand function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in a tertiaryhealth institution in Benin-City. The findings of this study would help clinicians/clinical staff totake ST into consideration in the management of patients with T2DM thereby enhancing clinicaloutcome.Material and methods: This study was a pre-test, post-test control group design. A total of 36T2DM patients participated in the study. Handgrip and pinch strength were measured usingelectronic hand dynamometer (in kg) and mechanical pinch gauge (in kg) respectively prior toand following a 12-week ST programme. The amount of handgrip and pinch strength of bothhands generated by each participant was used as a quantitative measurement of the developmentof hand function. Data generated were analyzed using inferential statistics of one way analysisof variance (ANOVA) and the statistical significance was accepted for p value of &amp;lt;0.05.Results: The findings of the study showed that ST programme had significant effects on handfunction of T2DM patients.Conclusion: It was concluded that ST programme can substantially enhance hand function ofpatients with T2DM. Therefore, ST programme should be considered a key element in themanagement of T2DM patients.

Changes in health-related quality of life in elderly men after 12\xa0weeks of strength training

BackgroundMuscular strength is associated with functional ability in elderly, and older adults are recommended to perform muscle-strengthening exercise. Understanding how improved muscle strength and -mass influence general and specific domains of quality of life is important when planning health promotion efforts targeting older adults. The aims of the present study were to describe changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older men participating in 12 weeks of systematic strength training, and to investigate whether improvements in muscle strength and muscle mass are associated with enhancements in HRQOL.MethodsWe recruited 49 men aged 60–81 years to participate in an intervention study with pre-post assessment. The participants completed a 12-week strength training program consisting of three sessions per week. Tests and measurements aimed at assessing change in HRQOL, and changes in physical performance (maximal strength) and physiological characteristics. HRQOL was measured using the 12-item short-form survey (SF-12). Muscle mass was assessed based on changes in lean mass (leg, trunk, arm, and total), and strength was measured as one-repetition maximum in leg extension, leg press, and biceps curl.ResultsTwo of the eight HRQOL SF-12 scores, role physical and general health, and the physical component summary scores, increased significantly during the intervention period. Small significant positive correlations were identified between improvements in muscle strength, and better physical and social function. Moreover, a significant increase in total muscle mass was seen during the intervention period.ConclusionsThe positive, findings from this study would suggest that systematic strength training seems to be a beneficial intervention to improve HRQOL, muscle strength and muscle mass in older men.

A 6-week Strength Training Increases Muscle Size in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability

A 6-week Strength Training Increases Muscle Size in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability

Efeitos de 14 semanas de treinamento de força com periodização linear e ondulatória diária nas variáveis cinemáticas de jovens atletas de natação competitiva

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 14 weeks of strength training with linear periodization (LP) and daily undulatory periodization (DUP) in performance by kinematics of the variables stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), speed average (SA) and stroke index (SI) in young swimmers of both sexes. Seventeen children (15.18±2.31 years) were divided into two groups (G): GLP (4 males and 4 females) and GDUP (5 males and 4 females). For the results we conclude that DUP is more effective to provide improvements in the kinematic aspects of SA, SI, and shorter distances (up to 50 meters). LP is more efficient in maintaining muscle strength SL and SA variables at greater distances (over 50 meters).

Adaptations in corticospinal excitability and inhibition are not spatially confined to the agonist muscle following strength training.

We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine the corticospinal responses from an agonist and synergist muscle following strength training of the right elbow flexors. Motor-evoked potentials were recorded from the biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis during a submaximal contraction from 20 individuals (10 women, 10 men, aged 18-35years; training group; n=10 and control group; n=10) before and after 3weeks of strength training at 80% of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM). To characterise the input-output properties of the corticospinal tract, stimulus-response curves for corticospinal excitability and inhibition of the right biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis were constructed and assessed by examining the area under the recruitment curve (AURC). Strength training resulted in a 29% (P<0.001) increase in 1-RM biceps brachii strength and this was accompanied by a 19% increase in isometric strength of the wrist flexors (P=0.001). TMS revealed an increase in corticospinal excitability AURC and a decrease in silent period duration AURC for the biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis following strength training (all P<0.05). However, the changes in corticospinal function were not associated with increased muscle strength. These findings show that the corticospinal responses to strength training of a proximal upper limb muscle are not spatially restricted, but rather, results in a change in connectivity, among an agonist and a synergistic muscle relevant to force production.

Effects of the Inertia Barbell Training on Lumbar Muscle T2 Relaxation Time.

Sun, M-Y, Lu, J-Q, Ma, Z-C, Lü, J-J, Huang, Q, Sun, Y-N, and Liü, Y. Effects of the inertia barbell training on lumbar muscle T2 relaxation time. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3454-3462, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate variations in T2 relaxation time in normal human lumbar muscles caused by inertia barbell training. Thirty undergraduate healthy men (mean age = 19 ± 1.2 years, body mass = 72 ± 10.0 kg, and height = 1.78 ± 0.1 m) were recruited to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups: an inertia barbell training group (IBTG) (n = 15) and a normal barbell-training group (NBTG) (n = 15). All subjects participated in lumbar flexion and extension muscle strength training for 1 hour per time, 3 times per week for a total of 8 weeks. The lumbar area of each subject was scanned before and after the experiment using a 3.0T superconductive magnetic resonance imaging system. The T2 values measured after intervention were significantly different compared with the T2 values measured before the experiment in both the IBTG and NBTG groups (p < 0.001). After intervention, there was no significant difference in T2 values between the IBTG and NBTG groups (p = 0.17). The ([INCREMENT]T2)/T2 percentage was significantly different in the IBTG group (p < 0.01). This study demonstrated that 8 weeks of strength training led to significant improvements in the values for T2 relaxation time of the lumbar muscles. Furthermore, the ([INCREMENT]T2)/T2 percentage for IBTG was higher than that for NBTG, which suggested that lumbar muscle activity increased more with inertial barbell training.

Effects of strength, explosive and plyometric training on energy cost of running in ultra-endurance athletes

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week home-based strength, explosive and plyometric (SEP) training on the cost of running (Cr) in well-trained ultra-marathoners and to assess the main mechanical parameters affecting changes in Cr. Twenty-five male runners (38.2 ± 7.1 years; body mass index: 23.0 ± 1.1 kg·m−2; V˙O2max: 55.4 ± 4.0 mlO2·kg−1·min−1) were divided into an exercise (EG = 13) and control group (CG = 12). Before and after a 12-week SEP training, Cr, spring-mass model parameters at four speeds (8, 10, 12, 14 km·h−1) were calculated and maximal muscle power (MMP) of the lower limbs was measured. In EG, Cr decreased significantly (p < .05) at all tested running speeds (−6.4 ± 6.5% at 8 km·h−1; −3.5 ± 5.3% at 10 km·h−1; −4.0 ± 5.5% at 12 km·h−1; −3.2 ± 4.5% at 14 km·h−1), contact time (tc) increased at 8, 10 and 12 km·h−1 by mean +4.4 ± 0.1% and ta decreased by −25.6 ± 0.1% at 8 km·h−1 (p < .05). Further, inverse relationships between changes in Cr and MMP at 10 (p = .013; r = −0.67) and 12 km·h−1 (p < .001; r = −0.86) were shown. Conversely, no differences were detected in the CG in any of the studied parameters. Thus, 12-week SEP training programme lower the Cr in well-trained ultra-marathoners at submaximal speeds. Increased tc and an inverse relationship between changes in Cr and changes in MMP could be in part explain the decreased Cr. Thus, adding at least three sessions per week of SEP exercises in the normal endurance-training programme may decrease the Cr.