Weeds Of Arable Land Research Articles

Preliminary observations on the food availability and diet composition of the Romanian hamster Mesocricetus newtoni (Rodentia, Cricetidae)

The Romanian hamster Mesocricetus newtoni is endemic to South-Eastern Romania (Dobruja region) and North-Eastern Bulgaria, and prefers steppic, arid, uncultivated habitats, but is also found in alfalfa fields, less often in corn cultures and field-protecting vegetation belts. Previous studies provide only limited data regarding the diet of this cryptic species. The diet of one family group (one female and four pups) was monitored for 10 days, during the vernal season. The data was collected using camera traps and direct observations, supplemented by photos. Plants were identified at the species level. A vegetation survey was performed in a radius of 25 m2 around the burrows using the pratological method, estimating a percentage of each plant species present in the habitat. A number of 16 plants were identified as part of the diet of the Romanian hamster, mostly herbaceous species within the Brassicaceae family. According to the observations, Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae) and Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) were consumed most frequently, followed by Descurainia sophia (Brassicaceae), Sisymbrium orientale (Brassicaceae), Medicago minima (Fabaceae) and Buglossoides arvense (Boraginaceae). In the studied area, 38 plant taxa were determined and characterized as ruderal and segetal (weeds of arable land) plants, mostly native to Eurasia. The purpose of this study is to provide novel data on the diet composition of the Romanian hamster in accordance with plant taxa availability and to emphasize the importance of conservation measures of its preferred habitats, which are crucial to the survival of the species.

Import of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) seed with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) slips

Palmer amaranth is one of the most economically important and widespread weeds of arable land in the United States. Although no populations are currently known to exist in Canada, its distribution has expanded northward such that it is present in many of the states bordering Canada and multiple pathways exist for its introduction. In this short communication, we report on the transport of viable Palmer amaranth seed on imported sweet potato slips. A reproductive pair of Palmer amaranth seedlings were identified from soil accompanying imported sweet potato slips in 2018. Identification was confirmed using species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms.

우리나라 농경지에 발생하는 잡초 현황

2013년부터 3년동안 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원과 도 농업기술원, 농과대학, 연구기관 등 11개 기관이 전국 규모로 논, 밭, 과원 그리고 목초지에 발생하는 잡초를 조사하였다. 우리나라 농경지에 발생하는 잡초는 81과 619종이다. 이들 잡초는 논에는 28과 90종, 밭에는 50과 375종, 과수원에는 63과 492종, 목초지에는 52과 275종이다. 이들 잡초를 과별로 분류하면, 국화과 96종(15.5%), 화본과 81종(13.1%), 마디풀과 39종(6.3%), 두과 34종(5.5%), 사초과 32종(5.2%), 십자화과 27종(4.3%), 꿀풀과 24종(3.9%), 장미과 21종(3.4%), 현삼과 19종(3.1%), 메꽃과 15종(2.4%)으로 상위 10과가 388종으로 전체의 62.7%를 점유하고 있다. 또 계절별에 구분하면, 동계잡초는 65과 477종, 하계잡초는 72과 526종이다. 주요 우점잡초는 바랭이, 쇠비름, 깨풀, 흰명아주, 돌피 순이었다. 생활형으로 구분하면, 다년생잡초가 308종으로 전체의 49.8%를 차지하였고, 그 다음으로 일년생잡초가 209종(33.8%), 그리고 동계 일년생잡초가 102종(16.4%)이었다. 외래잡초는 28과 166종으로 흰명주, 망초, 개비름, 미국가막사리, 토끼풀 등이 우점하였다. 2000~2004년 농경지 잡초조사에서는 68과 433종으로 10여년만에 13과 186종이 증가하였다. 이는 잡초방제법 변화에 따른 제초제 저항성잡초 증가와 같은 발생잡초 변동과 조사방법 차이 등의 의한 것으로 사료된다. The nationwide weed survey was conducted in arable land, paddy field, upland, orchard and pasture, over whole country of Korea during 3 years from 2013 to 2015. Also, these survey were conducted in order to determine a change of weed community and to identify a major dominant weed species, and problem weeds. Weeds of arable land were composed of 619 species belonging to 81 families. Weeds occurred in paddy field were 90 species belonging to 28 families, upland weeds were 375 species of 50 families, orchard weeds were 492 species of 63 families and pasture weeds 275 species of 52 families. Among total 81 families, the Asteraceae (15.5%) was the biggest family, followed by Poaceae (13.1%), Fabaceae (5.5%), Cyperaceae (5.2%), Polygonaceae (6.3%), respectively. And these weed species were composed of annual weeds of 209 species (33.8%), winter annual of 102 species (16.4%) and perennial weeds of 308 species (49.8%). Exotic weeds naturalized in Korea were investigated as 166 species. Weed flora in Korean cultivation area have been increased as much as 13 families and 186 species for 10 years compared to 2000~2004 weed survey result of 68 families and 433 species. The increment could be resulted from the change of weed population such as increase of the herbicide-resistant and the difference of investigation method.

Dynamics of above-ground and below-ground biomass ofRumex crispus,Rumex obtusifoliusand the new weedy speciesRumexhybrid cv. OK-2 (R. patientiaxR. tianschanicus) in the seeding year

Summary Docks can be serious weeds of arable land and permanent grasslands where they can persist through well-established root systems. A Rumex hybrid (R. patientia x R. tianschanicus; cv. OK-2, Uteusha) has been planted as a forage and energy crop since 2001 in Czechia and has now become a new weed species. As its ecological characteristics are unknown, there is a need for improved knowledge for developing control measures and strategies. In 2010 and 2011, we performed a tube pot experiment to investigate above-ground and below-ground biomass growth dynamics and below-ground biomass allocation of Rumex OK-2. We compared the hybrid with Rumex crispus and Rumex obtusifolius during the vegetation season in the seeding year. Above-ground and below-ground biomass of Rumex species tended to increase from July to September. In the seeding year, flowering was recorded only for one plant of Rumex OK-2 and 27.5% of R. obtusifolius plants, whereas R. crispus did not flower. The proportion of below-ground biomass of Rumex species in the upper 30 cm was about 70–80%. The growth dynamics and allocation of below-ground biomass of Rumex OK-2 were more like R. crispus than to R. obtusifolius. These similarities indicate the potential of Rumex OK-2 to become a troublesome weedy species, comparable with R. crispus.

Plant remains from two cesspits (15th and 16th century) and a pond (13th century) from G�ttingen, Southern Lower Saxony, Germany

A variety of well-preserved plant remains was recovered from a pond and two cesspits from late medieval and post medieval Gottingen. Cultivated plants included cereals, oilseeds and fibre plants, vegetables, fruit, nuts and spices. Rice and spices were imported from India and Africa and point to the relative wealth of the users of one of the pits. Additionally, a number of wild fruit, includingSorbus torminalis (wild service), was gathered from woods, clearings or hedges. Gardens were situated in the town or around its walls. Hops and grapevines were grown in special gardens in favourable places out of town. Apart from human (and sometimes animal) faeces, mostly kitchen refuse and waste from cleaning grain and processing flax in the town were deposited in the pits. Thus weeds of arable land are well represented, some of them indicating mainly basic soil conditions on the cornfields. Short-lived as well as persistent ruderals found suitable growing conditions. Poor grasslands were grazed, those on more fertile soils were also used for haymaking. Swampy areas were exploited for litter. A number of the recorded plants, especially some arable weeds or ones needing damp conditions, are nowadays threatened or extinct in the region.

Plant husbandry and vegetation of early medieval Douai, northern France

This paper describes the results of the archaeobotanical examination of early medieval occupation deposits (8th to 11th centuries A.D.) at Douai, northern France. Carbonized as well as waterlogged seeds and fruits were recovered in great numbers. In addition to the macrofossil analyses, a palynological examination of occupation deposits was carried out. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) was the most common cereal, followed by rye (Secale cereale). Common oat (Avena sativa) and hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare) must have played a fairly modest role. In addition to cereals, field pea (Pisum sativum) was an important crop plant. Four types of plum (Prunus domestica) fruitstones are distinguished. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) as well as sour cherry (P. cerasus) were cultivated. Other cultivated fruit trees included peach (Prunus persica) and medlar (Mespilus germanica). Sloe (Prunus spinosa) fruits, including those of the var. macrocarpa, were gathered from the wild. The palynological data suggest that the Douai area had virtually been cleared of forest. A comparison between pollen and seed proportions points to serious discrepancies between the macrofossil and microfossil plant records. Weeds of arable land (Secalietea, Polygono-Chenopodietalia) and vegetations of ruderal habitats (Sisymbrietalia, Artemisietalia vulgaris) are well represented. Molinietalia vegetations in the valley of the Scarpe river were probably exploited as hay meadows; good pasture land was provided by the Arrhenateretalia grasslands.

A THERMOGRADIENT BAR APPARATUS FOR THE STUDY OF THE GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS OF BURIED SEEDS IN SITU

SummaryAn apparatus is described which enables a layer of soil, containing naturally‐buried seeds, to be subjected to controlled temperature fluctuations over the range 5 to 30 °C, in the presence or absence of light. Results obtained from the use of this apparatus are presented for 14 species, all common constituents of the buried seed bank and nearly all weeds of arable land or pasture. At least partial inhibition of germination by darkness was found in all 14 species and stimulation of germination by temperature fluctuations in all but one. In some cases germination was inhibited by very large fluctuations.There was some evidence that a requirement for temperature fluctuations may be induced by burial. The ecological significance of the results and the limitations of the thermogradient apparatus are discussed and some further applications of the apparatus are suggested.

Weed Control Research by the Biological Section, Department of Lands, at the Alan Fletcher Research Station

Abstract Full-time research on weed control is carried out by the Biological Section of the Department of Lands at the Alan Fletcher Research Station at Sherwood, near Brisbane. This research is generally confined to weeds of pasture land, reserves, stock routes, roads and waste places. (Weeds of arable land in Queensland are dealt with by the Department of Primary Industries). The scope of this station's work is reviewed.

北海道の耕地雑草

北海道の耕地雑草

STUDIES ON THE PHYTOSTATIC ACTION OF 2:4‐DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID AND COUMARIN

New PhytologistVolume 47, Issue 2 p. 196-219 Free Access STUDIES ON THE PHYTOSTATIC ACTION OF 2:4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID AND COUMARIN THE REVERSIBILITY OF ROOT-GROWTH INHIBITIONS L. J. AUDUS, L. J. AUDUS Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Soil Metabolism, at University College, CardiffSearch for more papers by this author L. J. AUDUS, L. J. AUDUS Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Soil Metabolism, at University College, CardiffSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1948 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1948.tb05100.xCitations: 33 (With Plate 4 and 11 figures in the text) AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume47, Issue2October 1948Pages 196-219 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Spontaneous Hybrids between Sonchus asper and S. oleraceus

CļONCHUS OLERACEUS L. and S. asper Hill are closely related in morO phology. S. asper differs from S . oleraceus in its more spiny, thicker, and often darker green leaves. It is usually a stouter and more compact plant than S . oleraceus. But the most important differences are in the shape of the auricles and the structure of the fruit. In asper the auricles are nearly circular, with a spiny margin and closely appressed to the stem (Fig. i). In oleraceus the auricles are spreading, arrow-shaped and often deeply toothed (Fig. 3). The fruit in asper is without the transverse ribs of oleraceus. In most of the recent floras the species are separated, although in some of the earlier ones (e.g. Bentham and Hooker) asper is considered as being only a 'marked variety'. Both species are annual and very common weeds of arable land in all temperate regions of the world. Hybrids between the two have been reported previously by Hegi and in the London Catalogue. They are said to be rare. Both species are self-fertile. S. oleraceus occurs in two forms distinguished by chromosome number. A diploid has been reported by Marchai (1920) with zn = 16 chromosomes, and a tetraploid with zn = 32 by Ishikawa (191 1) and by Cooper and Mahony (I935)The Merton plants were of the tetraploid type (see Fig. 6), which seems therefore to be the more widely distributed. The chromosome number of S. asper has not previously been determined. Two families, consisting of 12 and 23 plants, were raised at Merton from open pollination of two typical plants of S. asper . The seedlings in the larger family were all likewise typical S. asper and fertile. The somatic chromosome number was 18 (Fig. 4). Evidently they were diploid, with a basic number of 9. In the smaller family there were three typical S. asper plants, which were also fertile. The chromosome number was again 18. The remainder showed some resemblance to S. oleraceus. Their habit was looser and more branched, and the leaves were hardly more spiny than the typical S. oleraceus. The auricles of the later leaves, however, were more like those of S . asper , except that one tooth was much bigger than the others and projected backwards (see Fig. 2). [Annals of Botany, N.S. Vol. V, No. 18, April 1941.]

Some Records of the Seasonal Flora of Arable Land Under Cultivation

For several years the writers have kept accurate records of the numerical and seasonal occurrence of the weeds of arable land under ordinary culture. The flora of any arable field is exceedingly scanty both as regards number and species, rarely more than 30-35 species commonly occurring on a farm lying over a single geological outcrop, that is, with only one fairly uniform type of soil. Special clay, sand, loam or chalk plant-associations develop according to the character of the soil, and by reason of the agricultural operations carried out through the year these associations are composed almost entirely of annuals, with seedlings and young plants of those perennials which have wind-borne fruits capable of rapid germination; such species form the first vegetation on waste land when abandoned by the farmer. The frequency of occurrence of arable land weeds and the flora types met with on different geological horizons have been worked out by Dr Winifred Brenchley1 who, however, only observed the relative frequency of summer flowering plants in growing crops without reference to their actual number and seasonal distribution. Plant counts of old pastures have been carefully made by S. F. Armstrong2 and others, but again only for special areas and in the summer. Seasonal records of arable land plants have also been recorded for certain western pastures and arable by R. G. Stapledon3 who counted the plants in several small areas (one sq. foot) at intervals throughout the year, the squares being selected haphazard from different parts of the same field and the counts added together. None of these methods, however, gives an idea of the number of plants surviving ordinary agricultural operations on arable land throughout the season, and the authors therefore arranged an experiment to determine the succession of plants on one plot of land over an entire year. Their method was as follows: A square wooden frame with an inside area of one yard was thrown down in a field at a fixed distance (two chains) from the headlands. The exact site was noted by measuring coordinates to pegs fixed in the hedgerows at right angles to the sides of the frame. Pegs were thrust down nearly flush with the ground at each corner and left there when the frame was lifted up so that it could be easily slipped back on the same place at the subsequent visits. The

The Weeds of Arable Land. III

The Weeds of Arable Land. III