Weeks Of High-intensity Interval Training Research Articles

The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training with High-Fat Diet on Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase and Malondialdehyde in Heart Tissue of Wistar Rats

Introduction: It has been found that a high-fat diet increases the oxidative stress of the heart, which may be effective in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a high-fat diet and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in heart tissue of rats. Method: In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats within the age range of 12-14 weeks were randomly assigned to three groups, including normal diet (n=7), high-fat diet (n=7), and high-fat diet+HIIT (n=7). Animals in the high-fat diet groups received a high-fat diet for 23 weeks. At the same time, the high-fat diet+HIIT group received a high-fat diet followed by performing the HIIT protocol on the treadmill three times a week in the final eight weeks. At the end of the intervention, the levels of GPX enzyme and MDA in heart tissue were assessed using the enzyme colorimetric method. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Tukey test at the significant level of P<0.05. Results: The results demonstrated no significant changes in GPX (P=0.14) and MDA (P=0.214) heart tissue levels in all three groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet+HIIT. Conclusion: It seems that performing eight weeks of HIIT has no effect on oxidative stress markers in rats with a high-fat diet.

Effects of high-intensity interval training on retinal vessel diameters and oxygen saturation in patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional and randomized controlled trial

IntroductionArterial hypertension is a global healthcare burden that affects macrovascular and microvascular structure and function and can promote vascular end-organ damage. This study aimed 1) to evaluate differences in microvascular health between normotensive individuals and patients with arterial hypertension and 2) to assess the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on microvascular health in the subgroup with arterial hypertension as add-on treatment to antihypertensive medication. MethodsIn the cross-sectional part, central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular diameter equivalent (CRVE), arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR), and retinal oxygen saturation (O2-saturation) were investigated in 19 normotensive healthy controls (mean age 56 ± 7 years) and 41 patients with arterial hypertension (mean age 59 ± 7 years). In the subsequent randomized controlled trial (RCT), patients with arterial hypertension were randomized to an intervention group (HIIT 3×/week) or a control group that received standard physical activity recommendations after baseline assessment. Assessments of retinal vessel biomarkers and patients` characteristics were repeated after the intervention period of 8 weeks. ResultsIn the cross-sectional part, individuals with normal blood pressure (BP) showed lower body mass index (BMI), body fat, 24 h systolic and diastolic BP, higher peak oxygen uptake, wider CRAE (174 ± 17 μm vs. 161 ± 17 μm, p = 0.009), and higher AVR (0.84 ± 0.05 vs. 0.79 ± 0.05, p = 0.003) compared to patients with hypertension. In the RCT, patients with arterial hypertension showed reduced BMI and fasting glucose levels after HIIT and control condition. In addition, the intervention group reduced body fat percentage (27.0 ± 5.5 vs. 25.8 ± 6.1, p = 0.023) and increased peak oxygen uptake (33.3 ± 5.7 vs. 36.7 ± 5.1, p < 0.001). No changes in BP were found in either group. The intervention group showed narrower CRVE (β −4.8 [95 % CI, −8.85, −0.81] p = 0.020) and higher AVR (0.03 [0.01, 0.04] p < 0.001) after eight weeks of HIIT compared to the control group. No statistically significant changes in retinal O2-saturation were found in either group. ConclusionShort-term HIIT proved to be an effective treatment to ameliorate hypertension-induced retinal microvascular abnormalities in patients with hypertension. Retinal vessel diameters may prove to be a sensitive biomarker to quantify treatment efficacy at the microvascular level, at the earliest possible stage in patients with hypertension.

The effect of four-week high ıntensity ınterval training on blood oxygen saturation, body composition and some performance parameters in young male football players

This study was conducted to determine the effect of four weeks of high intensity interval training on blood oxygen saturation, body composition and some performance parameters in young male football players. Pre-test-post-test control group experimental method was used in the study. Twelve experimental (age: 16,33,77 years; height: 171,50,6,23 cm; body weight: 58,33,5,19 kg) and 12 control (age: 16,50,52 years; height: 168,58,5,68 cm; body weight: 58,05,4,60 kg) male football players aged 15-17 years, who regularly exercise and have been playing football for at least 3 years participated in the study. In the study, the experimental group performed high intensity interval training 3 days a week in addition to football training for 4 weeks. The control group only performed routine football training. In the study, height and body weight, resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, body composition, 20 m sprint test, Illinois agility test and Yo-Yo interval running test were applied as pre and post tests. The normality level of the data was determined by Shapiro-Wilk test. Independent Sample T Test for independent groups and Paired Sample T Test for dependent groups were used to analyse the normally distributed data. According to the findings of the study, while statistical significance was determined in blood oxygen saturation, body composition, Illinois agility test and Yo-Yo interval running parameters of the experimental group (p&lt;0.05), no significant difference was found in 20 m sprint test (p&gt;0.05). According to the results of the study, it can be said that 4-week high intensity interval training has positive effects on blood oxygen saturation, body composition and performance parameters in young male football players.

The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with L-cysteine consumption on interleukin-13 and oxidative stress of heart tissue in young rats with type 2 diabetes

Background and aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks of high-intensity interval exercise with L-cysteine (LC) consumption on interleukin (IL)-13 and hydrogen peroxide of the heart tissue in young rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of young (4-month) rats with T2D. Ten rats were selected as a healthy group. Forty rats became diabetic. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into diabetes control, diabetics with exercise, diabetics with supplements, and diabetics with exercise and supplements. High-intensity interval exercises were performed 3 days a week for 8 weeks, and 500 μmol of LC were injected daily. Results: The healthy control group had lower IL-13 than the control group (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in IL-13 between other groups. Based on the results, the diabetes control group had a higher H2 O2 value than the healthy control group (P=0.001). A significant difference was found between the exercise group+LC consumption compared to the diabetes control group, and the H2 O2 levels in this group were less than the diabetic control group (P=0.001). The exercise (P=0.015) and LC (P=0.001) groups had a lower H2 O2 value than the diabetes control group. Eventually, the interval exercise group+LC was also lower than the periodic exercise group (P=0.02). Conclusion: High-intensity interval training, along with the use of LC, reduced hydrogen peroxide in the heart tissue, while it had no significant impact on IL-13.

Effects of 12 Weeks of High-, Moderate-, and Low-Volume Training on Performance Parameters in Adolescent Swimmers

Swimming, an Olympic sport with diverse distances and energy systems, requires early specialization for elite success. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a fundamental method used by swimmers to enhance performance, offering both aerobic and anaerobic benefits. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week HIIT program with varying volumes on adolescent swimmers’ performance parameters. A total of 50 participants were divided into three groups High Intensity Low Volume (HILV), Moderate Intensity Moderate Volume (MIMV), Low Intensity High Volume (LIHV), and their training sessions consisted of 10 sets with 60 s rest intervals between repetitions and 3 min rest intervals between sets. The intensity was determined based on a pre-test 100 m times. The results indicate significant improvements in anthropometric measurements, including weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and body fat percentage, within each group, with no significant differences between groups. Swimming performance for various distances (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m) showed significant temporal improvements in all groups, with stroke parameters such as stroke rate and length also exhibiting significant improvements (p &lt; 0.05). Resting heart rate and swimming performance at 100 m and 200 m differed significantly between groups, highlighting the impact of training volume on specific outcomes. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive impact of interval training on the swimming time (50 m, 100 m, 200 m, and 800 m), stroke rate (SR), strokes per length (SPL), stroke length (SL), Borg scale (BS) for various distances, emphasizing the need for tailored training programs to maximize their development and potential.

Physical exercise improves memory in sedentary middle-aged adults: Are these exercise-induced benefits associated with S-Klotho and 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D? The FIT-AGEING randomized controlled trial.

We aimed to investigate the effect of three types of exercise interventions on memory (i.e., immediate memory (IM), long-term memory (LTM), and recognition). We also investigated whether exercise-induced changes in circulating S-Klotho and 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) levels were related to those observed in memory in healthy middle-aged sedentary adults. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was performed with a parallel-group design. Seventy-four participants (45-65 years old: 53% women) were randomly assigned to (1) no exercise (control) group, (2) concurrent training based on the international physical activity recommendations (PAR) group, (3) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT-EMS) group. Memory outcomes were assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale-third edition. S-Klotho plasma levels were determined according to a solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit while 1,25(OH)2 D plasma levels were measured using a DiaSorin-Liaison immunochemiluminometric analyzer. IM-Verbal Paired Associates (IM-VPA) and IM-Logical Memory (IM-LM) were improved in both the HIIT and HIIT-EMS groups compared with the control group (all p ≤ 0.045). Exercise-induced changes in S-Klotho plasma levels were positively associated with those observed in IM, LTM, and recognition (all p ≤ 0.007), whereas exercise-induced changes in 1,25(OH)2 D plasma levels were directly related to changes in IM and LTM (all p ≤ 0.048). In conclusion, a 12-week HIIT intervention with or without WB-EMS seems to be the most effective exercise program to improve IM. The significant and positive associations between exercise-induced changes in S-Klotho and 1,25(OH)2 D levels with those observed in memory outcomes suggest that these factors may be potentially related to exercise-induced improvements of memory in middle-aged adults.

The Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-intensity Continuous Training on Inflammatory and Metabolic Variables in Type 2 Diabetes: Study Protocol for A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background: The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing, and research has shown that low-grade inflammation leads to the development and progress of T2DM. Participating in physical activities, as part of the management program, is recommended to control inflammation and prevent the complications of T2DM. Although the most effective type and intensity of exercise training are not recognized yet, aerobic training has been reported to have beneficial effects. This manuscript describes the protocol of a study, in which we compared the effectiveness of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on inflammatory, metabolic, and anthropometric variables in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods/Design: This study was designed as a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial with three parallel groups. Twenty-seven adults with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to HIIT, MICT, and control groups. Participants in the HIIT and MICT groups were invited to undertake three sessions of supervised exercise each week for eight consecutive weeks. HIIT sessions consisted of seven 1-min intervals of running exercise on a treadmill at 90%–95% heart rate reserve (HRR) separated by 2 min of active recovery at 60%–70% HRR. MICT sessions involved 30 min of continuous running on the treadmill at 60%–70% HRR. Participants were assessed 24 h before the start and 24 and 72 h after the last training session. The control group, however, continued their everyday life during the project. The primary outcomes were the alterations of plasma calprotectin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interleukin-6. Conclusion: Evidence shows the link between inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes complications. Therefore, finding ways to improve inflammatory state is of vital importance to these patients. This study is the first clinical trial comparing the impact of long-term HIIT and MICT on calprotectin and MPO for people with type 2 diabetes.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training with L-Cysteine Consumption on CRP and TNF-α in Heart Tissue of Young Rats with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with L-cysteine consumption on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) of heart tissue in young rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of young (4 months) rats with type 2 diabetes. Ten rats were selected as a healthy group, and 40 rats became diabetic. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups: diabetes control, diabetics with training, diabetics with supplements, and diabetics with training+supplement. Moreover, high-intensity interval exercises were performed 3 days a week for 8 weeks, and 500 micromoles of L-cysteine were administered daily. Results: The training+supplement group had significantly higher TNF-α levels compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.002). The diabetic control group (P=0.001) and training group (P=0.001) had higher TNF-α levels compared to the healthy control. The supplement group had significantly less TNF-α compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.003), while the supplement group (P=0.019) and the training+supplement group (P=0.013) had lower TNF-α levels compared to the training group. Moreover, the training+supplement group had lower CRP levels compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001), while the diabetic control (P=0.001), exercise (P=0.002), and supplement group (P=0.031) had higher CRP levels compared to the healthy control. Moreover, the training group (P=0.038) and the supplement group (P=0.002) had lower CRP compared to the diabetic control group. Furthermore, the training+supplement group had a lower CRP level compared to the training group (P=0.03). Conclusion: HIIT along with the L-cysteine consumption reduced TNF-α and CRP in the heart tissue of diabetic rats.

Adiponectin receptor 1 could explain the sex differences in molecular basis of cognitive improvements induced by exercise training in type 2 diabetic rats

Adipokines dysregulation, the main reason for cognitive impairments (CI) induced by diabetes, shows a sex-dependent pattern inherently and in response to exercise. This study aimed to compare the attenuating effect of 8-week high intensity-interval training (HIIT) on type 2 diabetes (T2D)-induced CI between male and female rats with a special focus on adiponectin and leptin. 28 male & 28 female Wistar rats with an average age of 8 weeks were randomly assigned into four groups: control (Con), exercise (EX), Diabetes (T2D), and Type 2 diabetes + exercise (T2D + Ex). Rats in EX and T2D + EX groups performed HIIT for eight weeks (80–100% Vmax, 4–10 intervals). T2D was induced by 2 months of a high-fat diet and a single dose of STZ (35 mg/kg) administration. Leptin and adiponectin levels in serum were measured along with hippocampal expression of leptin and adiponectin receptors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), dephosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (Dep-GSK3β), Tau, and beta-amyloid (Aβ). Homeostasis model assessments (HOMAs) and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) indices were calculated. Our results showed that following T2D, serum levels of APN, and hippocampal levels of adiponectin receptor 1 (APNR1) were higher and HOMA-IR was lower in female than male rats (P < 0.05). However, after 8 weeks of HIIT, hippocampal levels of APNR1 and AMPK as well as QUICKI were lower and hippocampal levels of GSK, Tau, and Aβ were higher in females compared to male rats (P < 0.05). While the risk of CI following T2D was more in male than female rats HIIT showed a more ameliorating effect in male animals with APN1 as the main player.

Making a HIIT: Methods for quantifying intensity in high-intensity interval training in schools and validity of session rating of perceived exertion

ABSTRACT Using the data from Making a HIIT, this paper aimed to: 1) investigate the different heart rate (HR) quantification methods reported in school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) studies; and 2) assess the criterion validity of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE). During an 8-week HIIT intervention, 213 students (13.1 (0.6) years; 46% female) completed 10-minute HIIT workouts during physical education lessons. In total, 1057 HR and RPE measurements were collected across 68 HIIT workouts. For aim 1, the average and peak HR across all participants and workouts were 79% (8%) and 92% (6%) of HRmax, respectively. The average RPE was 6 (2) points on a 10-point scale. An average of 51% of students in a class had an average HR ≥ 80% for each workout. The between-person variation for peak and average HR were 19% and 30% , respectively. Both average and peak HR decreased by 0.5% each week (p < 0.001). To assess aim 2, a within-participant correlation was calculated for the internal training load produced using HR and RPE data. The correlation was 0.39 (p < 0.001), which suggests utility of using RPE when HR is not a viable option.

Methylome and proteome integration in human skeletal muscle uncover group and individual responses to high-intensity interval training.

Exercise is a major beneficial contributor to muscle metabolism, and health benefits acquired by exercise are a result of molecular shifts occurring across multiple molecular layers (i.e., epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome). Identifying robust, across-molecular level targets associated with exercise response, at both group and individual levels, is paramount to develop health guidelines and targeted health interventions. Sixteen, apparently healthy, moderately trained (VO2 max = 51.0 ± 10.6 mL min-1 kg-1 ) males (age range = 18-45 years) from the Gene SMART (Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Training) study completed a longitudinal study composed of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of HIIT. DNA methylation (~850 CpG sites) and proteomic (~3000 proteins) analyses were conducted at all time points. Mixed models were applied to estimate group and individual changes, and methylome and proteome integration was conducted using a holistic multilevel approach with the mixOmics package. A total of 461 proteins significantly changed over time (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks), whilst methylome overall shifted with training only one differentially methylated position (DMP) was significant (adj.p-value < .05). K-means analysis revealed cumulative protein changes by clusters of proteins that presented similar changes over time. Individual responses to training were observed in 101 proteins. Seven proteins had large effect-sizes >0.5, among them are two novel exercise-related proteins, LYRM7 and EPN1. Integration analysis showed bidirectional relationships between the methylome and proteome. We showed a significant influence of HIIT on the epigenome and more so on the proteome in human muscle, and uncovered groups of proteins clustering according to similar patterns across the exercise intervention. Individual responses to exercise were observed in the proteome with novel mitochondrial and metabolic proteins consistently changed across individuals. Future work is required to elucidate the role of these proteins in response to exercise.

Moderate- and High-Intensity Endurance Training Alleviate Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats.

Exercise training is an encouraging approach to treat cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the impact of its intensity is not understood. We aim to investigate whether and, if so, how moderate-intensity training (MIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) alleviate adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in rats with T2DM. Male rats received standard chow (n = 10) or Western diet (WD) to induce T2DM. Hereafter, WD rats were subjected to a 12-week sedentary lifestyle (n = 8), running MIT (n = 7) or HIIT (n = 7). Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were assessed during the oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) were evaluated. Echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements evaluated cardiac function. Underlying cardiac mechanisms were investigated by histology, western blot and colorimetry. We found that MIT and HIIT lowered insulin resistance and blood glucose levels compared to sedentary WD rats. MIT decreased harmful plasma AGE levels. In the heart, MIT and HIIT lowered end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular wall thickness and interstitial collagen deposition. Cardiac citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial oxidative capacity marker, raised after both exercise training modalities. We conclude that MIT and HIIT are effective in alleviating diastolic dysfunction and pathological cardiac remodeling in T2DM, by lowering fibrosis and optimizing mitochondrial capacity.

High-intensity interval training reduces the induction of neutrophil extracellular traps in older men using live-neutrophil imaging as biosensor

Neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) is a mechanism used by neutrophils to capture pathogens with their own DNA. However, the exacerbation of this immune response is related to serious inflammatory diseases. Aging is known to lead to an excessive increase in NETosis associated with various diseases. Under this scenario, the search for strategies that regulate the release of NETosis in older people becomes relevant. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) involves repeated bouts of relatively intense exercise with alternating short recovery periods. This training has shown beneficial effects on health parameters during aging and disease. However, little is known about the potential role of HIIT in the regulation of NETosis in healthy older people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction of NETosis by serum from healthy young and older men, before and after 12 weeks of HIIT using healthy neutrophils as a biosensor. HIIT was performed 3 times per week for 12 weeks in young (YOUNG; 21 ± 1 years, BMI 26.01 ± 2.64 kg⋅m−2, n = 10) and older men (OLDER; 66 ± 5 years, BMI 27.43 ± 3.11 kg⋅m−2, n = 10). Serum samples were taken before and after the HIIT program and NETosis was measured with live cell imaging in donated neutrophils cultured with serum from the participants for 30 h. Our results showed that serum from older men at baseline induced greater baseline NETosis than younger men (p < 0.05; effect size, ≥0.8), and 12 weeks of HIIT significantly reduced (Interaction Effect, p < 0.05; effect size, 0.134) the induction of NETosis in older men. In conclusion, HIIT is a feasible non-invasive training strategy modulating NETosis induction. Additionally, the use of neutrophils as a biosensor is an effective method for the quantification of NETosis induction in real time.

Interaction between high-intensity interval training and high-protein diet on gut microbiota composition and body weight in obese male rats.

Diet and exercise are two critical factors that regulate gut microbiota, affecting weight management. The present study investigated the effect of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and a high-protein diet (HPD) on gut microbiota composition and body weight changes in obese male Wistar rats. Forty obese rats were randomly divided into five groups, including HPD, HIIT + HPD, HIIT + high-fat diet (HFD) (continuing HFD during intervention), obese control 1 (continuing HFD during intervention), obese control 2 (cutting off HFD at the beginning of the intervention and continuing standard diet), and eight non-obese Wistar rats as a non-obese control (NOC) group (standard diet). Microbial community composition and diversity analysis by sequencing 16S rRNA genes derived from the fecal samples, body weight, and Lee index were assessed. The body weight and Lee index in the NOC, HIIT + HFD, HPD, and HIIT + HPD groups were significantly lower than that in the OC1 and OC2 groups along with the lower body weight and Lee index in the HPD and HIIT + HPD groups compared with the HIIT + HFD group. Also, HFD consumption and switching from HFD to a standard diet or HPD increased gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, HIIT along with HFD increased the adverse effects of HFD on gut microbiota, while the HIIT + HPD increased microbial richness, improved gut microbiota dysbiosis, and changed rats' phenotype to lean. It appears that HFD discontinuation without doing HIIT does not improve gut microbiota dysbiosis. Also, the HIIT + HFD, HPD, and HIIT + HPD slow down HFD-induced weight gain, but HIIT + HPD is a more reliable strategy for weight management due to its beneficial effects on gut microbiota composition.

Effects of high-intensity interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training, and guideline-based physical activity on cardiovascular metabolic markers, cognitive and motor function in elderly sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes (HIIT-DM): a protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Sedentary behavior is of increasing concern in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to its potential adverse effects on cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and motor function. While regular exercise has been shown to improve the health of individuals with T2DM, the most effective exercise program for elderly sedentary patients with T2DM remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and guideline-based physical activity programs on the cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and motor function of this specific population. This study will be a randomized, assessor-blind, three-arm controlled trial. A total of 330 (1:1:1) elderly sedentary patients diagnosed with T2DM will be randomly assigned the HIIT group (10 × 1-min at 85-95% peak HR, intersperse with 1-min active recovery at 60-70% peak HR), MICT (35 min at 65-75% peak HR), and guideline-based group (guideline group) for 12 weeks training. Participants in the guideline group will receive 1-time advice and weekly remote supervision through smartphones. The primary outcomes will be the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after 12-weeks. Secondary outcomes will includes physical activity levels, anthropometric parameters (weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and body mass index), physical measurements (fat percentage, muscle percentage, and fitness rate), cardiorespiratory fitness indicators (blood pressure, heart rate, vital capacity, and maximum oxygen), biochemical markers (high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HbA1c), inflammation level (C-reactive protein), cognitive function (reaction time and dual-task gait test performance), and motor function (static balance, dynamic balance, single-task gait test performance, and grip strength) after 12 weeks. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of HIIT, MICT, and a guideline-based physical activity program on elderly sedentary patients diagnosed with T2DM. Our hypothesis is that both HIIT and MICT will yield improvements in glucose control, cognitive function, cardiopulmonary function, metabolite levels, motor function, and physical fitness compared to the guideline group. Additionally, we anticipate that HIIT will lead to greater benefits in these areas. The findings from this study will provide valuable insights into the selection of appropriate exercise regimens for elderly sedentary individuals with T2DM. This study has been approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Reproductive Hospital Affiliated with China Medical University (approval number: 202203). Informed consent will be obtained from all participants or their guardians. Upon completion, the authors will submit their findings to a peer-reviewed journal or academic conference for publication. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier ChiCTR2200061573.

Effects of a brief HIIT intervention on cognitive performance in older women.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) mitigates age-related decline in cognition and brain volume. Little is known, however, about the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive aging and the relationship between HIIT, cognition, hippocampal subfield volumes, and cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Older sedentary women participated in an 8-week HIIT intervention. We conducted cognitive assessments, fitness assessments (VO2max), MRI scans: asymmetric spin echo oxygen extraction fraction (ASE-OEF), high-resolution multiple image co-registration and averaging (HR-MICRA) imaging, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography before and after the intervention. VO2max increased from baseline (M = 19.36, SD = 2.84) to follow-up (M = 23.25, SD = 3.61), Z = - 2.93, p < .001, r = 0.63. Composite cognitive (Z = - 2.05, p = 0.041), language (Z = - 2.19, p = 0.028), and visuospatial memory (Z = - 2.22, p = 0.026), z-scores increased significantly. Hippocampal subfield volumes CA1 and CA3 dentate gyrus and subiculum decreased non-significantly (all p > 0.05); whereas a significant decrease in CA2 (Z = - 2.045, p = 0.041, r = 0.436) from baseline (M = 29.51; SD = 24.50) to follow-up (M = 24.50; SD = 13.38) was observed. Right hemisphere gray matter was correlated with language z-scores (p = 0.025; r = 0.679). The subiculum was correlated with attention (p = 0.047; r = 0.618) and verbal memory (p = 0.020; r = 0.700). The OEF and CBF were unchanged at follow-up (all p > .05). Although we observed cognitive improvements following 8weeks of our HIIT intervention, they were not explained by hippocampal, OEF, or CBF changes.

Importance of training volume during intensified training in elite cyclists: Maintained vs. reduced volume at moderate intensity.

Male elite cyclists (average VO2 -max: 71 mL/min/kg, n = 18) completed 7 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT) (3×/week; 4-min and 30-s intervals) during the competitive part of the season. The influence of a maintained or lowered total training volume combined with HIT was evaluated in a two-group design. Weekly moderate-intensity training was lowered by ~33% (~5 h) (LOW, n = 8) or maintained at normal volume (NOR, n = 10). Endurance performance and fatigue resistance were evaluated via 400 kcal time-trials (~20 min) commenced either with or without prior completion of a 120-min preload (including repeated 20-s sprints to simulate physiologic demands during road races). Time-trial performance without preload was improved after the intervention (p = 0.006) with a 3% increase in LOW (p = 0.04) and a 2% increase in NOR (p = 0.07). Preloaded time-trial was not significantly improved (p = 0.19). In the preload, average power during repeated sprinting increased by 6% in LOW (p < 0.01) and fatigue resistance in sprinting (start vs end of preload) was improved (p < 0.05) in both groups. Blood lactate during the preload was lowered (p < 0.001) solely in NOR. Measures of oxidative enzyme activity remained unchanged, whereas the glycolytic enzyme PFK increased by 22% for LOW (p = 0.02). The present study demonstrates that elite cyclists can benefit from intensified training during the competitive season both with maintained and lowered training volume at moderate intensity. In addition to benchmarking the effects of such training in ecological elite settings, the results also indicate how some performance and physiological parameters may interact with training volume.

Concurrent high-intensity interval training and probiotic supplementation improve associative memory via increase in insulin sensitivity in ovariectomized rats

ObjectivesMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious concern among postmenopausal women which predisposes them to cardiovascular and cognitive disorders. Healthful diet and exercise training have been essential strategies to prevent the progress of MetS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a native potential probiotic and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for 8 weeks on retention of associative memory in rats with ovariectomy- induced metabolic syndrome.MethodThirty-two female ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8/group): Control (OVX + Veh), exercise (OVX + Exe), probiotic (OVX + Pro), exercise with probiotic (OVX + Exe + Pro). One sham surgery group was included as a control group. Animals received 8 weeks interventions, and then were tested in a step through passive avoidance learning and memory paradigm, to assess long term memory. Then serum levels of adiponectin, insulin and glucose were measured by ELISA and colorimetry respectively. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and also One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsEight weeks of HIIT and probiotic supplementation caused an increase in step through latency and shortening of total time spent in the dark compartment in OVX + Exe + Pro group compared with OVX + Veh group. Also significant increase in serum adiponectin levels, in parallel with a reduction in glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were achieved by the group of OVX + Exe + Pro.ConclusionThe present study indicates that HIIT combined with probiotics supplementation for 8 weeks effectively improves associative memory in MetS model of rats partly via improving insulin sensitivity and adiponectin level.

High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Glycemic Control, Cellular Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress of Type 2 Diabetic Patients.

Background and Objectives: Physical exercise is an important therapeutic modality for treating and managing diabetes. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered one of the best non-drug strategies for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and function. This study aimed to determine the effects of 12 weeks of HIIT training on the expression of tumor suppressor protein-p53, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and oxidative stress in patients with T2DM. Methods: A total of thirty male sedentary patients aged (45-60 years) were diagnosed with established T2DM for more than five years. Twenty healthy volunteers, age- and sex-matched, were included in this study. Both patients and control subjects participated in the HIIT program for 12 weeks. Glycemic control variables including p53 (U/mL), COX (ng/mL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC, nmole/µL), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, ng/mL), as well as genomic and mitochondrial DNA content were measured in both the serum and muscle tissues of control and patient groups following exercise training. Results: There were significant improvements in fasting glucose levels. HbA1c (%), HOMA-IR (mUmmol/L2), fasting insulin (µU/mL), and C-peptide (ng/mL) were reported in T2DM and healthy controls. A significant decrease was also observed in p53 protein levels. COX, 8-OhdG, and an increase in the level of TAC were reported in T2DM following 12 weeks of HIIT exercise. Before and after exercise, p53; COX, mt-DNA content, TAC, and 8-OhdG showed an association with diabetic control parameters such as fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C, %), C-peptide, fasting insulin (FI), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in patients with T2DM. These findings support the positive impact of HIIT exercise in improving regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and subsequent control of diabetes through anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative pathways. Conclusions: A 12-week HIIT program significantly improves diabetes by reducing insulin resistance; regulating mitochondrial biogenesis; and decreasing oxidative stress capacity among patients and healthy controls. Also; p53 protein expression; COX; 8-OhdG; and TAC and mt-DNA content were shown to be associated with T2DM before and after exercise training.

Exercise improves the outcome of anticancer treatment with ultrasound-hyperthermia-enhanced nanochemotherapy and autophagy inhibitor.

It has been shown that exercise has a direct impact on tumor growth along with functional improvement. Previous studies have shown that exercise decreases the risk of cancer recurrence across various types of cancer. It was indicated that exercise stimulates the immune system to fight cancer. Previous study demonstrated that pulsed-wave ultrasound hyperthermia (pUH) combined with PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and chloroquine (CQ) inhibits 4T1 tumors growth and delays their recurrence. In this study, we investigated if the combinatorial treatment with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with pUH-enhanced PLD delivery and CQ improved the outcome. The mouse experiment composed of three groups, HIIT+PLD+pUH+CQ group, PLD+pUH+CQ group, and the control group. HIIT+PLD+pUH+CQ group received 6 weeks of HIIT (15 min per day, 5 days per week) before 4T1 tumor implantation. Seven days later, they received therapy with PLD (10 mg/kg) + pUH (3 MHz, 50% duty cycle, 0.65 W/cm2, 15min) + CQ (50 mg/kg daily). Results showed that HIIT+PLD+pUH+CQ significantly reduced the tumor volumes and brought about longer survival of tumor-bearing mice than PLD+pUH+CQ did. Blood cell components were analyzed and showed that neutrophil and reticulocytes decreased while lymphocytes increased after exercise.