Weeks Of Loss Research Articles

Perception of the Capixaba population regarding the use and benefits of antidepressants and anxiolytics

Depression is a routine disorder characterized by at least two weeks of loss of pleasure, mood, and interest in basic daily activities. Treatment involves psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and medication therapy with antidepressants. These medications increase the availability of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system through different mechanisms of action, such as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Tricyclic Antidepressants, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Atypicals. Studies indicate that, after the pandemic, mental health issues such as anxiety and depression became more frequent in society, leading to greater use of antidepressants, especially clonazepam, sertraline, and amitriptyline. This project aims to investigate this usage, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks from the user’s perspective. To this end, it was submitted to the Ethics and Human Research Council of UNESC, with a bibliographic review conducted in the PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo databases during the approval period. After approval, the research was conducted through structured questionnaires, made available online to the Capixaba society. The study evaluated the rate of use of these psychotropic drugs in the region, the benefits, risks, and behaviors regarding the use of antidepressants and anxiolytics from the perspective of patients. The use of psychotropic drugs by the population can be satisfactory for treating mental disorders, but it is essential that these medications are used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Regular monitoring helps to manage adverse effects, ensure the medication is working properly, and prevent long-term medication-related problems.

248-LB: Aging of Tanycytes Abolishes the Dynamic Regulation of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in the Hypothalamus

Aberrant metabolic regulation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are two well-known phenomena of aging. The hypothalamus is the main brain region that controls food intake and body weight. It contains a specialized BBB that allows for the free flow of blood through fenestrated capillaries in the median eminence (ME), which places a portion of neurons critical to feeding unprotected by the BBB. Aging's pernicious effect on the traditional BBB throughout the brain is well studied, however how the specialized BBB in the hypothalamus is altered with age is unknown. To study the effects of aging on hypothalamic injury and repair, we injected monosodium glutamate (MSG) into young and old mice to ablate neurons located outside the BBB. We found that in the hypothalamus of young animals, MSG led to tightening of the BBB imparted by a reduction in the number of fenestrated capillaries. In contrast, aged mice were unable to dynamically alter the BBB permeability or modulate fenestrated blood vessels in response to MSG injury. We show that hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glial-like cells lining the wall of the third ventricle, show a higher degree of physical contact with fenestrated blood vessels than with non-fenestrated blood vessels. Tanycytes in young mice following MSG exposure, modified their expression of pleiotrophin, a growth and angiogenic factor, and robustly proliferated. In comparison, tanycytes in aged mice lacked in these responses to injury, which indicate these cells undergo functional decline with aging. Moreover, aged mice following MSG lost a greater number of neurons outside the BBB and experienced severe weight loss weeks after treatment, whereas young mice showed no change in their body weight. These findings uncover that aging leads to loss of hypothalamic BBB plasticity and defective tanycytes, which increase hypothalamic vulnerability to injury and morbidity development in aged animals. Disclosure V. Pham: None. A. Xu: Advisory Panel; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Research Support; Eli Lilly and Company. T. P. Bachor: None. Funding National Institutes on Aging (1R01AG063506-01)

Effect of Roflumilast Cream (ARQ-151) on Itch and Itch-Related Sleep Loss in Adults with Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: Patient-Reported Itch Outcomes of a Phase 2b Trial.

Itch is the most bothersome symptom reported by patients with psoriasis. Safe and effective treatments for psoriasis that also address itch are needed. To report effects of roflumilast cream on itch-related outcomes from a Phase 2b trial. Adults with chronic plaque psoriasis were randomized to roflumilast 0.3%, roflumilast 0.15%, or vehicle once-daily for 12 weeks. Psoriasis severity was assessed via the Investigator Global Assessment (IGA; a 5-point scale assessing plaque thickening, scaling, and erythema ranging from 0 [clear] to 4 [severe]) and ≥ 2 on a modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI-HD, which combines severity of lesions and area affected, ranging from 0 [no disease] to 72 [maximal disease], with the actual percentage of the anatomical area involved in those patients with < 10% of anatomical area involved [e.g., 0.1 for 1% to 0.9 for 9%]). Itch was evaluated via Worst Itch Numeric Rating Scale (WI-NRS), Psoriasis Symptom Diary (PSD) Items 1 (severity of itch) and 2 (bother of itch), and itch-related sleep loss NRS scores. Post hoc correlation analyses between WI-NRS and PASI, WI-NRS and itch-related sleep loss, and WI-NRS and DLQI were also performed. Roflumilast-treated patients had significantly greater improvements than vehicle-treated patients in WI-NRS and PSD Items 1 and 2 beginning at Week 2 and in itch-related sleep loss Weeks 6 through 12. Among patients with baseline WI-NRS ≥ 6, significantly more patients achieved ≥ 4-point improvement with roflumilast than with vehicle as early as Week 2. Itch severity had low correlation with PASI while WI-NRS and IGA were not always aligned. The first assessment was at 2weeks, limiting the ability to assess early onset of itch response. Roflumilast cream improved itch and itch-related sleep loss associated with chronic plaque psoriasis. NCT03638258.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES AND LEGAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN DURING ARMED CONFLICTS

Research article is devoted to the study of the psychological characteristics of the socialization of children during an armed conflict. They are divided into three categories: children living under conditions of war; children of internally displaced persons, and not numerous, but also struck by the aftermath of the war group – children who, as a result of the Joint Forces Operation, have become half orphans. All of these categories of children are characterized by the problem of social deadaptation and desocialization, which is especially true for those, who have been living in the Joint Forces Operation zone for the fifth year already. Paper considers the influence of life-threatening situations on children of different ages living in war conditions, internally displaced persons and children living in families of dead and wounded soldiers of the Joint Forces Operation. Children living in the territory of the Joint Forces Operation are characterized by an early experience of death, cruelty, violence and a lack of sense of security. An important task of the protection of the children living in the territory of the Joint Forces Operation is to overcome psychological stress from hostilities, and to inform them about the safety of the environment. For children living in the families of dead and wounded soldiers of the Joint Forces Operation several displays of negative psychic responses are characteristic, especially in the first weeks of loss. During this period the child is most in need of love, understanding and support. For most of the children of internally displaced persons adaptation problems are typical – mainly those faced by most children who fall into the new collective. However, most of them still feel anxiety and other emotions (surprise, disgust, indignation), that arise as a result of cultural differences. The consequences of Joint Forces Operation, as a rule, have an extremely negative impact on the psyche of children. Post-traumatic stress and adaptation disorders are the most common and unfavorable forms of mental disabilities of children, who experienced life-threatening situations. The severity of the clinical displays of disorder adaptation depends on the age of the child, the level of involvement in the stressful event, and on the nature of the reaction of the closest relatives (first of all parents) to difficult life situations. Given this, it is important to ensure the legal protection of children. Legislatively, the rights of the child are protected by the Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Childhood». It was amended accordingly to define children, who suffered from armed conflicts, but there is still no additional state support for the child, who has got the status of a victim as a result of hostilities. Unlike the status of the internally displaced person, the status of the victim of hostilities is granted for life and is not canceled when the conflict ends. Therefore, nowadays the children of war are no longer represented by the older generation, but by the generation, that is just passing the stages of socialization, formation of the inner self and the future external, collective «ourselves» (that is, the political and civic culture of society and the whole people).

Persistence of Lassa Virus Associated With Severe Systemic Arteritis in Convalescing Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus).

Lassa fever (LF) survivors develop various clinical manifestations including polyserositis, myalgia, epididymitis, and hearing loss weeks to months after recovery from acute infection. We demonstrate a systemic lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic arteritis and periarteritis in guinea pigs more than 2 months after recovery from acute Lassa virus (LASV) infection. LASV was detected in the arterial tunica media smooth muscle cells by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results suggest that the sequelae of LASV infection may be due to virus persistence resulting in systemic vascular damage. These findings shed light on the pathogenesis of LASV sequelae in convalescent human survivors.

An Inert Pesticide Adjuvant Synergizes Viral Pathogenicity and Mortality in Honey Bee Larvae

Honey bees are highly valued for their pollination services in agricultural settings, and recent declines in managed populations have caused concern. Colony losses following a major pollination event in the United States, almond pollination, have been characterized by brood mortality with specific symptoms, followed by eventual colony loss weeks later. In this study, we demonstrate that these symptoms can be produced by chronically exposing brood to both an organosilicone surfactant adjuvant (OSS) commonly used on many agricultural crops including wine grapes, tree nuts and tree fruits and exogenous viral pathogens by simulating a horizontal transmission event. Observed synergistic mortality occurred during the larval-pupal molt. Using q-PCR techniques to measure gene expression and viral levels in larvae taken prior to observed mortality at metamorphosis, we found that exposure to OSS and exogenous virus resulted in significantly heightened Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV) titers and lower expression of a Toll 7-like-receptor associated with autophagic viral defense (Am18w). These results demonstrate that organosilicone spray adjuvants that are considered biologically inert potentiate viral pathogenicity in honey bee larvae, and guidelines for OSS use may be warranted.

Effect of treatment choice on survival in a case with meningococcemia and multiorgan failure

We report in this paper a case had continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) with the diagnosis of meningococcemia - multiple organ failure (MOF) and without permanent damage development although it took more than 4 weeks of loss of kidney function. Three-year-old female patient was hospitalized for unconsciousness, no spontaneous respiration, blood pressure 50/30 mmHg, and widely echimotic- purpuric rash. In her laboratory. there were 19.600 / mm3 white blood cells, 5.7 g / dL hemoglobin, 76,000 / mm3 platelets, prothrombin time was 23.9 seconds, aPTT was higher than measurable values, creatinine was 7.2 mg / dL, ALT / AST were 378/714 / L, and she was anuric. She underwent CVVHDF treatment with the diagnosis of meningococcemia and MOF. On the 48 hours of treatment, her vital signs were improved, on 55 hours MOF was revealed except for renal functions and CVVHDF treatment was discontinued. Because of the damage to the kidneys continue, she had 3 hours/ day dose of hemodialysis. At the end of hospitalization for 1 week, her hemodialysis need was declined to 3 days/ week, on 5th week to 2 days / week and on the beginning of 6 weeks, there was entirely no need for dialysis and she had been seen in services in one more week without dialysis need. On the last visit, she had normal blood pressure, creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity and protein excretion. She was followed up for 4.5 years with no abnormality. Key words: Meningococcemia, dialysis, renal failure

Activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in two experimental models of thiamine-deficiency encephalopathy. 2. alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

Chronic thiamine deprivation in the rat leads to selective neuropathological damage to pontine structures. Onset of neurological symptoms of thiamine deprivation (ataxia, loss of righting reflex) was accompanied by selective decreases (of the order of 30%) in the activity of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KGDH) in lateral vestibular nucleus and hypothalamus. Enzyme activities were decreased to a lesser extent in medulla oblongata, striatum and hippocampus and were unchanged in other brain structures. No changes in alpha KGDH occurred prior to the onset of neurological signs of thiamine deprivation. Administration of the central thiamine antagonist, pyrithiamine, results within 3 weeks in loss of righting reflex and convulsions and in more widespread neuropathological changes than those observed following thiamine deprivation. alpha KGDH activities were found to be substantially diminished in all brain regions studied following pyrithiamine treatment with most severe changes occurring in brain regions found to be vulnerable to pyrithiamine (lateral vestibular nucleus, hypothalamus, midbrain, medulla-pons). In some cases, alpha KGDH changes preceded the appearance of neurological symptoms of pyrithiamine treatment. Such decreases in alpha KGDH may explain previous findings of region-selective changes in energy metabolism and of decreased synthesis of glucose-derived neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate) in pyrithiamine-treated rat brain. Thiamine administration to symptomatic pyrithiamine treated rats resulted in reversal of neurological signs of encephalopathy and in normalisation of defective alpha KGDH activity in all brain regions. These findings suggest that the reversible neurological symptoms associated with Wernicke's Encephalopathy in man likely result from region-selective impairment of alpha KGDH.