Weed Management Techniques Research Articles

FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFER AMONG PARTICIPANTS OF ADOPTED VILLAGE EXTENSION PROJECT IN KADUNA AND NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed the factors influencing utilization of agricultural technologies transfer among participants of Adopted Village Extension Project (AVEP) in Kaduna and Niger State, Nigeria. A Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 246 participants of AVEP for the study comprising of 131 and 115 participants from Kaduna and Niger States, respectively. Primary data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire complemented with an interview schedule. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Technology Adoption Index (TAI) and Tobit regression analysis. The results reveal that the mean age of the participants in Kaduna and Niger States were 38 and 31 years, with a mean household size of 7 and 5 people, and mean farming experience of 14 and 10 years, respectively. The various agricultural technologies transferred to participants in Kaduna State among crop production were storage techniques (83.5%), improved seeds (80.0%) and weed management techniques (78.3%) ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively, while participants in Niger State indicated improved seed (90.1%), weed management techniques (83.2%) and planting techniques (78.6%) ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. More so, among the livestock production technologies transferred to participants in Kaduna State were improved animal breeds (8706%), hybrid broilers (80.0%) and improved feed formulation (80.0%) ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively, while participants in Niger State indicated improved animal breeds (92.4%), hybrid broilers (82.4%) and hybrid layers (74.1%) ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Respondents’ age (-2.05; p<0.05), education (1.76; p<0.10), awareness of technology (2.16; p<0.05), compatibility (4.35; p<0.01), relative advantage (1.98; p<0.10) and cost (-3.22; p<0.01) influences participants’ utilization of agricultural technologies transferred through AVEP in Kaduna State, while age (-2.41; p<0.05), education (2.02; p<0.05), farm size (2.54; P<0.01), awareness of technology (2.09; p<0.05), compatibility (3.12; p<0.01), relative advantage (1.74; p<0.10) and cost (-2.97; p<0.01) influences participants’ utilization of agricultural technologies transferred through AVEP in Niger State. The study concluded that socio-economic and institutional factors highlighted above significantly influences utilization of agricultural technologies by the respondents in the study area. It was therefore recommended that, for efficient transfer of agricultural technologies, there is need for increased sensitization by the research institutes on relative advantages of technologies adoption and utilization for greater output and income.

Perspectives of adopting integrated weed management in Brazil

Extensive agricultural production areas have made Brazil a key global producer of food and fibres, and a major consumer of herbicides. The country also excels in the field of genetically modified crops. However, challenges like limited technical support for small stakeholders and economic factors have made weed resistance problematic across various cropping systems in Brazil. Despite its growing importance, integrated weed management still faces hurdles in its full adoption. This paper discusses integrated weed management techniques within Brazil's production chains and explores management possibilities within the current technological and economic frameworks. A literature review focused on integrated weed management and its adoption in Brazilian cropping systems was conducted. It is crucial to note that the choice of integrated management techniques should be based on local conditions and challenges, technological levels, and a balance of cost, productivity, sustainability, and diversity. The paper also covers the dynamics of integrated management in response to climate change and emphasizes the significance of community involvement and education. It highlights recent and emerging technologies for managing herbicide-resistant weeds, and how this knowledge can advance integrated weed management in Brazil.

Evaluating the effects of manual hoeing and selective herbicides on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and profitability

The objective of this study was to evaluate maize production and the economic profitability of weed management techniques. Field trials were conducted at the Kasapa farm during the 2021/22 growing seasons using a split-plot design with three repetitions. The main factor was the herbicides applied in pre-emergence alone (2L ha−1: acetochlor, bentazon, imazethapyr and 60 g ha−1 chlorimuron-ethyl), then mixed (1L ha−1: acetochlor plus bentazon plus imazethapyr plus 30g ha−1chlorimuron-ethyl), manual hoeing (3-5WAS) including the non-weeding. The secondary factor: maize varieties (GV672A, GV673A, GV664A and Sam4vita). The highest maize dry grain yield (7.66 t ha−1) was associated with imazethapyr, while those of acetochlor and chlorimuron-ethyl (6.86 and 6.92 t ha−1) compared to manual hoeing (7.62 t ha−1, respectively) were low, but much higher than no weeding (1.21 t ha−1). The yields of varieties GV672A and GV664A were higher (6.87 and 6.77 t ha−1), compared to Sam4vita (5.64 t ha−1). The total dry weight of weeds was negatively correlated with all crop parameters, with its maximum value (127.56 g m−2) characterizing non-weeding, and the minimum for manual hoeing (18.83 g m−2). The Ratio Cost Value showed that all treatments were profitable: imazethapyr > bentazon > chlorimuron-ethyl > combination > acetochlor > manual hoeing. However, imazethapyr was economically more profitable and could replace manual hoeing when the field to be weeded increases and labor is scarce.

Weed Management in Wheat: A Review

Wheat is the major staple food crop of India as well as of world. There is a need to enhance the production to feed the growing population in near future. There are many factors responsible for reduction in yield and weed infestation is one of the principle reasons among them. Weeds compete with the crops for various essential resources and do not allow the main crop plant to grow properly and have good yield. Its eradication from the field is very important for the farmers to achieve a higher produce. Different weed management techniques are used to control weeds such as mechanical methods, cultural methods and chemical methods. Chemical method of weed control is becoming very popular as well as effective against weed control due to low input cost. Different herbicides are used to control mixed flora of weeds in wheat crop according to their time of application or the type of target weed. Therefore, selection of effective measure to control the weed is essential for the better yield of crops.

Effect of Different Integrative Weed Management Tactics on Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) during kharif in terai Region of West Bengal

Background: Now a days chemical control measures alone develops resistance in different weed species. Integrative weed management techniques are more effective and sustainable than chemical management. Based on these facts, a field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2019 and 2020 at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya to investigate the impact of integrative weed management treatments on growth attributes, yield attributes, yield, weed indices and economics of paddy. Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. In each replication, five integrated weed management treatments were done namely, pretilachlor + paddy weeder (P1), pyrazosulfuron followed by metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl (P2), bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder (P3), completely no weed (P4) and No treatment (P5). Result: Among the chemical and integrative weed control options, bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder i.e., treatment P3 showed significantly better results than others in case of all the growth attributes and yield attributes except 1000-grain weight. Significantly higher grain yield than all other treatments were recorded in treatment P4 i.e., complete weed free (6.68 t ha-1) followed by treatment P3 i.e., bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder (6.54 t ha-1). Among all the treatments, weed indices like weed control index (80.17, 72.30 and 82.51% at 30, 45 and 60 DAT, respectively) and weed control efficiency (76.48, 79.01 and 80.79% at 30, 45 and 60 DAT, respectively) showed highest results on all the dates whereas weed persistence index at 90 DAT (0.91) and weed index (2.10%) were calculated lowest in treatment P3 i.e., bispyribac sodium + paddy weeder after treatment P4 i.e., completely no weed treatment. This study also indicated rice treated with P4 i.e., weed free showed highest gross return (₹116700 ha-1) and rice treated with P3 i.e., bispyribac sodium at 15 DAT + paddy weeder at 30 DAT showed highest net return (₹59269 ha-1) and benefit:cost (2.07).

Controlled release herbicide formulation for effective weed control efficacy

Controlled release formulation (CRF) of herbicide is an effective weed management technique with less eco-toxicity than other available commercial formulations. To maximise the effectiveness of CRFs however, it is crucial to understand the herbicide-releasing behaviour at play, which predominately depends on the interaction mechanisms between active ingredients and carrier materials during adsorption. In this study, we investigated and modelled the adsorption characteristics of model herbicide 2,4-D onto two organo-montmorillonites (octadecylamine- and aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified) to synthesise polymer-based CRFs. Herbicide-releasing behaviour of the synthesised CRF microbeads was then analysed under various experimental conditions, and weed control efficacy determined under glasshouse conditions. Results revealed that adsorption of 2,4-D onto both organo-montmorillonites follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and is predominately controlled by the chemisorption process. However, multi-step mechanisms were detected in the adsorption on both organoclays, hence intra-particle diffusion is not the sole rate-limiting step for the adsorption process. Both organoclays followed the Elovich model, suggesting they have energetically heterogeneous surfaces. Herbicide-releasing behaviours of synthesised beads were investigated at various pH temperatures and ionic strengths under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Furthermore, weed control efficacy of synthesised beads were investigated using pot studies under glasshouse condition. Desorption studies revealed that both synthesised microbeads have slow releasing behaviour at a wide range of pHs (5–9), temperatures (25–45 °C), and ionic strengths. The results also revealed that synthesised microbeads have excellent weed control efficacy on different broad-leaf weed species under glasshouse conditions.

Effect of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Growth Performance and Yield of Direct Sown Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Background: Finger millet is an important dryland crops since they can tolerate unfavorable weather and are frequently planted in soils with low nutrient and poor water holding capacity in soils. The main cause for yield loss is weed infestation which occurs in finger millet. Several integrated weed management techniques were carried out to control them particularly and to increase yield which benefits farmers. Methods: In this context a field experiment was conducted in Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, during Rabi season of 2022-23 in direct sown finger millet under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with ten treatments and three replications viz., PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, Hand weeding @ 25 and 40 DAS, Twin wheel hoe @ 25 and 40 DAS, Hand weeding @ 25 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 40 DAS and Unweeded control. The CO 14 finger millet was used a test variety with 110 days medium duration. Result: The result showed that pre-emergence pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding @ 30 DAS significantly decreased weed density, importance value index and summed dominance ratio of weeds with higher weed control. The same treatment combination recorded higher plant height (115.8 cm) and grain yield (2368 kg ha-1) at harvest.

Emerging weed management techniques in agriculture: Harvest weed seed control, weed-tolerant cultivars and foam weed control

Emerging weed management techniques in agriculture: Harvest weed seed control, weed-tolerant cultivars and foam weed control

Effects of weed management techniques on yield and yield-related characteristics on rabi season onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. N-53

Effects of weed management techniques on yield and yield-related characteristics on rabi season onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. N-53

Ecology and Diversity of Weed Communities in the Northern Andes under Different Anthropogenic Pressures

Weeds can have both positive and negative effects on agricultural environments. However, despite the growing interest in the ecology of weed communities in agricultural areas, a few studies have been carried out in the northern region of the Andes of Colombia, where urban and agricultural expansion have generated highly disturbed scenarios. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of vegetation and weed seed banks in three agricultural production systems and a forest ecosystem in the northern Andes of Colombia. Hill numbers were used to compare diversity, Beta diversity to assess changes in composition, and range—abundance–dominance curves at different sites. Likewise, indicator species were analyzed to find species associations to each system. The results revealed differences in the composition of weeds between the forest ecosystem and the agricultural production systems, with higher equitability in the forest ecosystem and higher dominance in agricultural systems. Significant differentiation was observed among the dominant species within each agricultural system, particularly highlighting those species considered pests due to their unique life history traits. These traits confer them with a greater advantage in the face of various anthropogenic selection pressures. These findings highlight the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the ecological dynamics of weed communities in different ecosystems, which should be considered when planning integrated weed management techniques.

Effect of Chemical and Non-Chemical Weed Management Practices in Direct Seeded Rice

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu, India during the Summer of 2022 to study the effect of herbicide combination and non-chemical weed management techniques in puddled direct seeded rice. The experiment was laidout in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments include Pre emergence (PE) Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 20 g ha-1, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 70% WDG @ 21 g ha-1, Post emergence (PoE) Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 25 g ha-1, Power weeder, Hand weeding (HW), Weed free and Weedy check. The results revealed that, among different weed control treatments, PE application of Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 20 g ha-1 on 3 DAS fb (PoE) Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 25 g ha-1 on 20 DAS fb Power weeder at 30 DAS fb Hand weeding at 45 DAS (T5) recorded higher grain yield of 5422 kg ha-1 and B: C ratio of 2.35. The higher weed control efficiency of 83.52 % and 55.47 % was recorded at 30 and 60 DAS. Hence,it can be concluded that combination of PE (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 20 g ha-1 on 3 DAS) and POE (Bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 25 g ha-1 on 20 DAS) herbicides along with non-chemical weed management technique (power weeder at 30 DAS and HW at 45 DAS) was found to be effective for weed control in direct seeded puddled lowland rice to deal with the issues of labour shortage and weed infestation faced by farmers.

Effect of Tillage and Weed Management Practices on Dry Matter, Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Plant and Depletion by Weed in Lentil Crop (Lens culinaris M.)

Aims: To evaluate the impact of tillage and weed management techniques on Plant dry weight, Yield, nutrient uptake by plant and depletion by weed in lentil crop (Lens culinaris M.).
 Place and Duration of Study: A field study was conducted at Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India, from Oct 2020 to Mar 2021.
 Methodology: The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three tillage practices (M1: Zero tillage, M2: Minimum tillage, and M3: Conventional tillage), while subplots included five weed management practices [T1: control, T2: 1 hand weeding at 20 DAS, T3: chlorimuron-ethyl 4 g/ha (pre-emergence) + paddy straw mulching (5.0 t/ha), T4: quizalofop-ethyl 40 g/ha at 20 DAS (post-emergence) and T5: chlorimuron-ethyl 4 g/ha (pre-emergence) + quizalofop-ethyl 40 g/ha at 20 DAS (post-emergence)].
 Results: Among the tillage practices conventional found most effective in term of increasing plant dry weight, grain yield, straw yield, nutrient uptake by crop while effectively reduce the weed dry matter and nutrient depletion by the weed. Among the weed management practices hand weeding proved to be the most effective weed management practice, leading to higher plant dry matter, grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake by crop and least weed dry matter weight and nutrient depletion by weeds. Among the chemical weeding chlorimuron ethyl (PE) + paddy straw mulching showed comparable effectiveness to hand weeding in all the parameters. These results highlight the importance of tillage practices and effective weed management techniques in optimizing plant growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and weed control.

Influence of weed management practices on direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed and irrigated agroecosystems

Rice seedlings and weeds emerge concurrently in direct-seeded rice (DSR) production systems, while there is no flooding water to inhibit weed germination, emergence and development at crop emergence. Because of this, weeds are considered the biggest living barrier in DSR and significantly reduce yield. The purpose of the research was to devise an approach for management of weeds in the direct-seeded rice crop cultivated under various agroecosystems, while optimizing growth and production utilizing herbicides or herbicidal combinations. The impacts of several weed management techniques were assessed to determine the most efficient and cost-effective approach of managing weeds in DSR at the CoA, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during 2019 rainy season under spilt plot design with 2 main plot treatments viz., rainfed agroecosystem, irrigated agroecosystem and 8 sub-plot treatments, i.e. different herbicide treatments with hand weeding and weedy check. Further growth parameters as well as yield attributes were documented. Conventional statistical techniques were used to evaluate the data. Bispyribac sodium at the dose of 25 g/ha efficiently controlled both narrow and broad leaved weeds under agroecosystems. Highest growth as well as yield parameters were recorded for irrigated agroecosystems compared to rainfed agroecosystems. The treatment with bispyribac sodium at the dose of 25 g/ha produced the greatest values for growth and yield indices as well as the maximum yield (3.68 t/ha), with the exception of manual weeding.

Weed phyto-sociology and diversity in relation to conservation agriculture and weed management strategies in Northwestern Himalayas of India

To create weed management techniques capable of improving agroecosystem sustainability, it is essential to comprehend the different weed flora composition and diversification dynamics in conservation agriculture production systems. In North Western Himalaya from 2018 to 2020, evaluation of various tillage techniques with and without residue incorporation and weed management techniques on diverse weed flora composition was performed. Fifteen treatment amalgamations of five tillages viz. CT (conventional tillage) in maize-CT in wheat, CT-ZT (ZT, zero tillage), ZT-ZT, ZT-ZTR (ZTR, zero tillage in amalgamation with remainder integration) & ZTR-ZTR and three weed management practices viz. H (suggested herbicide in maize)-H (suggested herbicide in wheat), IWM-IWM (IWM, integrated weed supervision) & HW-HW; (HW, hand weeding) were calculated in strip plot design. Significant differences (p = 0.05) of weed density and total weed count were recorded during summer (maize) and winter (wheat) seasons. Among tillage treatments, lowest weed population and total weed population were recorded in conservation tillage (ZTR-ZTR) in summer and conservative tillage followed by zero tillage in winter season (CT-ZT), respectively. IWM-IWM and H-H had a least weed population and total weed population in summer and winter seasons, respectively. Highest important value index during summer and winter seasons was recorded in Echinochloa colona (55.90%) and Avena ludoviciana (76.99%), respectively. Higher Shannon Wiener index and Evenness were recorded for CT+HW-CT+HW (1.83, 0.91) and ZT+IWM-ZTR+IWM (1.73, 0.86) which indicate higher weed species diversity during summer and winter seasons, respectively. ZTR-ZTR led to less diverse weed diversity compared to intensive conventional tillage (CT-CT) practices. However, higher Simpson’s diversity was recorded for CT+HW-CT+HW, i.e. 0.83 and 0.82 for maize and wheat, respectively, compared to the other conventional tillage treatments. This study helps in understanding the crop-weed relation such that the implementation of sound and economic weeds management strategies. Further, long-term experiments are required in order to interpret the complicated relationships of diverse weed species under different tillage and weed management strategies for sustainable and adoptive conservation agriculture production system for North Western Himalayas.

Performances of Transplanted Spring Rice Under Different Weed Management Techniques in Kapilbastu, Nepal

At Banganga, Kapilbastu, Nepal, a field experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 to determine the performances of transplanted spring rice under different weed management techniques. With five treatments and four replications, the experiment was structured as a single-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments consisted of Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide, Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT, Hand weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT, Cono-weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT and control. The plots treated with Pretilachlor plus hand weeding recorded a significantly higher plant height (99cm), higher number of effective tillers per meter square (11.97), higher panicle length (26cm), and higher number of grains per panicle (200.60) at 90 DAT. The sterility percentage and the no. of grains per panicle were not affected by the weed management practices. Cono-weeding was found statistically superior in terms of grain yield (6.09 Mt ha-1) and harvest index (42.10 %). The experiment concluded that the weed management practices affect the grain yield of transplanted spring rice.

Weed Identification in Agricultural Fields Using Machine Learning Techniques

Weeds compete with crops for water, nutrients, and sunshine, which is one of the most detrimental restraints on crop development. They also constitute a danger to agricultural output. The loss of worldwide productivity due to weeds and pests is likely to rise over the next few years. Using herbicide spray particularly in the field where the weeds are present is an efficient technique to manage the problem. For the weed control system to be properly deployed, weeds must be accurately and precisely detected. Traditional weed management techniques, however, take a long time and a lot of human resources, and they may have an adverse effect on the environment. To overcome this a model called Automatic weed management, a potential remedy that makes use of deep learning and machine learning approaches, has emerged to deal with these issues. This method increases agricultural productivity and reduces herbicides.

Response of Nutrient and Weed Management Techniques on Semi Dry Rice Growth, Yield Parameters and Yield in Telangana

Response of Nutrient and Weed Management Techniques on Semi Dry Rice Growth, Yield Parameters and Yield in Telangana

Herbicide Resistance and Its Management Strategies - A Review

Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem

Comparing manual and mechanical weed management techniques for upland organic rice in acidic soil of Meghalaya: A on-farm study

Comparing manual and mechanical weed management techniques for upland organic rice in acidic soil of Meghalaya: A on-farm study

Herbicide Resistance and Its Management Strategies - A Review

Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem.