Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Full Scale Research Articles

Relationship between IQ and memory and executive function in first episode schizophrenia

The goal of the present investigation was to analyze data from the standardization sample of the 1981 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) to determine the relationships of WAIS-R IQs to the demographic variables upon which the sample was stratified. The sample included 1, 880 adults stratified according to sex and age (equal numbers of males and females within nine groups), race, occupation, urban-rural residence, geographic region, and education. There were 1, 664 whites, 192 blacks, and 24 from other nonwhite groups. Analyses of variance were conducted separately for Verbal (VIQ), Performance (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). The differences in mean IQs due to sex, urban-rural residence, and geographic regions were nonsignificant. However, there were significant differences that were due to race and education level, and there were also sizeable differences noted for occupational groups. There was a 1412-point difference in favor of whites over blacks on FSIQ. Differences due to education and occupation were striking: College graduates earned FSIQs that were 3212 points higher than the FSIQs of individuals with 7 years or less of schooling, and professional and technical workers outscored unskilled workers on the WAIS-R Full Scale by 22 points.

Relationship of iq to verbal learning and memory: Test and retest

The relationship between Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) IQ and performance on measures of memory was examined in 64 adults tested twice at a 2-week interval. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that individuals with Low-Average WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores performed significantly more poorly than did individuals with Average and High-Average Full Scale IQs on memory measures including the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) General Memory and Delayed Recall indices, as well as California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Total Words, Learning Slope, and Discriminability. Although all three groups demonstrated significant practice effects on each memory measure, group differences in performance persisted at retest. Multiple regression analyses revealed that WAIS-R factor scores Verbal Comprehension and Freedom from Distractibility accounted for up to 42% of the variance in WMS-R and CVLT indices. Moreover, WAIS-R performance at initial testing accounted for 22–41 % of the variance in memory performance at retest These results are discussed in the context of the construct stabilities of intelligence and memory, as well as the psychometric precision of the tests used to measure these constructs.

Memory and intellectual deficits do not decline with age in schizophrenia

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are reported to be more consistent with a static encephalopathy than a dementing disorder. This study investigates memory and intellectual decline in 62 chronic schizophrenic subjects using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R), the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test and the National Adult Reading Test (NART) in a cross-sectional study using five age cohorts (18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 and 60–69 years of age) and then by two cohorts (young: 18–39; older: 40–69). A second method of investigating intellectual decline was implemented by estimating the discrepancy score between WAIS-R (current IQ) and NART (premorbid IQ) for each subject. No significant differences were found in WAIS-R Full Scale, Verbal and Performance IQ and memory functioning across the five age cohorts (and when using two age groups). A significant difference in test scores was found using the Picture Completion and Digit Symbol subtests of the WAIS-R. The differences were not related to age or duration of illness. No significant difference in scores were evident in the remaining WAIS-R subtests. These results support previous findings that schizophrenia is more consistent with a static encephalopathy than a dementing disorder and that intellectual and memory function does not markedly decline with age.

Clinical utility of a seven subtest WAIS-R short form in the neuropsychological assessment of traumatic brain injury

Comparison of IQ scores from the standard Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Ward (1990) seven-subtest short form (WAIS-R/7 SF) was performed on a sample of 459 patients with traumatic brain injury due to head trauma. The results indicate that this short form provides Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores that vary little from the complete WAIS-R, at approximately one-half the typical administration time. The seven subtest short form predicted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ within 6 points in 95% of this clinical sample, with Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies that were highly correlated (r(s) =.85, p <.0001). No differential gender effect in proration of IQs was found. Applications and pitfalls of abbreviated neuropsychological testing batteries are discussed, with utilization of the WAIS-R/7 SF offered as a means to reduce intelligence testing time while maintaining the ability to detect subtle information processing abnormalities with appropriate supplemental tasks.

Clinical utility of a seven subtest WAIS-R short form in the neuropsychological assessment of traumatic brain injury

Comparison of IQ scores from the standard Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Ward (1990) seven-subtest short form (WAIS-R/7 SF) was performed on a sample of 459 patients with traumatic brain injury due to head trauma. The results indicate that this short form provides Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores that vary little from the complete WAIS-R, at approximately one-half the typical administration time. The seven subtest short form predicted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ within 6 points in 95% of this clinical sample, with Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies that were highly correlated (r s = .85, p < .0001). No differential gender effect in proration of IQs was found. Applications and pitfalls of abbreviated neuropsychological testing batteries are discussed, with utilization of the WAIS-R/7 SF offered as a means to reduce intelligence testing time while maintaining the ability to detect subtle information processing abnormalities with appropriate supplemental tasks.

A comparison of the NART (restandardized) and the NART‐R (revised)

The ability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Nelson & Willison, 1991) and the revised NART (NART-R; Crawford, 1990) to estimate IQ was examined in a healthy sample (N = 47) using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) scores as the criterion. Mean estimated IQs from the NART-R were not significantly different from the WAIS-R Full Scale and Performance IQ, but the NART-R significantly overestimated Verbal IQ by 2.5 points. Nelson & Willison's (1991) NART equations significantly overestimated Full Scale and Verbal IQ by 5.3 and 5.5 IQ points respectively. The NART-R had significantly higher correlations with Full Scale and Verbal IQ than the NART.

Concurrent validity of three WAIS—R short forms in psychiatric inpatients.

Several investigators have proposed short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) to provide more cost-effective estimates of intellectual ability. The present study compared the concurrent validity of Silverstein's (1982) 2-subtest, Doppelt's (1956) 4-subtest, and Ward's (1990) 7-subtest short forms in predicting the WAIS-R Full Scale IQs of 304 psychiatric inpatients

Concurrent validity of three WAIS--R short forms in psychiatric inpatients.

Several investigators have proposed short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) to provide more cost-effective estimates of intellectual ability. The present study compared the concurrent validity of Silverstein's (1982) 2-subtest, Doppelt's (1956) 4-subtest, and Ward's (1990) 7-subtest short forms in predicting the WAIS-R Full Scale IQs of 304 psychiatric inpatients

WAIS-R and MMPI profiles of men who have sexually assaulted children: evidence of limited utility.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) data were compiled on 101 male sexual offenders of children, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles were compiled for a subsample of 81 of these subjects in a replication and extension of the Hall, Maiuro, Vitaliano, and Proctor (1986) MMPI study. The MMPI profiles were heterogeneous and had multiple elevations. No significant relationships between the WAIS-R Full Scale IQ, WAIS-R Performance IQ Minus Verbal IQ Index, or the MMPI scales, and offense characteristics were obtained. These results support the hypothesis of Hall et al. (1986) that psychometric instruments may be of limited utility in characterizing or differentiating among sexual offenders on the basis of criminological variables.

Relationship between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised in a Sample of Normal Adults

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R) were administered as part of a psychological assessment battery. Data were collected from 121 adults and correlations calculated between WRAT-R subtests and WAIS-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs; and WAIS-R scaled scores. A Multiple Regression Analysis was carried out using the WRAT-R subtests as independent variables and Full Scale IQ as the dependent variable. Verbal IQ and Full Scale IQ were found to be better predictors of WRAT-R scores than Performance IQ. Results replicate the patterns observed by other researchers, found in samples with differing characteristics, being also similar to those found for the unrevised Wechsler Scales and the unrevised WRAT. The correlations, however, were generally lower.

Comparison of the WAIS and WAIS—R: Different results for different IQ groups.

Using a procedure that eliminated repetition of identical items, thus avoiding order effects, we administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAis-Revised to 108 subjects. AH correlations between the two tests were significant and similar to those reported in the WAISR manual. For the group as a whole, verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores on the WAIS-R were significantly lower than their respective WAIS scores; however, this difference was not consistent across IQ levels. Subjects of both average and borderline intelligence had WAIS IQ scores significantly above their WAIS-R scores. For the mildly retarded subjects, the performance IQs were equal for the WAIS and WAIS-R, whereas the WAIS-R verbal and full scale IQ scores were higher than the corresponding WAIS IQ scores. However, these score differences were small (1 point) and of little practical value. The differences of moderately retarded subjects, on the other hand, were large and in the reverse direction: The WAIS-R IQ scores were significantly higher than the WAIS IQ scores. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. When an established test is revised, evaluation of the equivalence of the two forms is necessary. Since the publication of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), several comparisons of IQ scores obtained on the WAIS-R and WAIS have been published. When using subjects of average or above intelligence, the researchers generally have found lower IQ scores on the WAIS-R than on the WAIS. The exceptions to this finding are three studies, one with high-IQ subjects (Edwards & Klein, 1984) and two with mentally retarded subjects (Simon & Clopton, 1984; Spitz, 1986). The order of administration of the two forms of the Wechsler tests had an effect in some studies, but not in others. In Table 1 we provide a summary of the published literature to date on comparisons of the WAIS and the WAIS-R. Evidence that the differences between WAIS and WAIS-R scores are less at either extreme of the IQ distribution is accumulating (e.g., Mitchell, Grandy, &

Demographic characteristics and IQ among adults: Analysis of the WAIS-R standardization sample as a function of the stratification variables

The goal of the present investigation was to analyze data from the standardization sample of the 1981 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) to determine the relationships of WAIS-R IQs to the demographic variables upon which the sample was stratified. The sample included 1, 880 adults stratified according to sex and age (equal numbers of males and females within nine groups), race, occupation, urban-rural residence, geographic region, and education. There were 1, 664 whites, 192 blacks, and 24 from other nonwhite groups. Analyses of variance were conducted separately for Verbal (VIQ), Performance (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). The differences in mean IQs due to sex, urban-rural residence, and geographic regions were nonsignificant. However, there were significant differences that were due to race and education level, and there were also sizeable differences noted for occupational groups. There was a 14 1 2 -point difference in favor of whites over blacks on FSIQ. Differences due to education and occupation were striking: College graduates earned FSIQs that were 32 1 2 points higher than the FSIQs of individuals with 7 years or less of schooling, and professional and technical workers outscored unskilled workers on the WAIS-R Full Scale by 22 points.

Comparison of the PPVT-R and WAIS-R in state hospital psychiatric patients.

This study examined the relationship between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) in 40 adult psychiatric inpatients. The tests were administered to the patients in counterbalanced order as part of their overall psychological evaluation. Mean scaled scores were obtained for both tests. There were no significant differences between PPVT-R scores and WAIS-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. Significant correlations between the PPVT-R and all three WAIS-R scores also were obtained. However, further analysis indicated a great deal of variability between individual PPVT-R and WAIS-R Full Scale scores. In addition, the PPVT-R was found to underestimate significantly the WAIS-R IQ scores of a subgroup (N = 13) of mildly mentally retarded subjects. A tendency for the PPVT-R to overestimate the WAIS-R as IQ improved also was noted.