Weedfree Fallow Research Articles

Estimation of adaptability parameters of winter common wheat samples at different sowing dates in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

There has been presented a three-year estimation of winter wheat samples according to adaptability indicators, the trait ‘productivity’, ‘winter resistance’, ‘1000-grain weight’, and ‘number of productive stems per m2’. The purpose of the study was to estimate the adaptive potential of winter common wheat varieties in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia at different sowing dates. The study was conducted in the laboratory for field crop breeding, seed production and cultivation technologies based on SibRIPCB, the branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS (Novosibirsk region) in 2018–2022. The objects of study were 5 winter common wheat varieties developed by the SibRIPCB, a branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS. Sowing was carried out in three periods (the first was in August 20, the second was in September 1 and the third was in September 10) with an SSFC-7 seeder in 5 repetitions, the recording plot area was 10 m², the placement of the plots was randomized, the crops were laid in weedfree fallow. As a result, there was established that, according to the trait ‘productivity’, the varieties ‘Novosibirskaya 2’ (bi = 1.42; δd² = 0.08) and ‘Novosibirskaya 3’ (bi = 1.35; δd² = 0.08) combined ecological adaptability and stability. The variety ‘Novosibirskaya 3’ also combined adaptability and stability according to the trait ‘number of productive stems per m2’ (bi = 1.09; δd² = 468.94). The winter variety ‘Krasnoobskaya’ is capable of consistently giving high yields ((Ymax+Ymin)/2 = 4.92; (Sc = 3.42); Hom = 26.2) and maintaining the density of productive stems ((Ymin–Ymax) = -280; Sc = 280.8; (Ymin+Ymax)/2 = 513; Hom = 8.9) at different sowing dates. The variety ‘Pamyati Chekurova’ is responsive to improvements in environmental conditions according to the trait ‘productivity’ (bi = 1.10; KM = 2.20), ‘winter resistance’ (bi = 1.53; KM = 2.72), ‘number of productive stems per m2’ (bi = 1.22; KM = 2.2).

Study results of the parameters of winter barley adaptability according to forecrops

The development and wide distribution of new adaptive varieties in production is a promising and environmentally friendly way for the development of agriculture. A new, more modern, highly productive variety can ensure increased productivity, resistance of crops to stress factors, and promotes better use of natural and anthropogenic resources. The leading direction in breeding in the nearest future should be not the development of varieties in general, adapted to growing conditions, but the identification of varieties adapted to the stress-limiting environmental factors of a particular region, adaptive to the challenges of nature. In addition to the characteristics of the variety and environmental conditions, the forecrop also influences its productivity. Selection in some conditions may not reveal the potential of the genotype in others, which makes it important to obtain information on different growing environments of varieties at the early stages of breeding. The purpose of the current study was to determine the adaptive properties of promising winter barley varieties and lines according to various forecrops. The study was carried out from 2021 to 2023 to estimate the adaptability parameters of 20 winter barley varieties and lines developed by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” for various forecrops (weedfree fallow, peas, sunflower, winter wheat). To determine the indicators of homeostaticity (Hom) and selection value (Sc), stress resistance (Ymin–Ymax) and genetic flexibility ((Ymax+Ymin)/2), the coefficient of responsiveness to favorable growing conditions (Kr) and the indicator of the stability level of the variety (VSLI), there have been applied the methods of V.V. Khangildin and N.A. Litvinenko (1981), A.A. Rosielle and J. Hamblina as presented by A.A. Goncharenko (2005), V.A. Zykin (2005), E.D. Nettevich (2001). According to all forecrops, there have been identified the varieties distinguished by high parameters of environmental adaptability and stability. Stress-resistant genotypes included the lines ‘Parallelum 2016’ and ‘Parallelum 2017’ (Ymin–Ymax = 1.2, 1.1, respectively), which were distinguished by a set of stability indicators and have been recommended for use in the breeding process as sources of high stress resistance, low yield variability, capable of minimizing negative impact of growing conditions. The variety ‘Step’ proved to be adaptable (regression coefficient bi = 1.5), genetically flexible ((Ymin–Ymax)/2 = 7.7), and highly responsive to growing conditions (Kr = 1.53). The dynamics of productivity corresponded to changes in growing conditions, and to maximize a productivity level, there has been recommended to cultivate it on intensive forecrops.

The effect of sowing dates on a vegetation period of spring wheat varieties of different maturity groups

The purpose of the current work was to estimate the effect of sowing dates on a length of a vegetation period and the sowing qualities of spring wheat varieties of different maturity groups. The trials were carried out from 2018 to 2020. There have been studied such six varieties as middle-early varieties ‘Altaiskaya 70’, ‘Novosibirskaya 29’, ‘Tulunskaya 12’, Krasnoyarskaya 12, the middle-maturing variety ‘Kuraginskaya 2’, the middle-late variety ‘Svirel’. There have been studied such two sowing dates as optimal in May 15, and late in May 22. The sowing trials were carried out with a seeder SSFC – 7. Harvesting was carried out with the combine ‘Hege’. The grain was dried, cleaned on ‘Petkus’, and weighed. The germination was estimated according to GOST 12036-66. Grain crops were sown in weedfree fallow. The counting area of the plots was 10 m2, with three repetitions. When sown in late dates, the ‘sprouting-ear formation’ period reduced on 4 days for the middle-late wheat variety ‘Svirel’, on 2 days for the middle-maturing varieties ‘Kur aginskaya 2’ and ‘Krasnoyarskaya 12’, for the middle-early varieties ‘Altayskaya 70’, ‘Tulunskaya 12’, ‘Novosibirskaya 29’ this period did not change. The length of the period ‘ear formation-maturity’ period for middle-early wheat varieties was 34–36 days, for middle-maturing varieties it lasted 36 days, and for the middle-late variety ‘Svirel’ it was 40 days. The varieties ‘Tulunskaya 12’, ‘Novosibirskaya 29’ and ‘Altaiskaya 70’ increased their productivity on 0.2–0.6 t/ha at a late sowing date, the middle-maturing varieties ‘Kuraginskaya 2’, ‘Krasnoyarskaya 12’ and the middle-late variety ‘Svirel’ increased their productivity on 0.3–0.5 t/ha at an early sowing date. There should be noted that 1000-grain weight changed similarly to the productivity of varieties. This indicator of the middle-early varieties increased in the late sowing date, and that of middle- and late-maturing varieties in the early sowing date. The recommended period for sowing spring wheat in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for middle-early varieties for seeds is the beginning of the third ten days of May with a sum of active temperatures of 190 °C; for middle- and late-maturing varieties it is the middle of the second ten days of May at a sum of active temperatures of 150 °C.

Creation and introduction into production of a new variety of soft winter wheat for cultivation in fallows and the best non-fallow predecessors

Relevance. Winter wheat is the main food crop in Russia, having the leading role in gross grain harvest improvement. The use of new adaptive varieties of winter common wheat in agriculture is the most realistic means of reducing the adverse effects of climate change ensuring a productivity rise and improving the technological properties of grain and flour. The developed winter wheat varieties should combine potential productivity and resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors through improved adaptability.Methods. The study was carried out in 2018–2022 on the fields of the research crop rotation of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”», according to a green manure fallow due to the methods of SVT and a field trial.Results. The winter common wheat variety Zodiak can form a consistently high yield after various forecrops from 5.63 t/ha, when sown after sunflower to 10.23 t/ha when sown in green fallow. The variety formed the maximum productivity of 11.14 t/ha when sown in weed free fallow in 2018 and 2022. The study of the physicochemical properties of grain showed that the quality of grain and flour in the Zodiac variety corresponds to valuable wheat varieties. The protein percentage is 14.15%, gluten is 28.5%, the gluten quality corresponds to group I (IDK is 67 bp), the alveograph index is 255 f. a., the volume yield per 100 g of flour is 700 cm³, the baking assessment is 4.4 points, valorimetric estimation is 79 bp, SDS-sedimentation is 59 ml. The new winter common wheat variety Zodiak has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements since 2022 and recommended for cultivation in the 6th North Caucasus region.

Moisture supply of the sown winter common and durum wheat

The current study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2019–2022. The purpose of the study was to determine the moisture content of the winter common and durum wheat sown after various forecrops. There has been found that during the study, precipitation fell unevenly over the seasons. The amount of useful precipitation during the vegetation period of winter wheat (mean for three years) was 319.80 mm. There has been established that when sown in weedfree fallow, the total moisture consumption both over the years (278.90–445.00 mm) and on average over three years (381.40 mm) exceeded the amount of useful precipitation. On the formation of grain yield winter wheat has spent, in addition to precipitation, the productive moisture accumulated from the soil. There has been found that when sown after non-fallow forecrops, in the absence of reserves of productive moisture in the soil, the productivity formation proceeded mainly due to precipitation. When sowing winter wheat, the total moisture consumption (mean in 2019–2022) was 322.00 mm after peas and 315.50 mm after sunflower. There has been determined that the highest grain yield of the varieties ‘Zodiak’ (7.90 t/ha) and ‘Yantarina’ (6.28 t/ha) was obtained when sown in weedfree fallow, while they spent the least amount of moisture per yield unit, being 487.10 and 649, 70 m3/t respectively. When sown after sunflower, grain yield of the varieties was the lowest, and the total moisture consumption per ton of grain was the highest, being 5.60 t/ha and 599.20 m3 (the variety ‘Zodiak’); 4.02 t/ha and 869.70 m3 (the variety ‘Yantarina’). The forecrop ‘peas’ occupied an intermediate position between weedfree fallow and sunflower both in terms of productivity and total moisture consumption per ton of grain, being 6.36 t/ha and 528.60 m3 (the variety ‘Zodiak’) and 4.92 t/ha 823, 60 m3 (the variety ‘Yantarina’).

Cultivation agrotechnologies of winter wheat varieties developed by the North Caucasus FRAC

The problem of improving the sustainability and efficiency of grain production, increasing its gross quantity and improving quality is a key one for farmers in the Stavropol region. Due to the lack of financial resources for most agricultural producers, the problem is largely solved by selecting the most effective cultivation technology elements, including new highly productive varieties due to the agrotechnology. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of forecrops, the level of mineral nutrition, sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of cultivating new winter wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI “North-Caucasus Federal Research Agricultural Center”. As a result of study carried out on winter wheat crops of various varieties developed by the FSBSI “North-Caucasus FRAC”, productivity of the varieties sown in weedfree fallow was 5.71 t/ha, which was 3.41 t/ha more than after cropped fallow. The application of mineral fertilizers contributed to productivity improvement of the varieties sown in weedfree fallow on 1.27 t/ha, and on 1.8 t/ha when sown after winter wheat on average during 2018–2021. The maximum grain yield was identified at the optimal sowing time in September 30 – October 5 (an average of 6.8 % more than at early and late time). Different seeding rates did not have a significant effect on productivity. Based on the estimation of the effect of winter wheat cultivation technologies on productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of cultivation, there have been given agrotechnological characteristics of the new winter wheat varieties developed by the North-Caucasus FRAC.

Selection of forecrops and sowing time for the new winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’

The current study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2020–2022. The purpose of the current study was to identify the best forecrops and optimal sowing time for the new winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’. There has been established that the winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ respond well to the choice of a forecrop and sowing time. The effect of forecrops on productivity of the winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ was 90 % and 85 %, respectively. There has been revealed that weedfree fallow was the best one for the studied varieties, providing the formation of a mean grain productivity of 6.25–6.31 t/ha over the years of the trial when sown from September 10 to 30. At the same sowing time when sown after sunflower, productivity of the varieties of 3.73–4.02 t/ha was the lowest during the entire period of the study. There has been established that for all forecrops, the lowest grain productivity of the varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ was obtained when sown on October 10 (late date) and averaged 5.60 and 5.77 t/ha in 2020–2022 when sown after weedfree fallow; 4.16 and 4.35 t/ha when sown after peas; and 3.51 and 3.63 t/ha when sown after sunflower. The studied varieties formed the largest number of productive stems of 540–609 pcs/m2 when sown in weedfree fallow, and the smallest number of 382–410 pcs/m2 when sown after non-fallow forecrops. The quality indicators of grain of the winter durum wheat varieties ‘Yubilyarka’ and ‘Yantarina’ were mainly affected by forecrops and slightly by sowing time. The production of high-quality winter durum wheat grain is cost-effective. The conditional net income reached 52908–53268 rubles/ha, and the profitability of grain production was 127–129 %. When sown after sunflower, the productivity was the lowest during the entire period of study and averaged 3.73–4.02 t/ha over three years. There has been found a productivity decrease on 0.5–0.7 t/ha with a late sowing date (October 10).

Productivity and quality of winter wheat grain in crop rotations with different types of fallow and at different levels of fertilization

The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of various winter wheat forecrops (weedfree fallow, green fallow, sown fallow) and fertilization levels (control without fertilizers, NPK–60 kg.a.i./ha, NPK–80 kg.a.i./ha, NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha) on productivity and quality of winter wheat grain. The study was carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Kursk FARC” in 2018–2020. There has been established that the large-sized grain was grown in a crop rotation with a sown fallow. There has been established that with an increase of mineral fertilizers’ doses, the differences between crop rotations raised. In the crop rotation with sown fallow, grain evenness was also higher, by 0.3 and 0.5 % more than in crop rotations with green manure and weedfree fallow. There has been found that regardless of the crop rotation, with an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers, grain evenness increased. There has been determined that the trait ‘1000-grain weight’ was the highest when it was sown in green fallow with 48.4 g of NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha, which was due to the improvement of the nutrient regime of the soil with the introduction of green manure. There has been determined that when growing wheat in green fallow in the variant without fertilizers, crude gluten in the flour was 2.3 and 2.5 % more than in sown and weedfree fallow. This pattern was also preserved on fertilized backgrounds. The indicator of gluten percentage in flour increased with the growth of fertilizer. There has been found that crop rotation with weedfree fallow was the best in terms of gluten elasticity. Winter wheat productivity at NPK–60 kg.a.i./ha and NPK–100 kg.a.i./ha was higher when sown in weedfree fallow, and on unfertilized control and at NPK–80 kg.a.i. / ha when sown in green fallow. There has been noted that there is a significant improvement in crop productivity, for example, from 4.39 to 6.19 t/ha in crop rotation with weedfree fallow, with an increase in fertilizer application rates.

The effect of growing conditions on productivity, grain and flour quality of the new winter bread wheat varieties for the Republic of Kalmykia

In accordance with the purpose of the current study, there have been presented the study results of the productivity and grain quality of the co-breeding winter bread wheat varieties. Kalmykia RAI, the branch of the “Pre-Kaspy AFRC RAS” in cooperation with the FSBSI “NCG named after P.P. Lukyanenko” developed five winter bread wheat varieties. The Competitive Variety Testing was laid down in 2 layers in 4-fold repetition using a CH-16 seeder in 2017–2021. The accounting area of the plot was 50 m². The sowing was carried out at the optimal time, in the third decade of September. The seeding rate was 300 germinating seeds per 1 m². The crop was sown in weedfree fallow. The mean grain productivity of the co-breeding varieties through 5 years in the arid conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia was 3.06 t/ha. The variety ‘Khasyr’ had the maximum productivity. The study has confirmed that the co-breeding varieties formed high-quality grain suitable for baking. The highest percentage of protein (14.8%) and gluten (31.1%) among the varieties through the past 5 years was in 2020. Grain unit of all varieties exceeded the basic rate of 750 g/l and ranged from 765 to 786 g/l. The best grain unit was demonstrated by the new variety ‘Khamdan’. Grain sedimentation among the varieties varied on average from 42.0 to 49.4 ml, which is an average ratio for this crop. The flour strength ranged from 171 to 299 u.a. Strong flour was obtained from the variety ‘Bulgun’. In recent years the bread volume varied from 515 to 650 cm³, the total rate of grain and flour of the co-breeding varieties was 4.0 - 4.8, which is typical for valuable and strong wheat.

The use of shot wheat (<i>Т.Sphaerococcum</i>) in the winter bread wheat breeding to improve quality

The current paper has presented the study results of grain productivity and quality of the winter bread wheat lines developed on the basis of T. Sphaerococcum at the ‘NCG named after P.P. Lukyanenko’ in the soil and climatic conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia. The purpose of the current work was to study productivity and quality of the winter bread wheat lines, hybridized from the crossing of two varieties. The trials were laid in two stages in 4-fold repetition with a sequential arrangement of the variants of the trial with the CH-16 seeder. The accounting plot area was 50 m2 . The seeding rate was 300 pcs. of germinating seeds per 1 m2 . On average, through three years of the study in weedfree fallow, the productivity of the winter bread wheat lines, developed on the basis of T. Sphaerococcum on the experimental field of the KRAI, affiliate of the FSBSI “PKAFRC RAS” (village of Troitskoe) was 3.25 t/ha. The largest mean productivity through three years (3.37 t/ha) was produced by the line ‘661sv-30’, which exceeded the standard on 0.36 t/ha, the excess over the variety ‘Praskovya’ was 0.64 t/ha. The study has confirmed the formation of the best values of grain quality by the shot wheat variety ‘Praskovya’. The protein and gluten content were on 1.8% and on 4.9% higher than that of the standard wheat variety ‘Bair’. The potential for high quality shot wheat grain can be successfully introduced into the bread wheat breeding material. The developed bread wheat lines ‘989sv-7’, ‘661sv-30’ and ‘661sv-39’ stably and reliably exceeded the standard variety in productivity, forming grain quality similar to that of the variety ‘Praskovya’. The line ‘989sv-7’ has been sent to the State Variety Testing under the name ‘Flash’, the line ‘661sv-30’ under the title ‘Khit’ and the line ‘661sv-39’ under the name ‘Pesnya’.

The effect of moisture supply conditions on productivity of winter bread wheat, sown after various forecrops in the southern part of the Rostov region

Weather and climatic conditions determine moisture supply, which is the main factor affecting winter wheat productivity in the area of unstable moisture. The current study was carried out on the experimental plot of the laboratory for cultivation technology of grain crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2010–2020. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem). The humus horizon was powerful up to 140 cm. The humus content was 3.9%. The purpose of the study was to establish the moisture supply of winter bread wheat when cultivated according to various forecrops. There has been found that the autumn periods in the most years of study were arid with 37% of precipitation. Winter wheat plants from September to June were provided with 70% of precipitation, with a 1022.55 of air humidity deficit and 664.7 mm of water demand. There was found that, on average over the years of study, 88% of moisture supply promoted yielding of 7.03 t/ha of winter wheat sown in weedfree fallow. In order to yield a ton of grain there was required 591.7 m3 of total moisture. The share of precipitation in this moisture consumption was 84%, and the share of soil moisture was 16%. When sown after sunflower, moisture provision was 77%, and winter wheat yield was 5.32 t/ha. In order to yield a ton of grain there was required 657.3 m3 of total moisture, which was on 65.6 m3 more than in the variant with a weedfree fallow. The share of precipitation in this moisture consumption was 96%, and the share of soil moisture was 4%.

The new winter bread wheat variety of universal type ‘Donskaya Step’

Introduction and methodology. Wheat bread belongs to the greatest inventions of the mankind. Therefore, the study aimed at solving the issues of improving its productivity and quality, stabilizing the gross yield of wheat grain have always arisen a great interest of researchers and specialists in agricultural production. The most accessible source of improving yields and gross harvests is a variety.The purpose of the current study was to characterize the winter bread wheat variety ‘Donskaya Step’ according to the main economically valuable traits and properties. The study was carried out by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”” from 2016 to 2020 on the experimental plots of crop rotation belonging to the winter wheat department. The object of the study was the winter bread wheat variety ‘Donskaya Step’. The variety ‘Ermak’ was used as a standard variety. There were used four forecrops: maize for grain, peas, sunflower and green fallow. The trials were conducted in sixfold replications. The accounting area of the plot was 10 m2.Results. The variety was sent to the State Variety Testing in 2016. In 2020 it was introduced into the State List for the North Caucasus and Low Volga regions of the Russian Federation. This variety has a high potential for grain productivity. The maximum yield of 11.83 t/ha was obtained in 2017 when sown in weedfree fallow. The average yield through four years of the competitive variety testing (2016–2020) was 9.77 t/ha, which is on 0.96 t/ha higher than that of the standard variety ‘Ermak’. The variety ‘Donskaya Step’ is a middle-maturing variety that forms ears and ripens as the standard variety ‘Ermak’. The variety forms high and stable yields due to increased frost resistance, drought resistance and resistance to the main wheat leaf diseases.

Biological factor of humus reproduction in conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The paper considers a biological factor affecting the reproduction of humus and the maintenance of soil fertility in a region with unstable moisture. In the steppe zone of the Southern Urals, the humus formation process is affected by the amount of plant (stubble-root) residues entering the soil, which suggests the possibility of reducing the mineral fertilizers use. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the affecting of a set of field crops in crop rotations on the input of organic matter into the soil of the southern chernozem. The paper studies three variants of the experiment with different types of fallow. An increase of humus in the soil by 0.17% (in the percentage) was found in the crop rotation with fallow occupied by the summer sowing of Sudanese grass in comparison with grain-fallow with weed-free fallow. On average over 10 years, the largest volume of organic matter entered the soil during the cultivation of winter rye in a crop rotation with weed free-fallow (11.87 tons per 1 ha).

The new early-maturing winter bread wheat variety ‘Zhavoronok’

There has been presented the characteristics of the new early-maturing winter bread wheat variety ‘Zhavoronok’ according to economically valuable traits and properties. The development of early-maturing grain crop varieties is one of the main issues of grain production. The combination of a relatively short vegetation period with high productivity in one genotype helps to solve a number of agricultural concerns. This allows using techniques more systematic, reducing the intensity of harvesting and yield loss significantly, which occur when cultivating simultaneously maturing varieties on large areas. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the new early-maturing winter bread wheat variety ‘Zhavoronok’ on the basis of a set of economically valuable traits. The study was carried out in 2015–2019 with such forecrops as maize for grain, weedfree fallow, peas and sunflower. In the department of winter wheat breeding and seed production of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” a lot of work is being done on winter wheat breeding, and one of the important directions is the development of early-maturing varieties. The winter bread wheat variety ‘Zhavoronok’ has been included in the State List of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2020 and approved for use the North Caucasus and Nizhne-Volga regions. According to the length of the growing period, it belongs to the early-maturing group. Its high and stable productivity with various forecrops is explained by a complex of positive economically valuable traits and properties, such as high productivity of a head, resistance to lodging and brown rust, high frost resistance (the same as that of the variety ‘Don 107’). The variety ‘Zhavoronok’ is capable of producing good yields and full grain in arid years, its early maturity allows it to ‘escape’ drought, disease and other unfavorable conditions.

The effect of cultivation technologies on grain and pasta quality of the winter durum wheat varieties

The current paper has considered the effect of cultivation technologies of winter durum wheat varieties on their quality indicators through the years with varied weather conditions. The study was carried out in 2015-2019, in the conditions of laboratory and field trials. There have been studied such traits as nature weight, kernel hardness, protein percentage and gluten content of three zoned winter durum wheat varieties sown in weedfree fallow. There has been identified a proportion of the factors’ effect on quality indicators. In the curent study there was a range of mean values according to a variety, a year, a cultivation technology. Through the years of study, all variants of technologies contributed to larger grain nature weight, from 768 g/l in the variety ‘Donchanka’ to 792 g/l in the variety ‘Oniks’. The largest nature weight in the trials was established when using an intensive cultivation technology. Through different years of study, the highest protein percentage in grain was identified in 2016, it was 13.57-17.08%. Through three years, the largest gluten content in grain (30.06%) was identified in the variety ‘Oniks’ when using an intensive cultivation technology. The general assessment of pasta was 4-4.5 points.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ОЗИМОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ СОРТА КРАСА ДОНА

The climate of the Rostov region is gradually becoming arid. Therefore, winter wheat crops suffer from autumn drought, which results in germination decrease and the necessity to increase the seeding rate. However, new varieties developed in the Agricultural research center “Donskoy” have high energy of tillering both in autumn and in spring, which makes it possible to reduce the seeding rates without crop productivity decrease. The purpose of the current study was to determine the optimal seeding rates for soft winter wheat variety ‘Krasa Dona’ at different planting dates, which allow obtaining high yields with maximum economic efficiency of grain production. The trials were carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in 2017–2019. The current study has shown that planting dates significantly affect the productivity of winter bread wheat variety ‘Krasa Dona’ sown after such preceding crops as weedfree fallow and sunflower. When the variety was sown in a weedfree fallow on September 10, the productivity was 7.43–7.62 t/ha, on September 20 it was 8.12–8.26 t/ha, on September 30 it was 7.96–8.11 t/ha, on October 10 it was 7.31–7.62, i.e. there was a significant difference between the variants with seeding rates only at the late sowing period. The seeding rate increase at the late sowing periods, even with profitability decrease, has contributed to an additional conditional net income of up to 1470–1670 rubles/ha due to productivity improvement. Depending on a sowing period, the productivity of the winter bread wheat sown after sunflower was 5.23–5.92 t/ha. Furthermore, an increase in seeding rate from 5 to 6–7 million/ha resulted in productivity increase only by 0.08–0.23 t/ha. When ‘Krasa Dona’ was sown on September 20, September 30 and October 10, the maximum conditional net income 27554–32174 rubles/ha at a seeding rate of 6 million/ha was obtained, that was 536–1064 rubles/ha more than in the variant with a seeding rate of 5 million/ha. Different planting dates and seeding rates had no significant effect on the qualitative traits of grain.

The productivity and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors of the facultative barley varieties sown in the autumn and spring

The current paper has presented the study results of the facultative barley varieties of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in the conditions of the Republic of Crimea. The study was carried out in 2017-2019 on the experimental plots of the department of introduction and technologies in field cultivation and animal husbandryof the FSBSI Research Institute of Agriculture of the Crimea, located in the village of Klepinino of Krasnogvardeisky district, in the central steppe zone of the peninsula. There has been studied the productivity of six facultative varieties (developed in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”) in comparison with the variety ‘Dostoyny' (developed in the Breeding and Genetic Institute of the National Center for Seed and Variety Study of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ukraine). The varieties were sown in the autumn and spring, at the optimum sowing time for winter grain crops. The trials were conducted with the grain crops sown in weedfree fallow and after sunflower. The spring barley variety ‘Strannik' (the Prikumskaya Experimental Breeding Station) was used as a control variety for spring sowing. When sowing in the autumn in weedfree fallow, the varieties ‘Foks 1' and ‘Master' were at the level of the standard variety with the productivity of 6.37 and 6.32 t/ha, respectively. When sowing in the spring, the early ripening varieties ‘Master' (2.92 t/ha), ‘Tigr' (2.88 t/ha) and ‘Foks 1' (2.70 t/ha) were the best ones, which in 2018 and 2019 significantly exceeded the standard variety ‘Dostoyny'. In 2018 the varieties ‘Vivat' and ‘Tigr' formed the productivity at the level of the standard variety when sown after sunflower in the autumn. In 2019 the best yields were produced by the variety ‘Timofey' with 3.62 t/ha (+0.17 t/ha to the standard value) and ‘Master' (+0.10 t/ha). Under more favorable conditions of 2019, when sowing in the spring the facultative varieties ‘Foks 1' and ‘Master' produced 1.89 t/ha, significantly exceeding the standard variety ‘Dostoyny' on 0.64 t/ha each. When sown after sunflower the varieties ‘Master' produced on average 1.2 t/ha (+0.32 t / ha to the standard value) and ‘Foks 1' (+0.15 t/ha).

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕДШЕСТВЕННИКОВ И ФОНА ПИТАНИЯ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ТВЁРДОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАСУШЛИВОЙ СТЕПИ ОРЕНБУРГСКОГО ПРЕДУРАЛЬЯ

The purpose of the research is the yield increase of spring wheat under arid steppe of the Orenburg pre-Urals con-ditions. Stationary long term field experience was laid on the site of the Kuibyshev's experimental production farm located in Orenburg district. Crop rotations and hard spring wheat monocrop have been studied for 30 years. The two-factor experimental design, consisting of four repetitions was developed. The results of long-term stationary studies for 1990-2019 involving five rotations and hard spring wheat monocrop are presented. Weather conditions, the precursor type and nutrient status are the major factors affecting the hard spring wheat yield. The number of hyperarid years when hard spring wheat yield was less than 5 C per 1 ha in the first rotation amounted to 1 year, in the second – 2, in the third and the fourth – 3 years, in the fifth – 5 years. A significant hard spring wheat increase in yield on the basis of fertilized ground over 30 years was noted on weedfree fallow – 6 years, conservation tillage – 10, green manured – 8, winter – 12, corn – 13 and peas – 4 years, monocrop – 10 years. The highest yield of hard spring wheat for five rotations was on weedfree fallow, conservation tillage and green manured areas (average for two nutrient status), respectively, 11.4, 11.4 and 11.6 C per 1 ha, after winter crops – 10.3 C, corn for silage – 9.3 C, peas – 9.0 C and monocrop – 7.7 C per 1 ha. The yield increase from the fertilized ground was obtained within five rotations 
 respectively for these precursors: 0.4, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0, 0.8, 0.3 and 0.9 C from 1 ha.
 The research was carried out in accordance with the plan for 2020-2021developed by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Acade-my of Sciences» (№ 0761-2019-0003).

The choice of the terms and methods of nitrogen additional fertilizing for winter bread wheat in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current paper has presented the results of three years’ study (2012–2014) of the application of various terms and methods of nitrogen additional fertilizing for the winter bread wheat variety “Stanichnaya”. There has been studied efficiency of various terms and methods of nitrogen additional fertilizing with various forecrops. There has been identified an effect of these additional fertilizing on winter bread wheat productivity according to the forecrops. In the control variant, the productivity of the variety according to the forecrop depended greatly on the forecrops: 5.52 t/ha (weedfree fallow), 5.26 t/ha (peas), 4.29 t/ha (maize for grains) and 3.57 t/ha (winter wheat). There has been identified large productivity in the autumn ammonium nitrate fertilizing by the scattering method (in all variants of the forecrops), the productivity raised on 0.38–0.73 t/ha. The study has shown that the economic effect of the ammonium nitrate fertilizing in the autumn was also at maximum profitability, 76–154%, and the conditional net income was 10 675–22 955 rubles/ha. The efficiency of ammonium nitrate fertilizing by the scattering method in the spring on thawed/frozen soil was lower, the productivity increase ranged from 0.21 t/ha sown after peas to 0.65 t/ha sown after maize. Root additional fertilizing with a seeder gave a positive effect only when the variety was sown after for winter wheat and maize, in that case the productivity increase was 0.52 t/ha and 0.46 t/ha, respectively. The conditional net income in these variants exceeded the control variant on 1574–2123 rubles/ha. Carbamide (urea) additional fertilizing was only effective for the variety sown after maize, where the productivity increase was 0.40 t/ha, but profitability (100%) and conditional net income (16 593 rubles/ha) were lower than with ammonium nitrate fertilizing by the scattering method in the spring (112% and 18 080 rubles/ha respectively).

The efect of bio products and fertilizers on yield structure elements and productivity of winter wheat varieties grown in the Don area

The current paper has presented the data on the efect of bio products “Extrasol”, “Rostok”, “Aquamix” and water-soluble “Aquarin 5” and “Aquarin 9” on productivity and yield structure elements of the intensive winter wheat variety “Niva Stavropoliya” and the half-intensive variety “Viktoriya” sown after oilseed fax on the fertilized felds. There has been established that the largest yields of the variety “Niva Stavropoliya” (5.59 t/ha) and of the variety “Viktoriya” (3.7 t/ha) were formed under the compound use of fertilizers and bio products as follow: Р60К40 before sowing (in a weedfree fallow) and N60Р60К40 (sown after oilseed fax) + N30 in the tillering phase + N30 in the phase of head formation + “Aquamix” (0.1 l/t in seed treatment) + “Aquarin 5” (2 l/ha in the tillering phase) + “Aquarin 9” (2 l/ha in the phase of head formation). There has been identifed that the main yield structure elements of the studied varieties showed their largest values under the compound use of the bio products “Aquamix” and water-soluble “Aquarin 5” and “Aquarin 9” on the fertilized felds. On average for 3 years the variety “Niva Stavropoliya” showed the increase of ‘number of ears’ from 413 pcs per m2 in the control variant, and to 432–467 pcs per m2 in the treated variants. the variety “Victoria 11” had 357 pcs per m2 in the control variant and 379–415 pcs per m2 in the treated variants. In addition, in comparison with the control variants, there has been identifed an increase of other yield structure elements, namely “number of grains per head”, “grain weight per head” and “1000-grain weight”.