Week Of June Research Articles

Integrated Management of Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.)

The present investigation entitled “Integrated Management of Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.)” was carried out at Department of Entomology as well as field of Vegetable Research and Demonstration Block, College of Horticulture, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal during 2022. Seasonal incidence of Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) revealed that the maximum numbers of aphid, (784.05 nymphs/plants and 506.32 adults/plants) were recorded during 23rd SMW viz., 2nd week of June. Correlation studies indicated that aphid population exhibited highly significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and minimum temperature and significant negative correlation with morning and evening relative humidity. While rainfall showed non-significant positive correlation with aphid population. Efficacy of different treatments (Cultural practices (Weeding) + Yellow sticky trap), (Garlic extract + Red pepper extract), (Onion extract + Yellow sticky trap), (Neem leaf extract + Cow urine), (Thiamethoxam 25 WG + Beauveria bassiana), (L-cyhalothrin 5 EC + Beauveria bassiana) and (Biological control + Mechanical control) were evaluated by two sprays at 3, 5 and 7 days interval against aphid (B. brassicae) during year 2022. After 1st and 2nd application highest reduction in aphid population (77.37 and 93.57) and maximum yield (5.85 kg/plot and 541.66 q/ha) over pre treatment was recorded in L-cyhalothrin 5 EC incorporated with Beauveria bassiana.

Peran Guru Dalam Pengembangan Literasi Digital

This Community Service Program examines efforts to enhance teachers' digital literacy in online learning. In the era of information technology, information and digital literacy have become crucial. The execution of this Community Service Program aims to improve teachers' understanding of digital literacy. This activity is conducted online in the second weeks of June and July. The provided topics include "Digital Literacy and Its Urgency in Today's Education," "Myths and Misconceptions about Literacy," and "Digital Literacy." The Community Service Team consists of two lecturers from Nahdlatul Ulama University Purwokerto, namely Dian Nastiti, M.Pd., and Indah Ayu Permana Pribadi, S.IP., M.Sos, with student participation. Data is analyzed descriptively and qualitatively to identify potential improvements through this program. The results of this program demonstrate that teachers at MI Maarif Nu Attijani are able to apply digital literacy in online learning. They effectively utilize platforms and instructional media with the guidance of the program team. This research emphasizes the importance of digital literacy for teachers and the success of the program in enhancing the utilization of technology in online learning.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Anxiety Symptoms among Student Nurses in Gauteng Province of South Africa.

Background: Globally, mental disorders are common among nursing students; therefore, effective prevention and early detection are urgently needed. However, the prevalence rate of anxiety symptoms has not been investigated in South African nursing colleges. Aim: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and their sociodemographic risk factors among nursing students in Gauteng province, South Africa. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Chris Hani Baragwanath and SG Lourens nursing colleges in the first week of June 2022. A purposeful sampling technique selected the third- and fourth-year nursing students aged ≥ 18 years registered at the two nursing colleges. The seven-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale was used to assess anxiety symptoms. Results: The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 74.7% (95% confidence interval: 69.9-78.9). Being a student at nursing college B, being in the fourth academic year of study and use of substances were identified as predictors of anxiety symptoms in these nursing students. Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety symptoms in this study is relatively high, with predictors of developing anxiety being a student at nursing college B, in the fourth academic year and current use of psychoactive substances were predictors of anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the need to develop interventions and strategies to promote mental health assessments and management to prevent and reduce the problem of mental disorders among nursing students.

Strategies to integrate oral health into primary care: a systematic review

ObjectivesIntegration of oral health into primary care has been proposed as a primary healthcare approach for efficient and sustainable delivery of oral health services, and the effective management of oral...

Implementation of Hidden Infections in the SEIR Model Analysis of the Omicron Variant Spread in Bulgaria

In this paper we study the impact of the hidden cases of Covid-19 spread in Bulgaria by means of the SEIR model, in the period December 15, 2021 – until March 2022. In particular, the numerical experiments based on the hidden cases till mid-January, provide a forecast of the peak of the infectious curve about February 8, 2022, and reaching the maximum of about 90 000 cases. The forecast shows that end of the epidemics (in Bulgaria) would be in mid-May, 2022. This forecast is compared to the previous forecasts based on the same data excluding hidden cases; they have shown that the peak will be about February 28, reaching about 75 000 cases and will vanish until end of May. As seen in Fig. 3, our forecast of the end of the particular wave of epidemics shows just two weeks difference with what happened in real life – the wave ended in the first week of June. It is curious, that though the peak of the curve in thehidden cases approach has shifted to February 8, the cumulative number of cases in both approaches is nearly the same. More details on the methods used in the present paper and the non-hidden cases study, are provided as well.

Top-Leader Growth in Nordmann Fir (Abies nordmanniana)

The growth of the top-leader in Abies nordmanniana was measured over a 6-year period, and showed a consistent growth pattern, with an initial growth phase reaching a maximum growth rate that varied between 12.0 and 22.5 mm per day, and which could be correlated with the temperature in July of the previous year. The daily growth rate always peaked in the last week of June. In late-bud-breaking plants, the top-leader became short because of a low growth rate in this first phase of growth. In the second growth phase, the daily growth rate slowly declined, but was similar in all plants, regardless of the size of the top-leader when this phase began, and the timing of the bud break. The growth in the second growth phase was correlated with the precipitation in the period. Growth cessation occurred in the basal part of the top-leader soon after bud break, and progressed slowly apically, whereby the upper 25% of a young top-leader contributed to 50% of the final length, as growth in this section continued throughout the major part of the growth season.

Utilization of jojoba oil and salicylic acid as postharvest treatment on storability and fruit quality of ‘Late Swelling’ peach cultivar

The ‘Late-Swelling’ peach is an important cultivar due to its attributes of fruit quality, such as handling ability and late harvest season. Peaches rapidly deteriorate during storage, which shortens their shelf-life. The preservation of quality traits of ‘Late-Swelling’ peach during handling and storage investigated. Fruits harvested in the early ripe stage (last week of June) were either dipped in jojoba oil (JO) 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm and salicylic acid (SA) 100, 200, and 300 ppm, then stored at 5+1 °C and 85% RH for 35 days besides 7 days as shelf-life the fruits were examined every 7 days until the end of the experiment. Positive influences were observed for JO and SA on the different chemical and physical characteristics of the peach fruits under study especially those related to storability and fruit quality. All fruits treated with JO 1500 and 1000 ppm, and SA 300 ppm maintained the fruit firmness, hº, total acidity, and ascorbic acid over the whole storage period, in addition to the lowest decay and weight loss, as well as maintaining the fruit sensory quality and decreased peroxidase [PPO] activity while increasing polyphenol oxidase [POD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX] activities compared with the control at the end of shelf-life period. In conclusion, our results suggest using JO and SA to enhance and prolong the storability of peach fruits at 5+1 °C and 85% RH.

Meteorological Analysis of the Pacific Northwest June 2021 Heatwave

Abstract During the last week of June 2021, the Pacific Northwest region of North America experienced a record-breaking heatwave of historic proportions. All-time high temperature records were shattered, often by several degrees, across many locations, with Canada setting a new national record, the state of Washington setting a new record, and the state of Oregon tying its previous record. Here we diagnose key meteorology that contributed to this heatwave. The event was associated with a highly anomalous midtropospheric ridge, with peak 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies centered over central British Columbia. This ridge developed over several days as part of a large-scale wave train. Back trajectory analysis indicates that synoptic-scale subsidence and associated adiabatic warming played a key role in enhancing the magnitude of the heat to the south of the ridge peak, while diabatic heating was dominant closer to the ridge center. Easterly/offshore flow inhibited marine cooling and contributed additional downslope warming along the western portions of the region. A notable surface thermally induced trough was evident throughout the event over western Oregon and Washington. An eastward shift of the thermal trough, following the eastward migration of the 500-hPa ridge, allowed an inland surge of cooler marine air and dramatic 24-h cooling, especially along the western periphery of the region. Large-scale horizontal warm-air advection played a minimal role. When compared with past highly amplified ridges over the region, this event was characterized by much higher 500-hPa geopotential heights, a stronger thermal trough, and stronger offshore flow.

Registration of grain sorghum seed (A/B) and pollinator (R) parent lines for chilling and drought tolerance

AbstractFour sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seed parents, male sterile A and four male fertile B maintainer lines (KS148A [Reg. no. PL‐321, PI 701488], KS148B [Reg. no. PL‐322, PI 701489], KS149A [Reg. no. PL‐323, PI 701490], KS149B [Reg. no. PL‐324, PI 701491], KS150A [Reg. no. PL‐325, PI 701492], KS150B [Reg. no. PL‐326, PI 701493], KS151A [Reg. no. PL‐327, PI 701494], KS151B [Reg. no. PL‐328, PI 701495]), and six pollinator parents [KS152R (Reg. no. PL‐329, PI 701496), KS153R (Reg. no. PL‐330, PI 701497), KS154R (Reg. no. PL‐331, PI 701498), KS155R (Reg. no. PL‐332, PI 701499), KS156R (Reg. no. PL‐333, PI 701500), and KS157R (Reg. no. PL‐334, PI 701501) from the Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center, Hays, KS, were approved for release by the Kansas State University in July 2021. These 10 lines were from different populations and were developed through recurrent selection (random mating) followed by pedigree and backcross breeding methods between the selected germplasms (PI 574562, PI 550610, PI 574599, PI 574560, PI 550607, and IS 1269C), adapted breeding lines and different genetic male sterile ms3 lines (KP 8B, N310B, B06‐41701‐167, B9614, BHF14, BH8606‐6) in different combinations. Parent lines KS148A&B, KS149A&B, KS152R, and KS153R are tolerant to chilling stress and KS150A&B, KS151A&B, KS154R, KS155R, KS156R, and KS157R are tolerant to drought stress and are recommended to develop hybrids respectively for early (end of April to first week of May) and regular (end of May to first week of June) planting for the central Great Plains. Preliminary screening of all 10 lines showed tolerance to nine postemergence herbicides. These 10 parent lines are early to medium maturity, three‐dwarf (dw1, Dw2, dw3, dw4) in height, photoperiod‐insensitive, and possess unique combinations of plant and seed color. All 10 parent lines are tannin free with acceptable grain quality, short peduncle length, compact or semi‐compact panicles, and combining ability for yield and standability.

Impact of COVID-19 on Public Transit Accessibility and Ridership.

COVID-19 has radically transformed urban travel behavior throughout the world. Agencies have had to provide adequate service while navigating a rapidly changing environment with reduced revenue. As COVID-19-related restrictions are lifted, transit agencies are concerned about their ability to adapt to changes in ridership behavior and public transit usage. To aid their becoming more adaptive to sudden or persistent shifts in ridership, we addressed three questions: To what degree has COVID-19 affected fixed-line public transit ridership and what is the relationship between reduced demand and -vehicle trips? How has COVID-19 changed ridership patterns and are they expected to persist after restrictions are lifted? Are there disparities in ridership changes across socioeconomic groups and mobility-impaired riders? Focusing on Nashville and Chattanooga, TN, ridership demand and vehicle trips were compared with anonymized mobile location data to study the relationship between mobility patterns and transit usage. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and changes in transit ridership, and an analysis of changes in paratransit demand before and during COVID-19. Ridership initially dropped by 66% and 65% over the first month of the pandemic for Nashville and Chattanooga, respectively. Cellular mobility patterns in Chattanooga indicated that foot traffic recovered to a greater degree than transit ridership between mid-April and the last week in June, 2020. Education-level had a statistically significant impact on changes in fixed-line bus transit, and the distribution of changes in demand for paratransit services were similar to those of fixed-line bus transit.

Assessing the user satisfaction on COVID-19 vaccination service in Indonesia.

The implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination is still being carried out in Indonesia to enhance immunity against SARS Cov-2 infection. However, the information about vaccination service satisfaction is still very limited. This study aims to assess how satisfied Covid-19 vaccination service users are in Indonesia. This is an analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted through an online survey in the third week of June 2022. People with a minimum age of 17 years, having received at least one COVID-19 vaccination, and residing in Indonesia were allowed to participate in this study. We used the SERVQUAL model as an instrument, measuring five aspects covering tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance, and empathy. The analysis carried out included univariate analysis and bivariate test using chi-square statistical test. A total of 509 respondents were included in this study. The findings of this study revealed that there was not much of a difference between the satisfied (50.1%) and dissatisfied categories (49.9%) of vaccination users. Of the five dimensions measured, the highest level of dissatisfaction is in tangibility particularly on facility (48.7%), while the highest level of satisfaction is in reliability (the vaccination service following applicable procedures; 59.7%). We find out that vaccination location (p = 0.038), provision of refreshment/reward/incentives (p = 0.001), providing emergency contact post-vaccination (p = 0.000), and observation time post-vaccination (p = 0.000) were associated with the satisfaction of users. Many respondents in this study are still dissatisfied with the COVID-19 vaccination services, so it is necessary for taking continuous efforts to raise the quality of vaccination services to increase user satisfaction.

한국 거주 고려인 아동의 선호 음식 및 소비 양상

Although the characteristics of the Korean are weak in terms of language and culture, Koryoin have a strong consciousness as a Korean(Julia Lim, 2007), and have special characteristics in migrating and settling in Korea as their ancestral hometown (Jinsil Kim, 2021). Koryoin living in Korea experience language problems, food, cultural differences and conflicts, and discrimination. Food in childhood is an important foundation for the holistic development of children who grow rapidly, and it is the basis of children's dietary habits such as eating habits, food preferences, eating etiquette, and hygiene habits (Shin Se-ni and Cho Hee-sook, 2012). In particular, balanced nutrition supply in elementary school is necessary to create the foundation for growth and development and to improve intellectual, social, and emotional abilities, and for this purpose, it is very important to form desirable eating habits (Eunju Lee, 2018). This study aimed to inspire social interest in Koryoin children and suggest implications for the direction and content of teacher education by examining the eating habits and food consumption patterns of Koryoin children residing in Korea. In this study, a total of 13 in-depth interviews were conducted from the 3rd week of June to the 2nd week of November 2022 with 7 Koryoin children attending S Elementary School in Ansan-si to examine the eating habits and consumption patterns of Koryoin children residing in Korea. During the interview process, children's language expressions were supplemented and pictures were drawn on the interview contents to prevent children from getting bored. A qualitative analysis was conducted focusing on the collected interview data, children's drawings and explanatory data. All collected data was transcribed and qualitative analysis was conducted. The results of the study were as follows: First, Koryoin children ate rice, bread, sandwiches, and cereals, and showed a preference for simple cooked rice such as (triangular) gimbap, rice and seaweed, and flops. In addition, it was found that they liked dumplings, guksi, ramen, and spaghetti, and often ate them at home. Second, Koryoin children enjoyed and preferred meat food from their hometown, such as chicken and shashlik, and some children liked Korean bulgogi. In addition, seaweed soup, chicken soup, yukgaejang, gamjatang, and borscht were enjoyed and preferred. In addition, Goryeoin children's preference and consumption of kimchi showed mixed patterns. They showed a preference for vegetables such as broccoli, paprika, and carrots, which are often used as ingredients in their hometown cuisine. And they showed a preference for watermelon, strawberry, banana, and dried persimmon. Third, Koryoin children consumed French fries, peanuts, snacks, pizza, hamburgers, pepperoni, corn, popcorn, ice cream, tteokbokki, chicken, sweet pumpkin, milk, and cheese as snacks. He showed a preference for yogurt, cola, and red bean shaved ice and enjoyed it often. On the other hand, Koryoin children were often seen eating French fries, ramen snacks, and fish snacks at convenience stores and stationery stores after school. Based on the results of this study above, suggestions for dietary life and nutritional support for Koryoin children and suggestions for follow-up studies were conducted.

Silné konvektivní bouře a vydatný déšť v období 24. 6. až 1. 7. 2022

The storm season of 2022 was rich in dangerous and notable storm situations. Although dangerous stormy weather occurred also in other months of summer, especially in August, the longest period of more than a week with storms occurred in the last week of June, when the high intensity of precipitation led to a repeated announcement of even an extreme warning level. This period is evaluated in detail in the article. In that season, storm situations were continuously communicated on social networks having elicited a positive response from the professional and lay public.

Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of North African Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hartert, EJO, 1894): First Migrants Arrive Early and Select Nesting Trees next to Foraging Resources while Second Breeders’ Wave Breed around Earlier Nests

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial microdistribution and temporal microdistribution of the North African subspecies of the globally threatened Turtle Doves in Morocco. From the end of February to early September, we monitored the migration dates, counting arrival and departure dates, and breeding chronology, to clarify if the breeding season is divided into sub-breeding phases or not. Equally, the spatial distribution of nests following potential breeding phases was surveyed weekly in Beni Mellal province following a map of a selected orange orchard. Doves arrived in Beni Mellal in the third week of March and left in mid-October, according to the results. The first nests occurred in the second week of April, followed by the first eggs in the third week of April and the first chicks in the first week of May. PCA analysis showed that the nesting and laying stages were achieved principally during the last two weeks of April and the first three weeks of May, the hatching stage between the fourth week of May and the second week of July, and fledging between the fourth week of July and the first week of September. Further, the breeding season was divided into two phases: the first breeding phase, from the first week of April to the first week of June, and the second phase, between the second week of June and the second week of August. The DCA analysis and orchard-created map indicated that the first wave of breeders colonized the marginal trees located on the orchard sides, surrounded by foraging cereals and legumes, and the second breeding-phase nests were constructed in flocks next to the nests of the first breeding phase. According to this strategy, the first breeders prospect the orchard and select nesting trees near foraging resources, while the second breeders’ wave colonizes trees near successfully used prospector sites. These findings are of great importance for comparative investigations and habitat-scale conservation management.

Assessment of a Dynamic Physically Based Slope Stability Model to Evaluate Timing and Distribution of Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides

Shallow landslides due to hydro-meteorological factors are one of the most common destructive geological processes, which have become more frequent in recent years due to changes in rainfall frequency and intensity. The present study assessed a dynamic, physically based slope stability model, Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Slope Stability Model (TRIGRS), in Idukki district, Kerala, Western Ghats. The study compared the impact of hydrogeomechanical parameters derived from two different data sets, FAO soil texture and regionally available soil texture, on the simulation of the distribution and timing of shallow landslides. For assessing the landslide distribution, 1913 landslides were compared and true positive rates (TPRs) of 68% and 60% were obtained with a nine-day rainfall period for the FAO- and regional-based data sets, respectively. However, a false positive rate (FPR) of 36% and 31% was also seen, respectively. The timing of occurrence of nine landslide events was assessed, which were triggered in the second week of June 2018. Even though the distribution of eight landslides was accurately simulated, the timing of only three events was found to be accurate. The study concludes that the model simulations using parameters derived from either of the soil texture data sets are able to identify the location of the event. However, there is a need for including a high-spatial-resolution hydrogeomechanical parameter data set to improve the timing of landslide event modeling.

Third Week of June, and: Carrying Memory

Third Week of June, and: Carrying Memory Eric Marland (bio) Third Week of June When I was younger, my parents took us on tripsAdventures more likeCaving, canoeing, skiing, climbingSome turned into real adventuresSome just for us But one stands outAnd I keep going backThird week of June, my father would sayI heard it is getting close, my father would sayRhododendron I have been on mountain tops before and sinceDifferent mountains, east, west, other countriesThis one is differentIs it my history, a tie to my family?Third week of June Loaded up in a big blue vanIt was a two-hour drive at the timeIt doesn't seem so far these daysMaybe the drive made it feel more an adventureRoan Mountain We would start at Carver's GapHike up the hillside, running, laughingI remember few of the detailsMy father likes the flowers, all in bloomNot for me Peaceful, even with the wind blowingA cold wind, but a warmth of belongingHundred-mile views, but still groundedRolling mountains and treesA connection [End Page 21] But times are changing, the winds changeI go as often as I canWork and life keep me tied upBut out on the mountain it all comes backA mental resetting Some change is good, expectedBut it is not just me changingThe second week of June now mostlyThe damp winds seep throughMore turbulent somehow This year I plan to go backI will take my family, an adventureSecond week of June, it's getting closeI want to go backTo go back [End Page 22] Carrying Memory Through the park they walk side by side, slowly, down a pathBundled in bulky coats, they trace a well-worn routeBowed forward, they lean in to support each otherHands held together, hanging down like a weight They held hands when they met,a nervous novelty They held hands on the beach,in pursuit of synchrony They held hands after the first time,a bit of wonder and uncertainty They held hands when he asked,with anticipation and hope They held hands during the birth,a dichotomy of pain and joy They held hands with news of promotion,in a shared celebration They held hands when one was sick,a connection without words They held hands …Just because Through the park they walk side by side, slowly, down the pathBundled in bulky coats, they trace a well-worn routeBowed forward, they lean in to support each otherHands bound in memory, hanging down like a weight [End Page 23] Eric Marland Dr. eric marland is a professor at Appalachian State University and loves working at the boundaries between disciplines. He engages in interdisciplinary work with collaborators across many disciplines and recently began co-teaching a class in communicating science. Copyright © 2023 University of North Dakota

A cold wave of winter 2021 in central South America: characteristics and impacts.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00382-023-06701-1.

Effects of Virtual Tools in Teaching: The Case of Commonwealth High School, Quezon City Philippines

This study focused on the correlation on teachers’ profiles, perceived effects on the use of virtual tools in teaching, the extent of use and length of time in utilizing these virtual tools, and the challenges encountered by the teachers in the use of virtual tools to the academic performance of the students. The descriptive-correlational research design was adopted with a structured questionnaire as the main instrument used in gathering the needed data. The study was conducted during the first two weeks of June 2022. The data gathered were treated using Frequency counts, means, and percentages for the descriptive variables. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation (Pearson r) and Chi- square test were used to find the relationships between and among the variables. The study came out with the following findings: The female-dominated teacher respondents who are married and have enrolled in graduate studies are in their mid-adulthood stage. They have taught for almost two decades, mostly in junior high school, and they have attended training on virtual tools. These teachers perceived that the effects of virtual tools have a very strong effect on their teaching. The teachers’ challenges in using virtual tools are considered a slight challenge. With these virtual tools in teaching, the students performed very satisfactorily. Females spend more time using virtual tools. The extent of the use of virtual tools in teaching is affected by the grade level taught and the seminars/trainings attended along with the use of virtual tools. The student’s academic performance is affected by the highest educational attainment and the grade level taught by the teacher. Also, the length of time in the use of virtual tools affects the extent of use of virtual tools, the extent of use of virtual tools also affects the challenges experienced by the teachers, and the perceived effects to teachers in the use of virtual tools affect the challenges that the teachers experienced in the use of virtual tools. With these, it is concluded that the higher the educational attainment of the teacher and the higher the grade level they taught. On the other hand, the perceived effects on the use of virtual tools in teaching, the extent of use and length of time in utilizing these virtual tools, and the challenges encountered by the teachers in the use of virtual tools do not affect the academic performance of the students.

Spatio-temporal variability of coastal upwelling using high resolution remote sensing observations in the Bay of Bengal

The work investigated the tempo-spatial variability of coastal upwelling through high-resolution High-Frequency (HF) radar-derived ocean current and other remote sensing observations on the northwest coast of the Bay of Bengal in 2018. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) showed a coastal upwelling signature only during April and May despite upwelling-favorable winds throughout the southwest monsoon. Stratified coastal water and coastal-trapped downwelling Kelvin waves suppressed the upwelling on the western coast from June. Improved fidelity was available from sea surface temperature (SST) and cross-shore surface current (CSSC) components of HF radar-derived ocean surface current, which showed strong consistency in detecting actual coastal upwelling from April to the first week of June. Coastal upwelling events consisted of six phases; three active phases and each followed by three break phases. The active phases of the coastal upwelling from SST lasted for about 15, 6, and 9 days, with a horizontal extension of 105 km, 75 km, and 140 km. The horizontal extension of strong positive CSSC during the first and third phases was over 135 km, while being 75 km during the second active phase. The duration of the active phase and the strong CSSC directly influence the horizontal extension of the upwelled colder water. High resolution (6.25 km) swath data helps to show that the weakening of wind shear near the coast started two days before the start of the second break phase in SST, which could not be captured in 25 km gridded winds. The altimetry track data of sea level anomalies obtained from different sensors for different days also captured the different upwelling phases. A large concentration of Chl-a near the coast, as observed in the chlorophyll-a monthly mean result, suggested the occurrence of coastal upwelling. However, the temporal variability could not be elucidated due to the low temporal coverage of Chl-a data. The active and break phases of the coastal upwelling are explained by associated air-sea interactions. This study suggests that HF radar data is beneficial for monitoring the high spatio-temporal variability of coastal upwelling, and high resolution swath data from the scatterometer is crucial for understanding the variability of coastal upwelling.

Strategies to cope with warming and reduced rainfall in green gram for northern transition zone of Karnataka, India

South West monsoon has become more erratic and unpredictable in the northern Transition Zone of Karnataka and in the coming decades this will continue further with warming. To cope with change in climate, agronomic adaptation strategies (optimum sowing window and application of irrigation at critical stages) are required to maintain higher yields of greengram. As a result, the DSSAT model was used to investigate the influence of climate change on greengram. The study included a combination of two temperature (+1 and +2 °C) and two reduced rainfall (˗10 and ˗20 %) scenarios in comparison with the baseline scenario (i.e., current climate). These scenarios were built for 32 years using historical weather data from 1985-2016. With regard to adaptation strategies, six dates of sowing; starting from June 1st week to July 2nd week at a weekly interval and four irrigation treatments each of 60 mm; one at pre-flowering stage, one at pod formation stage, one each at pre-flowering and pod formation stages, and no irrigation (rainfed) were included. Between sowing dates, the model's simulation of average grain yield across 32 years revealed that, 3rd (513 kg ha-1) and 4th (508 kg ha-1) week of June were found to be optimum under future climate. Irrigation at any of the critical stages increased the yield, but largest positive yield response was replicated with two irrigations: one at pre-flowering and the other during the pod formation stage (556 kg/ha). This study clearly showed that under future climates of 1 to 2 ℃ warming with reduced rainfall scenarios (-10 % & -20 %), sowing on 3rd and 4th week of June is best one, providing two irrigations (60 mm each) one at pre-flowering and the other at pod formation stage would more than compensate the loss in yield projected under changing climates in coming decades.