Weeks In Conditions Research Articles

Особенности постнатальной адаптации преждевременно рожденных детей с гестационным возрастом 34 (0/7) — 36 (6/7) недель в условиях высокого перинатального риска

Особенности постнатальной адаптации преждевременно рожденных детей с гестационным возрастом 34 (0/7) — 36 (6/7) недель в условиях высокого перинатального риска

Influence of micronization on the physical properties of salbutamol sulfate as a model drug used in dry powder inhalation

Abstract Purpose: Investigation of the crystallinity of salbutamol sulfate a model drug used in the dry powder inhalation formulation. Materials and Methods: Salbutamol sulfate was supplied kindly by Lindopharm (Hilden, Germany). Salbutamol sulfate was milled using an air jet milling process, the particle size and morphology were determined using laser diffraction and the scanning electron microscopy. The drug was subjected to conditioning through storage at 52.8% and 75% relative humidity for 24 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks, respectively. The drug crystallinity was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, and water vapor sorption techniques. Results and Discussion: Conditioning of salbutamol sulfate after micronization lowers the glass transition (Tg) temperature of the amorphous parts present at particle surface, which enhances particle mobility for more rearrangement associated with water expelling. This transformation may result in deviation from the original particle size obtained after milling out of respirable range. DSC and X-ray diffraction show no detectable amorphous drug since no detectable Tg observed. Alternatively, water vapor sorption shows a small amount of amorphous salbutamol sulfate at the particle surface, which recrystallizes at 52.8% relative humidity after approximately 2 weeks of conditioning. Conclusion: The amorphous regions can be generated in crystalline materials during processing. The level of amorphous materials can affect every step of pharmaceutical formulation, storage, and stability. However, quantification of low levels of amorphous content still poses considerable challenge. This study confirms that, the water vapor sorption technique is useful in the quantification of a small amount of drug amorphous content.

Relationship Between Affective Responses And Adherence To High Intensity Interval Training In Obese African-American Women

INTRODUCTION: A previous parent study showed significantly better adherence for high intensity interval training (HIIT; 31% dropout) compared to steady state (SS; 73% dropout) in a sample of inactive, obese African-American (AA) women (N=27; age: 30.5±6.8 yrs; 5274±1646 steps/day; BMI: 35.1±5.1 kg/m2). However, the relationship between affective responses and adherence is unclear. PURPOSE: To conduct exploratory and descriptive analyses of affective responses over time between SS vs. HIIT conditions, and between study completers vs. non-completers. METHODS: Subjects were randomized into a 16-week treadmill exercise intervention, consisting of 4 weeks of conditioning, then 12 weeks of SS or HIIT training. The intervention consisted of three, 32-min bouts/week. SS bouts consisted of continuous exercise at 60-70% of maximal heart rate (HRmax). The time-matched HIIT bouts alternated 3-min lower-intensity intervals (60-70% HRmax) with 1-min high-intensity intervals (80-90% of HRmax). Core affect was assessed using the Feeling Scale (FS), pre- and post-exercise, as well as after the 8th, 20th, and 32nd minute of exercise. Possible FS scores range from -5 (very bad) to 5 (very good). Mean in-task FS scores are reported for the average of three sessions of week 5 and the last week of participation. Descriptive and frequency analyses are presented over the entire week. RESULTS: SS completers reported FS values of 5.00±0.00 both at week 5 and week 16. HIIT completers reported mean in-task FS values of 2.88±1.19 at week 5 and 3.82±0.63 at week 16. At week 5, SS and HIIT non-completers reported FS values of and 4.08±0.86 and 2.91±1.77, respectively. During the final week of participation (8.7±3.3 wks), SS and HIIT non-completers reported FS values of 3.88±1.13 and 3.16±1.18, respectively. Of 221 SS and 586 HIIT bouts completed, 11 (5.0%) and 42 (7.2%) contained ≥ one negative in-task FS score, respectively. CONCLUSION: While HIIT subjects consistently reported lower FS values relative to SS subjects, mean values were positive and similar to those observed for SS exercise in prior studies. Further, despite lower FS values, HIIT subjects had less dropout. Thus, it seems that HIIT is feasible in this population. These pilot data suggest the need for further research on contributors to adherence to HIIT in low-active, obese AA women.

Functional Magnetic Stimulation of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscles in Subjects With Tetraplegia

BackgroundRespiratory complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in persons with a spinal cord injury, partly because of respiratory muscle paralysis. Earlier investigation has demonstrated that functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) can be used as a noninvasive technology for activating expiratory muscles, thus producing useful expiratory functions (simulated cough) in subjects with spinal cord injury. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of FMS for conditioning inspiratory and expiratory muscles in persons with tetraplegia. DesignA prospective before and after trial. SettingFMS Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH. ParticipantsSix persons with tetraplegia. MethodEach subject participated in a 6-week FMS protocol for conditioning the inspiratory and expiratory muscles. A magnetic stimulator was used with the center of a magnetic coil placed at the C7-T1 and T9-T10 spinous processes, respectively. Pulmonary function tests were performed before, during, and after the protocol. Main Outcome MeasurementsRespiratory variables included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), peak inspiratory flow (PIF), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). ResultsAfter 6 weeks of conditioning, the main outcome measurements (mean ± standard error) were as follows: MIP, 89.6 ± 7.3 cm H2O; IRV, 1.90 ± 0.34 L; PIF, 302.4 ± 36.3 L/min; MEP, 67.4 ± 11.1 cm H2O; ERV, 0.40 ± 0.06 L; and PEF, 372.4 ± 31.9 L/min. These values corresponded to 117%, 107%, 136%, 109%, 130%, and 124% of pre-FMS conditioning values, respectively. Significant improvements were observed in MIP (P = .022), PIF (P = .0001), and PEF (P = .0006), respectively. When FMS was discontinued for 4 weeks, these values showed decreases from their values at the end of the conditioning protocol, which suggests that continual FMS may be necessary to maintain improved respiratory functions. ConclusionFMS conditioning of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles improved voluntary inspiratory and expiratory functions. FMS may be a noninvasive technology for respiratory muscle training in persons with tetraplegia.

In vitro degradation behavior of functionalized cellulosic fibers reinforced PLA composite

Event Abstract Back to Event In vitro degradation behavior of functionalized cellulosic fibers reinforced PLA composite M.reza Foruzanmehr1, Mathieu R. Robert1, Pascal Vuillaume2 and Said Elkoun1 1 Universite de Sherbrooke, Carrefour of Innovative Technologies and Ecodesign, Canada 2 Centre de Technologie Minérale et de Plasturgie, Canada Cellulosic fibers are renewable and also light in weight which make them a good candidate as reinforcing elements in bio-composites. Having hydrophilic nature resulted by presence of hydroxyl groups in the structure of these fibers restricts their application in the polymeric matrices because of poor interfacial adhesion, and the low dispersion within the matrix. To resolve these problems this study tried firstly to functionalize the flax fibers with selective oxidation. This improves the adhesion of subsequent amphiphilic TiO2 thin films created by Sol-Gel technique. The PLA matrices were reinforced by using non/functionalized, TiO2/ non –coated flax fibers. The composites were conditioned in simulated body solution at 37°C to induce the degradation. The behaviour of the PLA/glass composite has been analysed during its degradation in simulated physiological condition. Physical and mechanical properties of the composites and the interfacial strength between the matrix and the fibers were characterized quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed better interfacial properties within functionalized flax fiber reinforced composites comparing to non-functionalized ones. Functionalized TiO2 coated flax reinforced composites showed better mechanical properties within the first 15 weeks of conditioning comparing to the control samples.

Laboratory conditioning modifies properties of gills mitochondria from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Although laboratory experiments allow greater control of environmental conditions than field studies, they have several drawbacks. To analyze physiological responses to forcing environmental variables, experimental conditions should mimic natural conditions as closely as possible. For filter-feeding organisms in particular, diet quality and quantity is one of the environmental parameters that can differ markedly between experimental and field conditions. In the hatchery, Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, commonly show good physiological performance and growth on a mixed algal diet of Tisochrysis lutea, formerly Isochrysis aff. galbana clone Tahiti (T-Iso), and Chaetoceros calcitrans, presumably as it provides a good supply of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. The present study tests whether the fluctuating biotic and abiotic conditions in the field modify the structure and function of oyster mitochondria. One group of oysters was maintained in the intertidal zone, and the other group was fed the mixed diet in a nearby experimental hatchery under salinity and temperature conditions equivalent to those in the field. After 4 weeks of conditioning, the functional capacities and membrane lipid composition of gill mitochondria were measured. For essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, only the proportion of 20:5n-3 differed between field and laboratory oysters, and confirmed the capacity of the mixed diet T-Iso + C. gracilis, to provide the essential PUFA. Nevertheless, proportions of other FA (e.g., 22:5n-6 and non-methylene-interrupted FA) differed markedly between laboratory and field-conditioned oysters. Mitochondrial oxygen uptake, cytochrome c oxidase activity, content of cardiolipin and concentration of cytochrome b were significantly lower in laboratory-conditioned than in field-conditioned oysters. These results indicate that laboratory conditioning, although allowing similar growth and gonad maturation, only partially mimics conditions that allow C. gigas to maintain mitochondrial function. Although our experimental design cannot ascertain what difference between experimental laboratory and field conditions led to changes in membrane composition and mitochondrial function, differences in nutritional quality (other than known essential PUFA) and abiotic factors (e.g., oxygen availability, emersion or daily temperature fluctuations) had a major impact on mitochondrial properties in oysters.

Tissue-engineered heart valve with a tubular leaflet design for minimally invasive transcatheter implantation.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation of (nonviable) bioprosthetic valves has been proven a valid alternative to conventional surgical implantation in patients at high or prohibitive mortality risk. In this study we present the in vitro proof-of-principle of a newly developed tissue-engineered heart valve for minimally invasive implantation, with the ultimate aim of adding the unique advantages of a living tissue with regeneration capabilities to the continuously developing transcatheter technologies. The tube-in-stent is a fibrin-based tissue-engineered valve with a tubular leaflet design. It consists of a tubular construct sewn into a self-expandable nitinol stent at three commissural attachment points and along a circumferential line so that it forms three coaptating leaflets by collapsing under diastolic back pressure. The tubular constructs were molded with fibrin and human umbilical vein cells. After 3 weeks of conditioning in a bioreactor, the valves were fully functional with unobstructed opening (systolic phase) and complete closure (diastolic phase). Tissue analysis showed a homogeneous cell distribution throughout the valve's thickness and deposition of collagen types I and III oriented along the longitudinal direction. Immunohistochemical staining against CD31 and scanning electron microscopy revealed a confluent endothelial cell layer on the surface of the valves. After harvesting, the valves underwent crimping for 20 min to simulate the catheter-based delivery. This procedure did not affect the valvular functionality in terms of orifice area during systole and complete closure during diastole. No influence on the extracellular matrix organization, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, nor on the mechanical properties was observed. These results show the potential of combining tissue engineering and minimally invasive implantation technology to obtain a living heart valve with a simple and robust tubular design for transcatheter delivery. The effect of the in vivo remodeling on the functionality of the tube-in-stent valve remains to be tested.

Effect on VLa4 of Reduced Exercise Periods During Conditioning of Horses

IntroductionOne week of reduced workload between 3 periods of 2 weeks of conditioning (CP) 5 times/fortnight at VLa10 for two bouts of 5 minutes allowed for a continuous increase of VLa4, but the extent was smaller than in another study with the same conditioning program but for the recovery week (VLa4, VLa10: horse's speed, which produced a blood lactate concentration of 4 and 10 mmol/l).MethodsSix Purebred Arabians were submitted to the same conditioning protocol of the studies mentioned above except for increasing the duration of treadmill exercise in each CP by 2.5 minutes (2 x 10 minutes in the third CP). A standardized exercise test (SET) was performed at the beginning of CP to determine VLa4 and VLa10, and repeated after the week with reduced workload after each CP. Exercise speed was individually adapted to the new VLa10 for every CP. The effects of conditioning on VLa4 were examined using repeated measures analysis of variance. Significant results were analyzed further with Fisher's test.ResultsMean VLa4 increased after the first CP (P<0.001), fell between first and second CP (P<0.001) and remained at this level after the third CP (P>0.05).ConclusionsThis conditioning program did not allow for VLa4 increases of the magnitude observed in other studies with the same exercise protocols but without the week with reduced workload and increases in exercise duration. It is possible that the decline of VLa4 of the horses after the first CP was due to overtraining (simultaneous increase of speed and duration of exercise). The effect of recovery from training needs further studies.Ethical Animal ResearchAll procedures were approved by the Bioethical Committee of the University of La Plata, Argentina. Sources of funding: Verein zur Förderung der Forschung im Pferdesport, Germany. Competing interests: none.

Role of D1 dopamine receptors of the ventral pallidum in inhibitory avoidance learning

The mesolimbic dopaminergic system (MLDS) originating from the ventral tegmental area has important role in the regulation of motivation, learning and memory. The ventral pallidum (VP), innervated by the MLDS, is involved in the regulation of adaptive behavior, but its exact role is not known in inhibitory avoidance learning. The VP contains both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, but the density of the former subtype is more excessive. Therefore, in our present experiments, the role of D1 dopamine receptors of the VP in one trial step-through inhibitory avoidance paradigm was investigated.In the conditioning trial, animals were shocked 3 times with 0.5mA current for 1s, and subsequently were microinjected bilaterally with D1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF38393 into the VP in three doses (0.1μg, 1.0μg or 5.0μg in 0.4μl saline). To clarify whether the agonist effect was specific, we also applied the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 (5.0μg in 0.4μl saline) 15min prior the agonist treatment.The D1 dopamine receptor agonist, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly increased the step-through latency during the test trials: retention was significant relative to the controls even after 2 weeks of conditioning. The D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 pretreatment eliminated SKF38393 effects in the ventral pallidum. Our results show that D1 dopamine receptor mediated mechanisms in the VP facilitate learning and memory in inhibitory avoidance paradigm and this facilitation is specific because it can be eliminated by D1 dopamine receptor antagonist.

Corrosion of Bronzes by Extended Wetting with Single versus Mixed Acidic Pollutants.

The corrosion of bronzes was examined in the context of single-acid versus mixed-acid (as in urban acid rain) solutions. Two bi-component bronzes (copper with either 3% Sn or 7% Sn) that closely represent those of historic artifacts were immersed for five weeks in conditions designed to replicate those experienced by statues and ornaments in cities where rainfall and humidity constantly produce an electrolyte layer on the surfaces of bronzes. Ions, acids, and particles of pollutants can dissolve in this layer, resulting in a variety of harsh corrosion processes. The kinetics of corrosion and the properties of the resulting patinas were monitored weekly by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open-circuit potential measurements. The sizes and appearances of the corrosion products were monitored and used to estimate the progress of the corrosion, whose crystalline structures were visualized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, identified by X-ray diffraction, and characterized by spectrocolorimetry. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that greater damage (in terms of color change and corrosion product formation) did not correspond to deficiencies in protection. The mixed-acid solution did not corrode the bronzes, as would be expected from the additive effects of the single acids. The postulated mechanisms of metal dissolution appear to be specific to a particular bronze alloy, with the tin component playing an important role.

Effect of surface treatment on the retention of implant-supported zirconia restorations over short abutments

The retention of cement-retained implant-supported restorations can be affected by the height of the abutments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the surface treatment on the retention of implant-supported zirconia restorations over short abutments. Eighty solid abutments reduced to 3 mm in height and their corresponding fixture replicas were embedded vertically in autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks. Eighty zirconia copings (Cercon) with an occlusal loop were fabricated and divided into 2 groups (n=40). One group was airborne-particle abraded with 110 μm aluminium oxide and the other group was treated with silica coating (Rocatec System). Each group was then divided into 4 subgroups (n=10). The subgroups received either no treatment (control) or were treated with silane (Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator+SE Primer), acid etching followed by silane, or ceramic primer (Clearfil). All copings were luted with a self-adhesive luting agent (Clearfil SA). After 1 week of conditioning in artificial saliva and thermal cycling (5000 cycles, 5°C-55°C), the removal force of the copings were tested with a universal testing machine at a 5 mm/min crosshead speed. The dislodgment force and failure mode were recorded. Two-way ANOVA and the Tukey honestly significant difference and the Fisher exact tests were used for data analysis (α=.05). The highest retentive values were obtained for airborne-particle abrasion--ceramic primer (228.84 N) and silica coating--ceramic primer (230.37 N), which were not significantly different from silica coating alone (216.26 N; P=.95) or a combination of airborne-particle abrasion followed by silanation (211.67 N; P=.87). The failure mode was primarily adhesive and cement principally remained on the copings. Within the limitations of this study, ceramic primer that contains adhesive phosphate monomer significantly improved the retention of zirconia ceramic restorations. Silicoating as a mechanical treatment provided greater retention for zirconia copings than airborne-particle abrasion when a resin-luting agent was used.

Launches, squiggles and pounces, oh my! The water–land transition in mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus)

Mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) are small fusiform teleosts (Cyprinodontiformes) with the ability to locomote on land, despite lacking apparent morphological adaptations for terrestrial movement. Rivulus will leave their aquatic habitat for moist, terrestrial environments when water conditions are poor, or, as we show here, to capture terrestrial insects. Specimens were conditioned to eat pinhead crickets on one side of their aquaria. After 2 weeks of conditioning, a barrier with a slope of 15 deg was partially submerged in the middle of the tank, forcing the fish to transition from water to land and back into water in order to feed. Kinematics during the transition were recorded using Fastec high-speed video cameras (125-250 frames s(-1)). Videos were analyzed using Didge and ImageJ software programs. Transition behaviors were characterized and analyzed according to their specific type. Body oscillation amplitude and wave duration were quantified for movements along the substrate, along with initial velocity for launching behaviors. Kryptolebias marmoratus used a diverse suite of behaviors to transition from water to land. These behaviors can be categorized as launches, squiggles and pounces. Prey were captured terrestrially and brought underwater for consumption. Kryptolebias marmoratus's suite of behaviors represents a novel solution to non-tetrapodal terrestrial transition, which suggests that fishes may have been able to exploit land habitats transiently, without leaving any apparent evidence in the fossil record.

Erratum to: The wettability and bonding performance of densified VTC beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) bonded with phenol–formaldehyde adhesive and liquefied wood

The influence of viscoelastic thermal compression (VTC) on surface wettability and bonding performance of wood was evaluated. Low quality beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were densified with the VTC process to different degrees of densification. Control and densified strips were bonded with phenol–formaldehyde (PF) adhesive and liquefied wood (LW). Shear strength of bonded assemblies was determined after 1 week of conditioning at 20 °C and relative humidity of 65 %. Wettability was determined on the basis of the contact angle of water, PF adhesive, and LW using the Wilhelmy method. Results showed that densification of beech and spruce wood did not significantly affect the shear strength of specimens bonded with PF adhesive. In beech assemblies bonded with LW shear strength decreased significantly with increased density, whereas in bonded spruce specimens decrease of shear strength was not significant. It was found that degree of densification and bonding process used in the study were not appropriately chosen for spruce wood specimens, since major deformations after the bonding process occurred. Wettability changed significantly after densification. Contact angle of water and LW increased after densification, whereas contact angle of PF showed inverse trend and decreased after VTC process. Furthermore, the degree of densification had a minor effect on the wettability.

Dehydration intolerant seeds of Ardisia species accumulate storage and stress proteins during development

Seeds of two commercially marketable small shrubs, Ardisia crenata and Ardisia japonica, do not germinate if they are stored for more than few weeks in conditions where they are allowed to dehydrate, and they are considered as recalcitrant. The berries of these plants remain attached for a long period of time after an approximately 34 weeks period of development. The proteins in the developing seeds, germinating seeds, and seeds stored for various periods of time in moist or dry conditions and at 10°C or 25°C were examined by a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an immunoblot analysis with antibodies to dehydrin and oleosin. Both dehydrin- and oleosin-like proteins were detected in early stages of seed development, as were proteins that are likely to function as seed storage proteins. Storage of seeds in dry conditions induced the expression of both dehydrin- and oleosin-like proteins, but only after an 8 weeks storage period. The levels of these proteins were considerably lower in the less dehydration tolerant A. japonica.

Development of the Connections of the Primary Visual Cortex with the Movement Analysis Center: the Role of the Visual Environment

The plasticity of visual corticocortical connections during ontogeny in an experimentally altered visual environment (stimulation with flashing lights) was studied by investigating the development of axonal connections between the primary visual cortex (field 17) and the visual movement analysis center in cats. A method based on retrograde axon transport using horseradish peroxidase as marker was used to study the distribution in field 17 of start neurons sending afferent fibers to the posteromedial part of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus in 16 kittens aged 5 and 12–14 weeks in conditions of a normal visual environment or with stimulation with flashing light (15 Hz). Sessions of stimulation with flashing light were found to lead to impairment to the normal development of the ordered organization of connections between these visual areas, with decreases in the area of labeling and the number of start neurons in field 17. These data clarify the structural grounds for the cortical mechanisms underlying impairments to the processing of information relating to the movement of visual objects in stimulated kittens.

Effect of Conditioning Horses Once, Twice, or Thrice a Week with High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on v4

Intensive short intervals of exercise are used to condition horses for racing. In this study, the effect of exercising horses one, two, or three times a week during 6 weeks using two intervals with near-maximal speed over 100 m on v4 (speed at which, under defined conditions, the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L) and muscle thickness (MT) of supraspinatus and extensor carpi radialis was examined. Thoroughbreds (4-5 years of age) were exercised twice at near-maximal speed over 100 m, separated by a 10-minute period at walk, on dirt track during conditioning periods (CP) of 6-week duration. This exercise was undertaken once (six horses), twice (six horses), or thrice (five horses) a week during a CP. Before, every 2 weeks during, and 2 weeks after the CP, horses were subjected to a standardized exercise test to determine their v4. Before and after CP, the MT of the extensor carpi radialis and the supraspinatus was examined by ultrasonography. There was no differential effect of the number of weekly exercises on v4. Pooling the data of all horses, a decrease of v4 was found. The decrease became evident after the sixth week of conditioning. MT did not change. The results indicate that the examined exercise protocols could negatively impact racing performance of horses.

A combined training intervention programme increases lean mass in youths with Down syndrome

The present study aimed to determine whether youths with Down syndrome (DS) are able to increase lean mass and decrease fat mass, after 21 weeks of conditioning combined with a plyometric jumps training program. Twenty-six participants with DS (15 males) aged 10-19 years joined the study. Participants were divided into two comparable groups, exercise (EG; n = 13) and control (CG). Total and regional (trunk, upper and lower limbs) lean and fat masses were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), at baseline and after the intervention. ANCOVA tests were used to evaluate differences between groups in pre- and post-training moments. Repeated measures of ANOVA adjusted by the increments in height and Tanner were applied to test the differences between pre and post-training moments. Adjusted percentages of change were calculated and differences between groups evaluated with Student's t test. After the training period, EG showed an increase in total and lower limbs lean mass, while no changes in adiposity depots were observed. CG did not change neither the lean mass nor the fat mass except for decreased upper limbs fat mass (all p < 0.05) during the same period of time. As a result, time by exercise interactions were found for whole body and lower limbs lean mass (both p < 0.05). No differences in the percentage of fat were observed between groups at baseline or post-training. Overall, 21 weeks of conditioning combined with plyometric jumps training was an effective method for increasing lean mass in youths with DS; however, no changes in fat mass were observed.

Effect of Recovery Periods during Conditioning of Horses on Fitness Parameters

The effect of recovery from training has not been studied in horses. Therefore, the effect of recovery was examined with exercise of known effect within a conditioning period (CP). A standardized exercise test was performed at the beginning of CP to determine v4, v10, and v180 (horse’s speed, which produced a blood lactate concentration of 4 and 10 mmol/L and a heart rate of 180 beats/min). Six horses were conditioned for three periods of 2 weeks, 5 times per fortnight at their individual v10 for two bouts of 5 minutes on a treadmill. Every 2 weeks of conditioning was followed by 1 week with reduced workload. Standardized exercise test was repeated after each 2 weeks of conditioning and 2 weeks after finishing CP. Exercise speed was individually adapted to the new v10 for every 2 weeks of conditioning. In addition, peak oxygen consumption before, after 3 weeks of conditioning, and at the end of the CP was measured. The mean v4 increased steadily during CP. v180 did not change, whereas peak oxygen consumption increased between the beginning and after 3 weeks of conditioning and leveled off thereafter. In conclusion, reducing the workload for 1 week after 2 weeks of conditioning 5 times per fortnight at v10 for two bouts of 5 minutes allowed for a continuous increase of v4, but the extent of the increase was smaller than in another study with a similar conditioning program but for the recovery week. The effect of recovery from training needs further studies.

식용유지와 영유아식품 중 아플라톡신 분석방법

아플라톡신은 Aspergillus flavus와 A. parasiticus에 의해 생성되는 독소대사산물로 발암물질이며 곡류(옥수수, 쌀, 보리), 땅콩, 과실류 및 종자류의 생산과 저장과정에서 생성된다. 곰팡이가 생성되기 쉬운 조건에서 오랜 기간 저장된 종자류에서 아플라톡신이 생성될 가능성이 있으며 이를 원료로 하여 유지로 가공 할 때도 아플라톡신이 이행될 우려가 있다. 또한 곡류나 두류 등을 가공하여 만든 영유아용식품도 아플라톡신 오염 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 식용유지 및 영유아용식품에 대해 액체 추출법의 아플라톡신 시험법 적용가능 여부를 검토하고 필요시 새로운 분석방법을 확립하고자 하였다. 식용유지에 대한 아플라톡신은 MSPD (Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion)법으로 아플라톡신을 추출해 내고 면역친화성 칼럼을 사용해 정제하여 형광검출기가 장착된 고성능액체크로마토그래피(HPLC/FLD)를 이용해 분석하였다. 아플라톡신(<TEX>$B_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$B_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$G_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$G_2$</TEX>) 검량선의 직선성은 상관계수가 0.999 이상을 나타냈고 회수율은 85.9~93.0%의 양호한 결과를 얻었으며 상대표준편차는 5.7% 이하였다. 식용유지에서 액체 추출법과 비교해 볼 때, MSPD-면역친화성컬럼법을 사용하여 회수율을 향상시켜 시험법을 확립하였다. 영유아용식품에 대한 아플라톡신 분석방법은 액체 추출법이 적합하였으며 아플라톡신(<TEX>$B_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$B_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$G_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$G_2$</TEX>)에 대한 회수율은 89.5~92.3%로 양호한 결과를 얻었다. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the molds of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. They are highly carcinogenic compounds and can affect a wide range of vegetable commodities such as cereals (especially corn), nuts, peanuts, fruits and oil seeds, in the field and during storage. In fact, oilseeds are often stored for weeks in conditions that promote the mould growth, and the possible consequent presence of aflatoxins in oilseeds can lead to their transfer in oil. In addition, aflatoxins can be found as a natural contaminant in multi-cereals and beans making baby food for infants and young-children. The objective of this study was to validate the liquid extraction method or develop an analytical method for edible oil and infant-children foods. Therefore, this study developed condition of extract for aflatoxins (<TEX>$B_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$B_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$G_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$G_2$</TEX>) in edible oil using a high performance liquid chromatography with florescence detector (HPLC/FLD). Aflatoxins were extracted from edible oil samples by means of MSPD (Matrix solid phased dispersion), utilizing <TEX>$C_{18}$</TEX> as dispersing material and purified by using immunoaffinity column. The gression line coefficients were above 0.999. The recoveries for aflatoxins ranged from 85.9 to 93.0%, and relative standard deviations were below 5.7%. The new developed method of aflatoxins effectively enhanced recoveries by using MSPD-Immunoaffinity column compared with liquid extraction. The analytical method for liquid extraction of aflatoxin was appropriate for infant-children food. Reviewing the current method, the recoveries of aflatoxins (<TEX>$B_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$B_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$G_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$G_2$</TEX>) were 89.5~92.3%.

Role of D1 dopaminergic receptors in the ventral pallidum in passive avoidance learning

Event Abstract Back to Event Role of D1 dopaminergic receptors in the ventral pallidum in passive avoidance learning László Péczely1*, Tamás Ollmann1, Kristóf László1, Katalin O. Várady1 and László Lénárd1 1 University of Pécs, Institute of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), Hungary The mesolimbic dopaminergic system (MLDS) originating from the ventral tegmental area has an important role in the regulation of motivation, learning and perception. The ventral pallidum (VP), innervated by the MLDS, is involved in the regulation of adaptive behavior, but it’s exact role is not known in passive avoidance learning (PAV). The VP contains D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors that differ in signal transduction, densitiy, and location. In our experiments we investigated the role of D1 dopaminergic receptors of the VP in PAV. By means of stereotaxic technique stainless steel guide tubes were bilaterally implanted into the VP of male Wistar rats. One trial step-through passive avoidance paradigm was used. During conditioning trial weak (0.5 mA) electric shock was used. Animals were bilaterally microinjected into the VP with D1 receptor agonist (SKF38393 0.1 µg, 1.0 µg, 5.0 µg in 0.4 µl saline), D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390 5.0 µg in 0.4 µl saline) or vehicle after the application of electric shock. Tests were carried out 24 hours, one week, and two weeks after conditionig (Test 1, Test 2 and Test 3, respectively). The 1.0 µg and 5.0 µg dose of D1 receptor agonist significantly increased the step-through latency, retention was significant even after 2 weeks of conditioning (Test 3). D1 receptor antagonist (applied 15 min prior the agonist treatment) eliminated learning and retention. Our results show that D1 dopaminergic receptors in the VP play distinct roles in the mechanisms of PAV. D1 receptor activation in the VP facilitates reinforcement and memory and this facilitation effect is specific because it can be eliminated by D1 receptor antagonist. These results may contribute to the better understanding of functional significance of the MLDS and related dopaminergic receptors in the VP. Supported by NKTH-OTKA K 68431 and by the HAS. Conference: IBRO International Workshop 2010, Pécs, Hungary, 21 Jan - 23 Jan, 2010. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Cognition and behavior Citation: Péczely L, Ollmann T, László K, Várady KO and Lénárd L (2010). Role of D1 dopaminergic receptors in the ventral pallidum in passive avoidance learning. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: IBRO International Workshop 2010. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2010.10.00180 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 02 May 2010; Published Online: 02 May 2010. * Correspondence: László Péczely, University of Pécs, Institute of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), Pécs, Hungary, peczelylaszlo@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers László Péczely Tamás Ollmann Kristóf László Katalin O Várady László Lénárd Google László Péczely Tamás Ollmann Kristóf László Katalin O Várady László Lénárd Google Scholar László Péczely Tamás Ollmann Kristóf László Katalin O Várady László Lénárd PubMed László Péczely Tamás Ollmann Kristóf László Katalin O Várady László Lénárd Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.