Week Of March Research Articles

SCREENING OF AFRICAN AND FRENCH MARIGOLD GERMPLASMS AGAINST Tetranychus urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

The germplasms of African and French marigold were screened at Research Farm Area, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana against the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (TSSM) in the winter season from first week of October to first week of March, 2018. The germplasm tall orange African sheltering lowest mite population (9.82 mites/leaf) was marked as the least susceptible and Hisar Jafari-2 French with 32.21 mites/leaf was categorized as highly susceptible for T. urticae infestation. Mite population was recorded weekly and significantly higher number of mites was recorded on grown up leaves followed by tender and older leaves of marigold plants. Irrespective of the germplasm, the mite number was found to significantly increase with each observation period till the attainment of peak in population in the month of January (35.51 mites/ leaf) while their least population was recorded in the month of October (6.65 mites/leaf). In general, French germplasms were comparatively more susceptible to T. urticae infestation as compared to African germplasms.

Timing of migration dates and detection of first wintering sites for the Turtle Dove in Northwest Africa

AbstractThe identification of migration dates and wintering zones for migratory birds are key elements for the understanding of the Afro‐Palearctic migration system. From 2015 to 2022, a large‐scale survey of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur, a vulnerable species, was established in Northwest Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. We monitored migration dates and wintering individuals using the line‐transect method. We found that Turtle Doves arrived in the last week of March and left the North African region in mid‐October. Compared with Morocco, Doves arrived significantly earlier in Algeria and Tunisia. Moreover, Doves were discovered wintering on nine Northwest African sites, from October to February, where individuals feed in groups. We found that the occurrence probability of wintering Turtle Doves decreased significantly with increasing temperature and rainfall. Birds wintered most often close to wetlands since the overwintering probability decreased with the increasing distance from the recording area to the nearest water body. These are the first and only detailed findings on the migration phenology of the globally vulnerable Turtle Dove in north western Africa.

Content Analysis of American Network News Coverage of Prevention Strategies During the Initial Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Broadcast media is a method to communicate health information to the general public and has previously been used in prior public health emergencies. Despite the current ubiquity of social media, traditional news programming retains relatively large audiences, which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic's early days. Viewership of broadcast media networks' evening news skews toward older groups (age 65 and up) which were vulnerable to health complications related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study explored the trends in American broadcast network news media coverage of prevention during the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative content analysis using the Public Health Framework for Prevention was used to analyze three major US media networks' evening news content for thematic trends in COVID-19 coverage during the first US pandemic wave from March to May 2020. A total of 117 episodes of the evening news, 39 from each of the three major US media networks, evenly divided among the first 13 weeks of the pandemic in the US. Outcome variables included average seconds of coverage per episode devoted to prevention strategies, COVID-19 coverage not related to prevention, and non-COVID-19 coverage. The proportion of coverage dedicated to COVID-19 sharply increased in the first 2 weeks of March and decreased in the last 2 weeks of May. Networks focused approximately half the COVID-19 coverage time on prevention issues (288 seconds/episode) compared to non-prevention issues (538 seconds/episode). Prevention coverage varied over time. Although coverage included COVID-19 prevention content, more of the coverage was on other pandemic-related issues (e.g., economic impacts). Because public network news outlets have broad reach and accessibility, they could be an effective partner for public health agencies disseminating prevention messaging for current and future disease outbreaks and threats to public health.

Incidence of Aphid on Different Brinjal Germplasm Related to Abiotic and Biotic Factors

The study was conducted with BD-7320, BD-7328, BD-9952, BD-10154, BD- 10158, BARI Begun-1, BARIBegun-4, BARIBegun-5, BARIBegun-6, BARIBegun-7, BARIBegun-8 and BARIBegun-9 germplasms of brinjal with a view to understanding the effect of temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and predators on the incidence of aphid during September 2018 to March 2019. Aphid incidence and infestation started from the last week of November and the highest incidence was recorded during 2nd week of January on BD-10154.At that week, aphid showed lower number of incidence on BARI Begun-5, BARI Begun-6, BARI Begun-8 and BARI Begun-9. The highest infestation of aphid was observed on BARI Begun-5 during 2nd week of March, when the lowest infestation was found on BD-9952. Maximum and minimum temperatures showed significant positive correlation, relative humidity (RH) and rainfall revealed non-significant correlation with aphid incidence. Aphid abundance showed highly significant positive correlation with the abundance of predators on all the tested germplasms.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 45(4): 371-378, December 2020

Status of Air Pollution during COVID-19-Induced Lockdown in Delhi, India

To monitor the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), India, during the last week of March 2020, imposed national restrictions on the movement of its citizens (lockdown). Although India’s economy was shut down due to restrictions, the nation observed a sharp decline in particulate matter (PM) concentrations. In recent years, Delhi has experienced rapid economic growth, leading to pollution, especially in urban and industrial areas. In this paper, we explored the linkages between air quality and the nationwide lockdown of the city of Delhi using a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach. Data from 37 stations were monitored from 12 March, 2020 to 2 April, 2020 and it was found that the Air Quality Index for the city was almost reduced by 37% and 46% concerning PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The study highlights that, in regular conditions, the atmosphere’s natural healing rate against anthropogenic activities is lower, as indicated by a higher AQI. However, during the lockdown, this sudden cessation of anthropogenic activities leads to a period in which the natural healing rate is greater than the induced disturbances, resulting in a lower AQI, and thus proving that this pandemic has given a small window for the environment to breathe and helped the districts of Delhi to recover from serious issues related to bad air quality. If such healing windows are incorporated into policy and decision-making, these can prove to be effective measures for controlling air pollution in heavily polluted regions of the World.

ESTABLISHMENT OF STRATEGY FOR MANGO HOPPER IDIOSCOPUS CLYPEALIS(LETHIERRY) MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT OF WEATHER FACTORS ON ITS POPULATION IN SOUTH PUNJAB PAKISTAN

Mango is an important, exportable fruit crop of Pakistan. Pakistan is occupying 6th position on the basis of mango production in almost 90 mango producing countries of the world. The mango hopper Idioscopusclypealis is a most destructive insect pest of mangoes in Pakistan. This pest may cause the economic loss to the mangoes due to due to its abundance and high population in dense traditionally managed mango orchards. Keeping in view the importance of the pest, a study was designed with an objective to determine comparative efficacy of four different insecticidal spray modules for effective control of mango hopper on cultivar SufaidChaunsa in the research orchards of Mango Research Institute, Multan during 2019-2021. Another objective was to determine the population dynamics of mango hopper and the effect of weather factors on the population of mango hopper. The infestation of the pest was examined by observing nymphs and adults in a single panicle/inflorescence (10-inch long) from each cardinal directions of the selected trees visually counted during the flowering season on weekly basis. In module 1, Thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WG) was sprayed after the fruit harvest. In module 2, the insecticide Thiamethoxam (Actara 25WG) was sprayed after the fruit harvest, followed by second spray of Clothianidin (Trunk 20SC) only on tree trunks in the month of December. In module 3, first spray of thiamethoxam was done after fruit harvest, second spray of Clothianidin (Trunk 20SC) only on tree trunks in the month of December and a subsequent third spray of Spinetoram (Delegate 25 WG) was done on mango trees before flowering season in the month of January. The population of mango hopper was significantly lowest in module 3 and higher population of hopper was recorded in control. Population dynamics studies revealed that mango hopper population reached at its peak in 2nd week of April during 2020 and 3rd week of March in 2021. The population of mango hopper was maximum during mango flowering period, while in the later months the population of mango hopper declined. The effect of weather factors on population abundance of mango hopper revealed that significantly positive correlation and regression was observed with relative humidity and wind while negative correlation was observed with increased temperature and rainfall.

Diversity in German-speaking medical ethics and humanities

BackgroundBioethics can play an important role in addressing diversity both in and outside of academia, setting precedents for meaningful contributions to public discourse, research, teaching, training, and policy development. However, in order to do so, these conversations also need to reflect on the issue of diversity within the field of bioethics across the globe. This study aims to examine current gender representation and diversity at medical ethics and humanities institutes in Germany, the German-speaking areas of Switzerland, and Austria.MethodsA total of forty-nine medical ethics and humanities institutes from Germany (n=42), the German-speaking areas of Switzerland (n=5), and Austria (n=2) were included in the study. Institutes websites were reviewed in the first week of March 2021 and the details of each staff member listed on the website recorded.ResultsOverall, a total of 964 staff members were identified at the forty-nine German-speaking medical ethics and humanities institutes. Just over half (530/964; 55%) of all staff were female. There were significant differences between gender in some staff positions: 64.6 per cent (31/48) of directors were male (χ2(1)=4.1, P=.04); 62.7 per cent (84/134) of student assistants were female (χ2(1)=8.6, P=.003); and 83.7 per cent (77/92) of administrative staff were female (χ2(1)=41.8, P<.001). There were no significant differences between staff gender for researchers and lecturers, or associated researchers. In addition, 65.5 per cent (19/29) of researchers and lecturers who had a professor title were male, but the difference between genders was not found to be significant. However, significantly more of the researchers and lecturers who had completed a habilitation were male (75.8% (25/33); χ2(1)=8.8, P=.003). When comparing the institute director’s gender presentation with staff gender presentation, it was found that male-led institutes had 53.4 per cent (286/536) female staff overall but had 52.7 per cent (136/258) male researchers and lecturers. However, the difference between genders were not found to be significant. On the other hand, female-led institutes had significantly more female staff overall (59.9% (223/372); χ2(1)=14.7, P<.001) and also significantly more female researchers and lecturers (58.9% (119/202; χ2(1)=6.4, P=.01).ConclusionsThere has been a significant push to address gender diversity in German-speaking academia, and this study finds overall good gender parity in medical ethics and humanities institutes. However, there has not been a similar openness to discussing issues of systemic racism or how other forms of inequality affect academic diversity. Taking diversity seriously requires opening up conversations around intersectionality, including difficult conversations around race and cultural background that have long been taboo in German-speaking countries.

Determination of Tropinota hirta (Poda) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) Caught in Different Traps Feeding on Almond (Prunus amygdalus Linnaeus) Flowers

Almond (Prunus amygdalus Linnaeus) is very beneficial for human health in terms of high oil, calcium and other mineral substances it contains. It is consumed as fresh almonds, dried nuts, and roasted almonds (with or without salt), as well as in the food industry in the confectionery, chocolate and pastry industries, almond oil, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, and also as animal feed because its green peel contains sugar. One of the factors that negatively affect production in almond cultivation is plant protection factors. One of these factors is Tropinota hirta (Poda) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). In many parts of the world, it causes damage by feeding on the flowers of the trees in commercial almond orchards and is considered as an economically important pest because it causes product losses. In this study, it was carried out to determine the trapping of T. hirta, which is harmful in almond orchards in Mardin province, has an important potential and economic importance in almond production, in different types of traps. The studies were carried out in a garden with at least 100-150 trees at weekly intervals between February and May in 2018. In the experiments, funnel, basin, bucket and sticky plate-shaped pheromone and blue-colored trap types without pheromones were studied. As a result of 13 counts made in 8 different traps, 4 with pheromone and 4 without pheromone, 6,518 T. hirta were caught. In the experiments, it was determined that in terms of the number of traps of T. hirta in both pheromone and non-pheromone traps, the most in funnel-type traps, followed by washtub, water bearer and blue-colored sticky sheet traps. The first emergence of the pest into nature was the beginning of the phenological flowering of almond trees on March 01, when the daily air temperature was 8-10 °C on average. In the period between the second week of March and the second week of April, where the average daily temperature is between 13-15 °C and the average daily humidity was between 40-60% in the gardens, the population density of the pest was at maximum levels and it only fed on flowers during this period. It was determined that the population density of the pest started to decrease rapidly with the end of the flowering period and ended in the third week of May.

OCCUPATIONAL AREA, STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES IN THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The study investigates the levels of perceived stress and coping strategies of the participants in relation to their occupation. We argue that the levels of perceived stress vary in relation to the area of occupation and that there are specific coping strategies for dealing with stress among the representatives of the different areas of occupation. The study was conducted online via the Kwiksurveys platform. The data were collected during the period of first lock down - last week of March 2020. A total number of 688 people took part in the survey. Four occupational areas were distinguished – Social work, law or politics; Education and science; Economics and business; Engineering and IT. The method used collects socio-demographic data, measures perceived stress and distinguish coping strategies. The results reveal the highest levels of perceived stress among representatives working in the area of Education and Science. They use Categorical thinking, Naïve optimism and Esoteric thinking as coping strategies significantly more often than other groups. An interesting outcome is that Emotional Coping, Behavioural coping and Superstitious thinking seem to be universal coping strategies. Possible factors underlying the stress among the representatives of the most stressed group and possible implications of the results are discussed.

Population dynamics of cabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1803) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] in almond orchards

BackgroundCabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1803) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] is a significant pest of field crops and greenhouses in various parts of the world. Although cabbage is the preferred host for the pest, it harms several other crops. Cabbage looper infests almond orchards in Turkey; however, its population dynamics is unknown. MethodsThe current study determined population dynamics of cabbage looper in three almond (Amygdalus communis L.) orchards located in Eyyübiye, Haliliye, and Karaköprü districts of Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. Population dynamics were monitored by sex pheromone traps (5.0 mg E5 Decenyl acetate and 1.0 mg E5 Decenol). Three pheromone traps were set up in each orchard during the last week of March, and emergence time, population density, population peaks, and activity duration of cabbage looper were monitored with the traps. The traps were monitored twice a week until the first adult emerged. Afterward, the traps were monitored weekly, and the numbers of adults captured by the traps were recorded. ResultsThe peak population development of cabbage looper was recorded in Eyyübiye (45 adults/trap), Karaköprü (43 adults/trap), and Haliliye (40 adults/trap) on 13, 20, and 27 April, respectively. The population declined after these peaks, and the pest could not develop a significant population from the second half of June until September. The pest population was again recorded at the end of September and in the first week of November. The total number of adults caught by pheromone traps was 156, 181, and 117 adults/trap in Eyyübiye, Haliliye, and Karaköprü orchards, respectively. ConclusionIt is concluded that cabbage looper adults remain active for at least seven months from the beginning of April to the beginning of November in almond orchards situated in Şanlırfa province, Turkey. Therefore, management strategies should be developed during the peak development periods. Nevertheless, the damage caused by the pest is still unknown in the country; therefore, economic damages should be determined in future studies. Furthermore, pest risk analysis and modeling of the potential spread of cabbage looper in almond production areas could further provide valuable information on the risks related to the species.

Sarcopenia: clinical consequences and management.

Ceylon Medical Journal (CMJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published quarterly by the Sri Lanka Medical Association in the last week of March, June, September and December each year. The mission of the CMJ is to promote the science and art of medicine and betterment of public health. The Journal publishes original papers and commentaries which have relevance to medicine and allied sciences. The CMJ is committed to maintaining and conforming to the editorial and ethical standards recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

Physical Activity among Undergraduates in University of Peradeniya.

Ceylon Medical Journal (CMJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published quarterly by the Sri Lanka Medical Association in the last week of March, June, September and December each year. The mission of the CMJ is to promote the science and art of medicine and betterment of public health. The Journal publishes original papers and commentaries which have relevance to medicine and allied sciences. The CMJ is committed to maintaining and conforming to the editorial and ethical standards recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

Distribution Of Phenacoccus Solenopsis Infesting Okra Plants: Evidence for Improving a Pest Scouting Method.

Understanding insect behavior is a prerequisite for establishing pest scouting tools for determining possible damage and implementing control measures for the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on okra plants. Field trials were conducted to estimate the distribution modalities of P. solenopsis on plants in different cardinal directions, plant strata, leaf surfaces, and field depth (spaces from field boundaries), in a private okra field (Balady cultivar) at Esna district, Luxor Governorate during two consecutive seasons (2021 and 2022). Results revealed that P. solenopsis attacked okra plants, were observed from the first week of March through the end of July during each season, and occurred on all okra field directions in all plant levels and on leaf surfaces, on all the dates of weekly inspections. During the two seasons, there were highly significant differences in population, as well as infestation percentages in various cardinal directions, and very significant changes between the various stratums of plant and on leaf surfaces, as well as between the various distances from field boarders. P. solenopsis favors the lower leaf surface of the top stratum of the plant, in the south and east aspects, where its population was constantly abundant throughout the season, and pests more highly attacked okra plants distant from the farm borders than close plants over each season. The current information can be used to help design mealybug monitoring and control programs on okra plants.

Studying the effect of environmental conditions in the seasonal abundance of lesser date moth (Batrachedra : Amydraula : Meyrick) on date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. in Central and Southern Iraq

A field study was conducted for the 2019/2020 season, which included a field survey to determine the infestation percentages and determine the sensitivity of some date palm varieties to the infestation with the lesser date moth (B.amydraula M.). Besides, determining the date of insect appearance and its population density is based on temperatures, relative humidity, and thermal accumulation. The study showed that infestation with the lesser date moth includes all areas planted with palm trees and the infestation percentages range between medium and severe, especially in dense orchards, and according to the prevailing environmental conditions. Basra Governorate / Abu Al-Khaseeb district gave a severe infection in the total infestation percentage of 67.00%, while the lowest infestation percentage was recorded in Babylon Governorate, Al-Madhatia district, at a percentage of 17.66 %, which considered a weak infection. The study also gave a clear indication that all date varieties were infested with lesser date moths at varying percentages, where the Al - Zahdi cultivar recorded the highest infestation percentage of 58.71%, while Al - Halawi cultivar recorded the lowest infestation percentage amounted to 39.97%. The study recorded the first appearance of the insect adults at the beginning of the second week of March in both Basra and Babylon governorates, with a population density of (2.80, 2.80) insect/in2 respectively at an average temperature (14.26, 15.20) ºC, respectively, and average humidity of (49.86, 51.67) % respectively. The study showed that the insect has three overlapping generations during the year, starting from the beginning of March to the beginning of March of the next season, as the duration of the first and second generations was one month each, while the duration of the third generation extends to approximately nine months. The insect has three peaks in which the insect population density increases significantly. In Basra, the increase reached its peak at the beginning of the second week of April and during the second week of May and June, with a population density of (7.71, 7.39 and 6.88) insect/in2 respectively, and an aggregate temperature of (445.20, 665.52 and 814.65) thermal units, respectively. However, in Babylon, the seasonal abundance of the insect reached its peak at the end of the first week of April and the second week of May and during the third week of June, with a population density of (6.71, 6.40, and 6.60) insect/in2 and a thermal accumulation of (358.08, 418.56 and 586). 08) thermal unit.

Effect of Bio Cosmetic Brand Equity on Brand Loyalty and WOM Intention

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the brand equity factors for bio cosmetics and to examine how brand equity for bio cosmetics affects brand loyalty and word of mouth intention through empirical analysis.Methods: Adults in their 20s or older living in the Seoul metropolitan area who had experience in using bio cosmetics were used as the sample group. It was conducted for 2 weeks from the 2nd week to the 3rd week of March 2022, and only 232 valid data were used for the final analysis, excluding insincere responses.Results: First, it was found that brand trust and brand image, which are brand equity of bio cosmetics, had a significant effect on brand loyalty. Second, brand loyalty of bio cosmetics was found to have a significant effect on word of mouth intention. Third, brand image and brand trust, which are brand equity of bio cosmetics, were found to have a significant effect on word of mouth intention. Fourth, the partial mediating effect of brand loyalty on the relationship between brand equity (brand image, brand reliability) and word of mouth intentions of bio cosmetics was confirmed.Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it empirically examines the relationship between brand equity and word of mouth intentions for bio cosmetics and examines the mediating effect of brand loyalty. It will have great implications for the bio-cosmetics industry preparing for the post-corona era.

Among-years rain variation is associated with flower size, but not with signal patch size in Iris petrana.

Among-years rain variation is associated with flower size, but not with signal patch size in Iris petrana.

Effects of Time of Pruning and Plant Bio-Regulators on the Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Post-Harvest Losses of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Indian jujube or ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a deciduous fruit tree typically cultivated in several semi-arid areas of Asia because of its adaptability to yield-limiting conditions. The present study aimed to assess the effect of four pruning times (i.e., the fourth week of March, second week of April, fourth week of April, and second week of May) and four treatments using stress-mitigating plant bio-regulators (thiourea at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm; salicylic acid at 100 ppm and 150 ppm) as a means to improve both fruit yield and quality post-harvest. To this end, a full factorial experiment lasting two growing seasons was carried out under field conditions in the representative semi-arid region of Rajasthan, the state with the largest production in India. We assessed the vegetative growth of the trees, the fruit size and yield, and some quality parameters (soluble content, acidity, ascorbic acid, and total sugars) as well as the main post-harvest traits (fruit weight loss and spoilage). Overall, pruning during the second week of April had the greatest positive influence on most of the variables studied. For instance, it induced the highest vegetative vigor, allowing the maintenance of relatively higher chlorophyll and relative water content in the leaves. The fruit parameters also responded most positively to the second week of April pruning, a treatment that, compared to the others, induced a higher diameter; a higher amount of TSS (19.6 °Brix), ascorbic acid (86.5 mg/100 g), and total sugar (10.4%); and a better post-harvest shelf-life. Among the plant bio-regulators, the application of thiourea at 1000 ppm had the highest positive influence on the growth parameters, yield, quality, and reduction in spoilage post-harvest. The differences between the doses of PBRs were limited.

Impact of sowing periods on incidence of stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) in summer black gram

Six sowing periods during summer (4th week of February, 1st week of March, 2nd week of March, 3rd week of March, 4th week of March and 1st week of April) was evaluated for its impact on incidence of stem fly, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) infesting black gram at Entomology Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The black gram crop sown during 1st and 2nd week of March exhibited low larval (0.22 and 0.26 /plant), pupal (0.22 and 0.27 /plant) counts of the pest as well as less infestation (28.38 and 29.73%, respectively) and tunnelling (8.92 and 9.45%, respectively) than rest of the sowing periods during summer season. Maximum seed yield was recorded in the crop sown during 2nd week of March (597 kg/ha) followed by 1st week of March (564 kg/ha).

Economics of Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) Production Influenced By Split Application of Fertilizers

As a major commercial sector of agriculture, floriculture has emerged. One of the most often used types of jasmine that is grown commercially in India is Jasminum sambac. Time and rate of fertilizers applications can be a part of a successful, economical, and eco-friendly nutrient management plan. Given the aforementioned information, the current experiment was conducted with the aim of determining the impacts of split N, P, and K fertilizer application on the economics of jasmine (Jasminum sambac) production. The experiment was depicted under Randomized Block Designed with five replications and five treatments i.e. 50%N+100%P+100%K at last week of December and 50%N in last week of June (T1), 50%N+75%P+75%K in last week of December + 25%N+25%K in last week of March + 25%N+25%P in last week of June (T2), 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N+25%P+25%K in last week of March + 25%N+25%P+25%K in last week of June (T3), 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N in last week of March + 25%N+50%K+50%P in last week of June (T4) and 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N+50%P+50%K in last week of March + 25%N in last week of June (T5) at Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India on Jasminum sambac variety Baramasi during the year 2018-19. The highest net returns (Rs. 4,11,729/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.71) and were recorded with the application of (T3). The application of application of RDF (120:240:120 kg/ha) in three splits (application of 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N+25%P+25%K in last week of March + 25%N+25%K+25%P in last week of June) increased yield with highest net return and BCR and therefore, was economically deduced best for the production of Jasminum sambac.

Union membership and job satisfaction over the life course

AbstractWe examine the relationship between union membership and job satisfaction over the life‐course using data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS) tracking all those born in Great Britain in a single week in March in 1958 through to age 55 (2013). We find there is a significant negative correlation between union membership and job satisfaction that is apparent across the life‐course. Lagged union membership status going back many years is negatively correlated with current job satisfaction, though its effects become statistically non‐significant when conditioning on current union membership status. These results provide a different perspective to longitudinal studies showing short‐term positive responses to switches in membership status. They are consistent with earlier work showing that this cohort of workers, and others before them, have persistently lower job satisfaction as union members compared to their non‐union counterparts.