Week Of Menstrual Cycle Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Maternity Health Workers Regarding Breast Self- Examination in the Governmental Hospitals at Sana'a City, Yemen

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a simple very low cost and non-invasive adjuvant screening method for the detection of early breast cancer in women. Accordingly, women who correctly practice breast self-examination monthly are more likely to obtain better treatment and survival rate. 
 Aim: This study aimed to assess maternity health workers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding breast self-examination in Sana'a city, Yemen. 
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and self-administered structured questionnaire was adapted to collect data from a convenient sample. Informed verbal consent was obtained from participants. Confidentiality of information was maintained throughout the study. KAP survey was carried out among 168 maternity health workers from governmental hospitals. 
 Results: It was found that 56.5% know about BSE and 50.0% know that it should be performed monthly. The majority (93.5%) believed that BSE is important for early detection of breast cancer. However, only 50.7% perform BSE monthly and 59.2% performed at the second week of menstrual cycle. 
 Conclusion: Unfortunately, almost only half of the study subject knows about BSE and how many times it should be performed and again only half of them performed monthly. Therefore, there is need for awareness creation on the benefits of BSE as an early detection for breast cancer among female health workers. 

Comparison of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) and breast MRI.

To compare the background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) levels on contrast-enhanced cone-beam breast CT (CE-CBBCT) and MRI, evaluate inter-reader reliability, and analyze the relationship between clinical factors and BPE level on CE-CBBCT. In this retrospective study, patients who underwent both CE-CBBCT and MRI were analyzed. BPE levels on CE-CBBCT and MRI were assessed by five specialists independently in random fashion, with a wash-out period of 4 weeks. Weighted kappa was used to analyze the agreement between CE-CBBCT and MRI, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the inter-reader reliability for each modality. The association between BPE level on CE-CBBCT and clinical factors was evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. A total of 221 patients from January 2017 to April 2021 were enrolled. CE-CBBCT showed substantial agreement (weighted kappa = 0.690) with MRI for BPE evaluation, with good degree of inter-reader reliability on both CE-CBBCT (ICC = 0.712) and MRI (ICC = 0.757). Based on majority reports, BPE levels on CE-CBBCT were lower than MRI (p < 0.001). BPE level on CE-CBBCT was significantly associated with menstrual status (odds ratio, OR = 0.125), breast density (OR = 2.308), and previously treated breast cancer (OR = 0.052) (all p < 0.05). BPE level for premenopausal patients was associated with menstrual cycle, with lower BPE level for the 2nd week of menstrual cycle (OR = 0.246). CE-CBBCT showed substantial agreement and comparable inter-reader reliability with MRI for BPE evaluation, indicating that the corresponding BI-RADS lexicons could be used to describe BPE level on CE-CBBCT. The 2nd week of menstrual cycle timing is suggested as the optimal examination period for CE-CBBCT. • CE-CBBCT showed substantial agreement and comparable inter-reader reliability with MRI for BPE evaluation. • Menstrual status, breast density, and previously treated breast cancer were associated with the BPE level on CE-CBBCT images. • The 2ndweek of the menstrual cycle is suggested as the optimal examination period for CE-CBBCT.

Correlation between Gestational Age and Abdominal Circumference in Second Trimester

Gestational age is age of unborn baby, defined in weeks as beginning from first day of last menstrual periodprior to conception. Estimation of gestational age and thereby forecasting Expected Date of Delivery is notonly concern of the Individual but it is invaluable in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation of fetusand obstetric planning. Determination of age of a fetus by using various methods is required for medico legalpurposes in both civil and criminal matters. In present study we assesses Correlation between gestationalage and abdominal circumference in second trimester, The study of Correlation between gestational ageand abdominal circumference in second trimester by Ultrasonography was carried out and collected datawas tabulated according to weeks of menstrual cycle and were taken in centimeters. Standard deviationof abdominal circumference for each week was calculated. We found that Abdominal Circumference isstatistically highly significant and the regression equations derived for growth parameter for estimatinggestational age in a normally developing fetus, increase with gestational age, showed good correlation withgestational age.

Outcome of Screening MRI in Premenopausal Women as a Function of the Week of the Menstrual Cycle.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to determine whether there are differences in outcome of screening MRI examinations in premenopausal women as a function of the week of the menstrual cycle in which the study was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The reports of consecutive screening MRI examinations performed from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2012, of premenopausal women were reviewed. Only cases for which the 1st day of the last menstrual cycle was documented were included. Associations between the week of the menstrual cycle, degree of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), final BI-RADS assessment, positive predictive values (PPVs), cancer detection rate (CDR), sensitivity, and specificity were noted. RESULTS. A total of 1536 MRI examinations of 1239 women were performed. Distribution of MRI examinations by menstrual cycle week was as follows: 21.8% (n = 335) in week 1, 35.4% (n = 544) in week 2, 23.4% (n = 360) in week 3, and 19.3% (n = 297) in week 4. In the overall comparison, there was no significant difference in BPE, BI-RADS assessment, PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, CDR, sensitivity, or specificity by the week of the menstrual cycle. When outcomes for cases with MRI performed in week 2 were compared with those of cases with MRI performed in weeks 1, 3, and 4 combined, there was no significant difference in the same outcome measures. CONCLUSION. There was no evidence of a difference in outcomes of screening MRI examinations as a function of the week of menstrual cycle in which the study is performed. The results of our study do not support the need for screening MRI to be performed in week 2 of the menstrual cycle.

Effective Regression of Mastalgia with Centchroman and Tamoxifen: a Randomised Comparison

Mastalgia is defined as pain in the breast for more than 1 week of menstrual cycle. A number of drugs have been recommended for its treatment. However, there is some debate among the experts about the most beneficial agent. In this study, we compared the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of centchroman and tamoxifen in the treatment of mastalgia. We recruited 106 ladies with mastalgia in a two-arm parallel design open-labelled randomised controlled trial with a non-inferiority hypothesis comparing 3-month therapy with either centchroman or tamoxifen. The response of therapy was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0–10, on 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up. Direct and indirect costs were computed for each patient. Baseline mean VAS score was 6.25 in tamoxifen and 6.49 in centchroman group. Women in both groups enjoyed significant pain relief (pain score became < 3). The number of patients who achieved VAS less than 3 were 51 (96.2%) in centchroman and 49 (92.5%) in tamoxifen group at the end of 3 months of treatment. Centchroman was found to be more effective than tamoxifen (p < 0.001). Cost per unit successful relief of mastalgia in the centchroman group was 393 Nepalese Rupees and that in the tamoxifen group was 311.5 Nepalese Rupees. Centchroman is not inferior to Tamoxifen in relieving mastalgia. Tamoxifen proved more cost-effective than centchroman because of lower cost of tamoxifen in Nepal.

Centchroman versus Tamoxifen in the management of mastalgia: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Introduction and Objective: Mastalgia is defined as painful nodularity for more than 1 week of menstrual cycle. The long list of drugs highlights the ongoing debate about the drug of choice for the management of mastalgia. So in this study, we compared the effectiveness and cost of Centchroman and Tamoxifen in the management of mastalgia.Materials and methods: A total of 106 female patients with the clinical diagnosis of mastalgia were enrolled in the study and randomized to 1:1 ratio into Centchroman and Tamoxifen group for a period of 1 year. The duration of therapy was 3 months. All patients completed the study and follow up. The response of therapy was assessed on 1, 2, 3 and 6 months by using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).Results: Baseline mean VAS score was 6.25 in Tamoxifen and 6.49 in Centchroman group.There was marked improvement in VAS score after the treatment in both the groups, which was statistically significant with greater reduction in Centchroman group(p= 0.001).The number of patients who achieved VAS less than 3 were 51(96.2%) in Centchroman and 49(92.5%) in Tamoxifen group at the end of treatment. Tamoxifen was found to be statistically significant and cost-effective (p &lt;0.001) in comparison to Centchroman.Conclusion: We conclude that Centchroman is not inferior to Tamoxifen and both the drugs effectively reduced pain, however Centchroman reduced the pain more than Tamoxifen.

Accuracy of Screening Mammography Varies by Week of Menstrual Cycle

To investigate sensitivity, specificity, and cancer detection rate of screening mammography according to week of menstrual cycle among premenopausal women. In this institutional review board-approved HIPAA-compliant study, sensitivity, specificity, and cancer detection rate of 387,218 screening mammograms linked to 1283 breast cancers in premenopausal women according to week of menstrual cycle were studied by using prospectively collected information from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Logistic regression analysis was used to test for differences in mammography performance according to week of menstrual cycle, adjusting for age and registry. Overall, screening mammography performance did not differ according to week of menstrual cycle. However, when analyses were subdivided according to prior mammography, different patterns emerged. For the 66.6% of women who had undergone regular screening (mammography had been performed within the past 2 years), sensitivity was higher in week 1 (79.5%) than in subsequent weeks (week 2, 70.3%; week 3, 67.4%; week 4, 73.0%; P = .041). In the 17.8% of women who underwent mammography for the first time in this study, sensitivity tended to be lower during the follicular phase (week 1, 72.1%; week 2, 80.4%; week 3, 84.6%; week 4, 93.8%; P = .051). Sensitivity did not vary significantly by week in menstrual cycle in women who had undergone mammography more than 3 years earlier. There were no clinically meaningful differences in specificity or cancer detection rate. Premenopausal women who undergo regular screening may benefit from higher sensitivity of mammography if they schedule screening mammography during the 1st week of their menstrual cycle. http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.10100974/-/DC1.

Identification of functional transport in non lactating breast epithelium and its relationship to parity and menstrual cycle.

Abstract Abstract #4084 Background: The electrophysiological properties of breast epithelia have not been extensively studied in non-lactating women. Furthermore, it is known that parity is protective against breast cancer, but it is unknown how parity may influence the functional characteristics of breast epithelia and whether there is a carry over effect after childbirth.&amp;#x2028; Patients and Methods: With IRB and patient consent, electrical contact with ductal epithelium was established non-invasively, using a specially designed nipple sensor in 15 normal women under the age of 40 with no risk factors for breast cancer. The transepithelial potential (TEP) and resistance of the skin were abolished with sonopheresis. TEP was measured across the breast epithelium using an isolated millivoltmeter. In a separate study isolated mammary epithelial cells were obtained from 14 women undergoing surgery to identify the origins of transepithelial potential in non-lactating epithelia. Cultures were established in media permissive for epithelial cells, which were immunomagnetically purified and mounted on porous substrates. Ion transport was measured in an Ussing chamber coupled to a voltage clamp apparatus. Data were analyzed using t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or ANOVA as appropriate.&amp;#x2028; Results: Nulliparous women (n=8) had an open circuit potential of -56 ± 2 mV (mean ± SEM), -55 ± 1 mV, -56 ± 2 mV and -57 ± 2 mV during weeks 1-4 for 64 observations weekly through 2 complete menstrual cycles. Parous women (n=7) had open circuit potentials which were hyperpolarized compared to nulliparous women with values of -64 ± 1 mV (p &amp;lt; 0.001), -65 ± 1 mV (p &amp;lt; 0.001), -60 ± 2 mV (p n.s.) and -63 ± 2 mV (p&amp;lt;0.005) during weeks 1-4 for 56 observations weekly through 2 menstrual cycles. Therefore the transepithelial potential was 6-10 mV hyperpolarized in parous women compared to nulliparous women except in the 3rd week of menstrual cycle. Primary cultures of human mammary epithelial cells, which thrived in culture and matured successfully into competent (&amp;gt; 200 Ω.cm2) monolayers (50%), upregulated transepithelial ion movement in response to adrenergic stimulus (10uM norepinephrine). These currents were sensitive to pharmacologic inhibitors of ENaC (electrogenic sodium transport), NKCC (Na,K,2Cl) and Na/K ATPase. These findings suggest electrogenic sodium and chloride transport are responsible for the TEP observed in vivo. Post partum modulation of the activity of one of these functioning elements identified in non-cancerous monolayers may be responsible for the observed differences in TEP observed in this study.&amp;#x2028; Discussion: Parity appears to make the epithelium functionally competent so that it maintains a higher transepithelial potential, and is “primed for lactation”. Depolarization of the epithelium throughout cycle (as in the nulliparous group) may make it more susceptible to proliferative signals. Epithelial depolarization may represent a biomarker of breast cancer risk, the ionic basis of which remains to be elucidated. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4084.

Estrogens and relationship jealousy.

The relation between sex hormones and responses to partner infidelity was explored in two studies reported here. The first confirmed the standard sex difference in relationship jealousy, that males (n=133) are relatively more distressed by a partner's sexual infidelity and females (n=159) by a partner's emotional infidelity. The study also revealed that females using hormone-based birth control (n=61) tended more toward sexual jealousy than did other females, and reported more intense affective responses to partner infidelity (n=77). In study two, 47 females were assessed four times across one month. Patterns of response to partner infidelity did not vary by week of menstrual cycle, but significant relations between salivary estradiol level and jealousy responses were obtained during the time of rising and high fertility risk. The implications, at least for females, are that any evolved psychological, affective, or behavioral dispositions regarding reproduction-related relationships are potentially moderated by estradiol, and that the use of synthetic hormones may disrupt this relation.

Platelet alpha-2 adrenoceptors and the menstrual cycle

To clarify further the suggested influence of menstrual cycle phase on platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors, we carried out cross-sectional studies in 77 subjects in a clinical trial of weight control strategies. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and after 6 weeks of diet, behavior modification, and exercise, a program that resulted in a mean weight loss of 4.5 kg. For the analyses, 42 premenopausal women were divided into four groups according to the week of menstrual cycle at the time of blood sampling. At baseline, there was no significant difference in mean platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor numbers among the four groups. At week 6 accompanying the weight loss, there was a significant increase in the platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor number for all groups. Despite the fact that the women were at a different phase of the menstrual cycle than at baseline, there was again no significant difference in mean platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor number. Mean baseline platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor number in the premenopausal women (113.7 +/- 5.5 fmol/mg protein) did not differ from values in 12 postmenopausal women (113.7 +/- 12.0 fmol/mg protein), four women with hysterectomies (105.9 +/- 8.9 fmol/mg protein), or 19 men (101.8 +/- 6.2 fmol/mg protein). Numbers at 6 weeks also did not differ. We conclude that the menstrual cycle has minimal effects on platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor number and should not confound clinical studies of platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) activity is increased during pregnancy. This study confirms the clinical impression that oral contraceptive hormones may increase NAP. Eighty-four healthy female subjects receiving any one of four commonly prescribed oral contraceptive hormone preparations demonstrated a mean increase of approximately three times values determined in 61 control subjects. Peak levels were noted during the final week of the menstrual cycle. The NAP returned to normal during the first week of the subsequent menstrual cycle. Oral administration of either of the constituents of a selected oral contraceptive (mestranol, 0.1 mg, or norethindrone, 2 mg daily) for 20 consecutive days also significantly increased NAP over control levels. The diagnostic usefulness of the NAP reaction in clinical medicine may be minimized as more of the general female population use oral contraceptive hormones.