WebGIS Application Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE WEB GIS APPLICATION TO SIMULATE HOUSING POTENTIAL AND DEMAND

Abstract. On 22.06.2021 the new law i.e., “Gesetz zur Mobilisierung von Bauland” (Baulandmobilisierungsgesetz) entered into force in Germany, enabling municipalities to give priority to building on inner-city open spaces at a higher building density. Especially for rural communities, where there are many underutilized properties and inner-city open spaces, there is great potential for redensification, which is addressed by the new legislation. Depending on the attractiveness of urban areas, many of the surrounding rural communities will experience an influx of population in the coming decades. The goal of this research work is to develop an interactive Web GIS application showing the housing potential and demand according to socio-demographic scenario for such a rural community. This application serves as a decision support system for the stakeholders i.e., the urban planning department of the municipality to re-densify the urban structure in a sustainable way. This work helps to build up a comprehensive geodatabase including all relevant physical, ecological, economic, and social aspects, which further locates and quantifies the potential open spaces and buildings gaps being suitable for redevelopment. Here, the housing potentials are divided into different constructional realization categories, which can be used for a realistic urban planning. The analyzed and calculated results will be visualized in a Web GIS application where the user is able to query and edit on different urban development scenarios.

How much inundation occurs in the Amazon River basin?

The Amazon River basin harbors some of the world's largest wetland complexes, which are of major importance for biodiversity, the water cycle and climate, and human activities. Accurate estimates of inundation extent and its variations across spatial and temporal scales are therefore fundamental to understand and manage the basin's resources. More than fifty inundation estimates have been generated for this region, yet major differences exist among the datasets, and a comprehensive assessment of them is lacking. Here we present an intercomparison of 29 inundation datasets for the Amazon basin, based on remote sensing only, hydrological modeling, or multi-source datasets, with 18 covering the lowland Amazon basin (elevation <500 m, which includes most Amazon wetlands), and 11 covering individual wetland complexes (subregional datasets). Spatial resolutions range from 12.5 m to 25 km, and temporal resolution from static to monthly, spanning up to a few decades. Overall, 31% of the lowland basin is estimated as subject to inundation by at least one dataset. The long-term maximum inundated area across the lowland basin is estimated at 599,700 ± 81,800 km2 if considering the three higher quality SAR-based datasets, and 490,300 ± 204,800 km2 if considering all 18 datasets. However, even the highest resolution SAR-based dataset underestimates the maximum values for individual wetland complexes, suggesting a basin-scale underestimation of ~10%. The minimum inundation extent shows greater disagreements among datasets than the maximum extent: 139,300 ± 127,800 km2 for SAR-based ones and 112,392 ± 79,300 km2 for all datasets. Discrepancies arise from differences among sensors, time periods, dates of acquisition, spatial resolution, and data processing algorithms. The median total area subject to inundation in medium to large river floodplains (drainage area > 1000 km2) is 323,700 km2. The highest spatial agreement is observed for floodplains dominated by open water such as along the lower Amazon River, whereas intermediate agreement is found along major vegetated floodplains fringing larger rivers (e.g., Amazon mainstem floodplain). Especially large disagreements exist among estimates for interfluvial wetlands (Llanos de Moxos, Pacaya-Samiria, Negro, Roraima), where inundation tends to be shallower and more variable in time. Our data intercomparison helps identify the current major knowledge gaps regarding inundation mapping in the Amazon and their implications for multiple applications. In the context of forthcoming hydrology-oriented satellite missions, we make recommendations for future developments of inundation estimates in the Amazon and present a WebGIS application (https://amazon-inundation.herokuapp.com/) we developed to provide user-friendly visualization and data acquisition of current Amazon inundation datasets.

Development of a webGIS Application to Assess Conflicting Activities in the Framework of Marine Spatial Planning

Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been established as the appropriate policy framework to study and resolve conflicts that arise among various activities. A pre-requisite for the successful implementation of MSP is the availability of efficient tools to support decision-makers and enhance stakeholders’ engagement. In this paper, a webGIS application is proposed that is able to assess the intensity of conflicts among marine activities; the area of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea was used as a case study. The webGIS application allows the visualization of existing activities, the delineation of conflicting activities, the detection of areas where multiple conflicts co-exist, and the delineation of areas of conflicts based on specific criteria. The webGIS application is available via a user-friendly interface as well as allowing interaction with users by providing them the opportunity to comment on the results and/or exchange ideas with other users of various groups; therefore, the participatory process, a creative stage in MSP, is further supported. The usefulness of such tools in coastal and marine planning and the decision-making process are further discussed.

RENDERING EQUIRECTANGULAR PROJECTIONS ACQUIRED WITH LOW-COST 360° CAMERAS

Abstract. A workflow for editing and rendering 360° images (also called spherical or equirectangular images) is illustrated and discussed. The aim was to develop a novel procedure able to overcome limitations induced by deformations in images acquired with low-cost 360° cameras. Editing and rendering are carried on equirectangular projections using a dynamic procedure that turns images into traditional central perspectives, enabling the user to change viewing directions, modify digital content, and store the changes in the original files. Integration of the rendered projections with traditional outputs of digital recording operations as well as other deliverables of the architectural restoration project is also discussed. Finally, the development of a web-GIS application that stores and shares multiple deliverables (including the newly proposed renders) is presented.

Possibilities for Assessment and Geovisualization of Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Data Using a WebGIS Application

The provision of webGIS-based water quality data services has become a priority area for both the public and administrative sectors in the context of the pandemic emergency associated with the global spread of COVID-19. Current geographic, monitoring and decision supporting systems, typically based on web-based geospatial information, greatly facilitate the sharing of spatial and temporal data from environmental databases and real-time analyses. In the present study, different water quality indices are determined, compared and geovisualized, during which the changes in the quality of the shallow groundwater resources of a settlement are examined in the period (2011–2019) in an eastern Hungarian settlement. Another objective of the research is to determine three water quality indices (Water Quality Index, CCME Water Quality Index, Contamination degree) and categorize water samples based on the same input spatial and temporal data using self-developed freely available geovisualization tools. Groundwater quality was assessed by using different water quality indices. Significant pollution of the groundwater in the time period before the installation of a sewage network was shown. Regarding water quality, significant positive changes were shown based on all three water quality indices in the years after installing a sewage network (2015–2019). The presence of pollution apart from the positive changes suggests that the purification processes will last for a long time.

Картографирование магнитной восприимчивости почв г. Чайковский

The article presents the results of an assessment of the heterogeneity of the volumetric magnetic susceptibility of soils in the city of Chaikovsky, Perm Territory, based on the results of its spatial modeling. Determination of magnetic susceptibility makes it possible to estimate the concentration of technogenic magnetic particles in urban soils. Their sources in the atmosphere and soil cover of urbanized landscapes are emissions from vehicles, thermal power plants, and industrial enterprises. The non-stoichiometric technogenic magnetite-maghemite complex of minerals in urban soils has an abnormally high magnetic susceptibility and contains potentially dangerous chemical elements belonging to the heavy metals (HM) group in the composition of the crystal lattice of magnetic particles. Cartographic materials make it possible to assess the environmental risk for city residents, identify unfavorable areas and conduct a spatial analysis of the relationship between their location and pollution sources. The purpose of the research is spatial modeling of the magnetic susceptibility of soils in the city of Chaikovsky. The research area covers a section of the city with a total area of 22 km². Spatial modeling was carried out using geostatistical and deterministic methods based on 140 points. As a result of cross-validation, it was found that the most accurate interpolation method is “Ordinary Kriging” with the help of which the boundaries of the contaminated areas of the city of Chaikovsky are established. Within these boundaries, soil samples were taken, in which the content of nickel, copper, zinc, and lead was determined. According to the data obtained, areas with high magnetic susceptibility of soils have higher concentrations of heavy metals. To bring the research results to the administration and residents of the city, a Web GIS application has been developed, access to which is organized through the GitHub platform.

Агроэкологическая типизация земель мелиорируемой территории в Нечерноземной зоне

Involvement in agricultural circulation of unused and unproductive lands and the formation of a rational structure of land is possible only if the conditions necessary for the growth and development of crops are created. he latter is impossible without land reclamation, which is carried out in order to increase the productivity and sustainability of agriculture, ensure guaranteed agricultural production based on the conservation and increase of land fertility. The purpose of the research is to carry out agroecological typification of the lands of the reclaimed area. The object of research is the territory of the Kondratovsky rural settlement, located in the Perm municipal District of the Perm Kray. Agricultural land use is of great importance in providing the region’s population with vegetable products. The total research area was 5815.6 ha, including 2682.79 ha of reclaimed land. The site includes 43 fields, the area of which was 2173.1 ha. For soil mapping, a large-scale soil map on a scale of 1:10,000 of the Verkhnemulinsky state farm was used. Based on the raster soil map, 1010 soil cartographic units were identified. Marsh lowland, alluvial marsh, soddy-gley, soddy podzolized soils, as well as their reclaimed analogues, were distinguished. According to the granulometric composition, heavy soils (clay and heavy loamy) predominate. An agroecological typification of the lands of the reclaimed territory of the Kondratovsky rural settlement was carried out. Agroecological typification is based on spatial data characterizing the relief of the floodplain, the soil cover and the current boundaries of the agricultural use of the territory. The agroecological grouping of soils was performed using the Aggregation GIS-analysis function. On the reclaimed territory, one agroecological group has been identified—floodplain. Two agroecological land types have been identified: 1) elementary soil areas and patchiness of alluvial-meadow and alluvial-soddy soils; 2) complexes of alluvial meadow and alluvial-marsh and marsh lowland soils. The limiting factors and features of the use of these types of land have been established. To bring the research results to the administrations of a rural settlement, the Perm regions and land users, a Web-GIS application has been developed, access to which is organized through the GitHub platform.

Development of a 3D WebGIS Application for the Visualization of Seismic Risk on Infrastructural Work

In this paper we describe the potentialities of a tool for the visualization of experimental results directly on a three-dimensional model. The case study concerns the visualization of the results of a dynamic finite element analysis (FEA/FEM) applied to the calculation of seismic risk on works belonging to the Italian infrastructural heritage, specifically bridges, viaducts and overpasses. The project is based on finite element analysis performed on an exemplary set of eight structures located on the Italian territory, performed by means of the open-source software framework OpenSees, according to the guidelines indicated in the Technical Standards for Construction NTC08. The application created for this project is classifiable as a webGIS, since all data are georeferenced and visualized on a map through an application executed through a browser. The graphical interface displays the interested works on the map of the Italian territory and allows to select them by mouse click. Following the selection, a 3D rendering of the model of the work and the surrounding terrain is shown, in which the results of the analysis are represented using color gradients directly on the three-dimensional model. The necessary tools are present for the selection of the type of result and for the animation in real time of the response of the work to the seismic action. The 3D representation is freely navigable by the user due to intuitive tools of panning, rotation and zoom through mouse and keyboard. The application takes advantage of HTML5, CSS and Javascript to show graphical features such as Cartesian diagrams of accelerograms used in modal analysis.

1194WebGIS in epidemiology: Lessons from LionVu Usability Assessment within Pennsylvania, United States

Abstract Focus of Presentation LionVu, a web-based mapping tool using Leaflet JavaScript, was recently redesigned to better meet the needs of clinical, educational, and epidemiological audiences within Pennsylvania, United States, containing publicly available health-related and demographic data sets. In addition, the LionVu Usability Assessment, a 50-question online survey, was conducted to assess whether LionVu’s functionality and improved interface met the needs of its intended audiences. The aim of this qualitative data analysis was to assess the themes of the open-ended questions of the LionVu Usability Assessment to improve the tool. Findings Invitations to the LionVu Usability Assessment were sent in Spring 2020 (n = 123), with 23 who began (55% female), but only 10 completed the survey. The 23 participants were from academia (n = 10), professional settings (n = 10) or missing (n = 3). Six themes emerged as critical to improve LionVu’s functionality: improving documentation and training materials, enhancing map customizability, including tabular displays below the maps, adjusting the colour schema, saving outputs as files, and displaying maps side-by-side. Conclusions/Implications LionVu fills a niche in the health community by giving clinical, educational, and epidemiological audiences the ability to visualize and utilize health data at various levels of aggregations and geographical scales (i.e., state, county, zip code, etc.). Novel applications like LionVu can serve data for future purposes such as mapping and graphing in epidemiology. Key messages The usability study of LionVu provided important feedback for its future development. Lessons and best practices on developing comparable WebGIS applications, for clinical, educational, and epidemiological audiences, are addressed.

Map Whiteboard Cloud Solution for Collaborative Editing of Geographic Information

For the purpose of exploiting the potential of cloud connectivity in geographical information systems, the Map Whiteboard technology introduced in this article does for web mapping what Google Docs does for word processing; create a shared user interface where multiple parties collaboratively can develop maps and map data while seeing each other work in realtime. To develop the Map Whiteboard concept, we have applied a methodology whereby we have collected technical and functional requirements through a series of hackathons, implemented a prototype in several stages, and subjected this to rigorous testing in a lab environment and with selected users from relevant environments at intermediate scale. The work has resulted in a fully functional prototype that exploits WebSockets via a cloud service to reflect map and data changes between multiple connected clients. The technology has a demonstrated potential for use in a wide range of web GIS applications, something that is facilitated by the interfaces already implemented towards mainstream mapping frameworks like OpenLayers and QGIS-two of the most popular frameworks for Web GIS solutions. Further development and testing are required before operationalization in mission-critical environments. In conclusion, the Map Whiteboard concept offers a starting point for exploiting cloud connectivity within GIS to facilitate the digitalization of common processes within the government and private sector. The technology is ready for early adopters and welcomes the contribution of interested parties.

The Web-GIS TRIG Eau Platform to Assess Urban Flood Mitigation by Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Two Residential Settlements in Italy

Urban flooding has become one of the most frequent natural disasters in recent years, and the low-impact development (LID) approach is currently recognised as an alternative to traditional grey infrastructure to mitigate the negative impact of urbanisation on hydrological processes. The main objective of the present research was to develop a web-GIS platform in order to assess the impact of LID systems on mitigating urban flooding and to support their implementation at the urban catchment scale. The TRIG Eau platform, developed in the framework of the homonymous INTERREG MARITTIMO IT-FR project, is configured as a web-GIS application of the stormwater management model (SWMM). Urban flood conditions were examined for two case studies in Liguria and Tuscany (IT), where DRWH systems are proposed as a mitigation strategy. The presented results and their visualisation showcase the potential of the TRIG Eau platform to better support the implementation of LIDs. Findings from the flood analysis confirm that even for the 10-year return period event, DRWHs are effective in reducing network stress by more than 70% in cases of empty tanks, thus underlining the need for RTC technology to pre-empty the system.

Perceived safety and fear of crime: A web-based GIS platform.

Fear of crime is a social phenomenon that mainly affects the population of urban communities and it is recognized as an issue by both the academic community and society itself. To study the phenomenon, it is necessary to collect primary data, either using traditional data collection methods or using well-established online questionnaires. This paper describes the process and architecture of developing an interactive data survey, analysis, and geovisualization web-based platform to support online questionnaires and surveys, related to the urban fear of crime. The main goal is to provide tools and utilities for researchers, journalists, groups or individuals, interested in the scientific aspect of fear of crime, to collect related data and analyze them within a common interface. The fear of crime platform utilizes a client-server Web-GIS application that gives access to a worldwide spatial database. As the fear of crime platform is a dynamic ecosystem that grows up every day, this database is also growing proportionally by individuals around the world. The project’s development is accessible at the following web address: www.fearofcrime.com

A Web-GIS and Mobile-Based Application for a Safe Ocean for Fishers

Abstract One of the societal outcomes envisaged for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021‐2030) is a safe ocean where the safety of operations at sea and the coast are ensured. The Indian coast is prone to tropical cyclones, and the recent Ockhi, Gaja, Nilam, and Nivar cyclones devastated coastal Tamil Nadu in southern India, particularly the fishing community. This brought into focus the need to develop tools for the safety of fishermen at sea. A user-friendly application was developed named “Thoondil” (meaning fishing rod in the local language) by the National Centre for Coastal Research and made operational by the Department of Fisheries, Government of Tamil Nadu. It comprises a web-GIS-based dashboard for the state administrators and an android application for the fishermen. The salient features of the mobile application include the compass, weather, rescue plan, offline maps that provide the route to the nearest ports, incidence reporting, weather details, and potential fishing zone. The Thoondil dashboard provides information about the users and travel details, and helps to get information about the fishermen at sea at any point of time. A two-way communication between the administrators and the fishing community is enabled. The system is available in vernacular language with more than 15,000 downloads in a couple of months. Based on user interactions, it has evolved as a pan-India application and currently replicated in Kozhikode, Kerala. The use of the app has reduced risk to the fishing community, especially during hazards and has also contributed to the resilience of the coastal fishing communities.

MÃ NGUỒN MỞ UMN MAPSERVER VÀ VẬN DỤNG XÂY DỰNG WEBGIS

UMN MapServer is one of the open source map servers with long history and the largest number of projects in the world. When having acquired basic knowledge of Cartography and Geographic Information Systems geography students can use open source as MapServer to build webGIS. This paper presents some key features of UMN MapServer and the way to handle it to create webGIS at four levels from lower to higher: (1) display map layers on the web browser, (2) display data and some interact with the map, (3) customize the content from a complete webGIS project, (4) self-design webGIS application. Some suggestions and propositions to enhance the effectiveness of using open source GIS in research and teaching geography are stated.

Modul Front-End Sistem Informasi Geospasial Patroli Terpadu Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan

To prevent and handle forest and land and forest fire (karhutla), the Ministry of Environment and Forestry assembled a patrol team that conducts a daily task to observe directly to the hotspot location as an indication for land fire. Currently, the patrol team reported the investigation result into a group chat. This method consumed many storage spaces and not suitable for formal reporting. This study aims to develop a front-end module for a web GIS application that visualizes the patrol team's daily report. The application has its data recapitulation method and able to create a formal report. The data used in this study are a set of the report that collected in 2016 by Sumatera and Kalimantan patrol team. The steps to build this application include communication, integrate with the API from the back-end system, developing functional needs, software testing, and the last is software release. The application was build using HTML and CSS for its interface and Javascript and API from the back-end module for its content management. The system uses Google Maps services and library to support the functionalities of the application. The unit testing method's test result shows that the module runs well and can afford all of the required functionality. In addition, the system testing result that the ratio between actual error and expected error is equal to 1. This result indicates the functions of the system are working properly according to the use cases of the system.&#x0D;

Traffic Congestion Analysis Based on a Web-GIS and Data Mining of Traffic Events from Twitter.

Smart cities are characterized by the use of massive information and digital communication technologies as well as sensor networks where the Internet and smart data are the core. This paper proposes a methodology to geocode traffic-related events that are collected from Twitter and how to use geocoded information to gather a training dataset, apply a Support Vector Machine method, and build a prediction model. This model produces spatiotemporal information regarding traffic congestions with a spatiotemporal analysis. Furthermore, a spatial distribution represented by heat maps is proposed to describe the traffic behavior of specific and sensed areas of Mexico City in a Web-GIS application. This work demonstrates that social media are a good alternative that can be leveraged to gather collaboratively Volunteered Geographic Information for sensing the dynamic of a city in which citizens act as sensors.

Perceived Safety and Fear of Crime: Design and Implementation of an Interactive Data Survey, Analysis and Geovisualisation Web-Based Platform

Fear of crime is a social problem, usually affecting the population of urban communities. More and more people see and recognize it as a problem within and for the society. Nowadays, technology has rapidly evolved, resulting new methods for data collection like online surveys. In this paper we present the process and architecture of developing an interactive data survey, analysis and geovisualisation web-based platform to support web based online questionnaires related to the urban fear of crime. Our main goal is to provide tools and utilities for researchers and journalists, interested in the scientific aspect of fear of crime, in order to collect, spatially visualize and manipulate such data. The fear of crime platform utilizes a client-server Web-GIS application that gives to scientists and researchers access to a world – wide spatial database. As Fear of crime platform is a dynamic ecosystem that grows up every day, this database is also growing proportionally by individuals around the world.

Land use change detection and prediction using Markov-CA and publishing on the web with platform map server, Case Study: Qom Metropolis, Iran

To achieve sustainable development, detailed planning, control and management of land cover changes that occur naturally or by human caused artificial factors, are essential. Urban managers and planners need a tool that represents them the information accurate, fast and in exact time. In this study, land use changes of 3 periods, 1994-2002, 2002-2009, 2009-2015 and predictions of 2009, 2015 and 2023 were assessed. In this paper, Maximum Likelihood method was used to classify the images, so that after evaluation of accuracy, amount of overall accuracy for images of 2013 was 85.55% and its Kappa coefficient was 80.03%. To predict land use changes, Markov-CA model was used after assessing the accuracy, and the amount of overall accuracy for 2009 was 82.57% and for 2015 was 93.865%. Then web GIS application was designed via map server application and evoked shape files through map file and open layers to browser environment and for design of appearance of website CSS, HTML and JavaScript languages were used. HTML is responsible for creating the foundation and overall structure of webpage but beautifying and layout design on CSS.

GIS-Based Crisis Response System for Electric Distribution Utility: A Case Study Of Covid-19 Pandemic In Malaysia

COVID-19 pandemic has impacted 188 countries, with more than 6 million infected people, and Malaysia is not exceptional. With stringent control measures and rapid action by multi-sectoral agencies, Malaysia is only a few countries that collectively managed to reduce the number of human and economic losses, far better than the projection. Critical infrastructure remained intact and full of functionality during the unprecedented crisis. The supply and demand by the electric utility companies are of utmost critical to support the Government of Malaysia’s decision in infective prevention and control, rapid response, epidemiological forecasting, pandemic supply chain coordination, continuity of essential service, surveillance, and risk communication. To survive on this new normal, the business and operations of the utilities must rely on good data, advanced technology, and science-based decision support. This article presents local practices and experiences by GIS Distribution Network (GISDN), a project unit in the Distribution Network (DN) division of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) to co-support the decisions mentioned above. GISDN has supported the TNB Crisis Management Team (CMT) of the Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state, starting from the Movement Control Order (MCO) for COVID-19 pandemic response in Klang Valley. Maps and statistics of TNB assets in the areas of Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO) intelligently delivered by GISDN for use by the CMT groups. In the case of EMCO at Selangor Mansion and Malayan Mansion, geographical information provided to ensure the reliable electricity supply from 40 substations in the total lockdown area that involving around 6,000 residents in 365 residential and commercial units. The web-GIS application dashboard for CMT also developed by GISDN to monitor the status of more than 214 gazetted quarantine stations in Kuala Lumpur. Besides, the web-GIS dashboard application for the situational awareness of COVID-19 based on administrative boundaries in Klang Valley delivered to support the Standard of Operating Procedure (SOP) for Return to Work (RTW) program in GISDN, especially for the use of for site-work approval. These geospatial deliverables and web-GIS dashboard applications aid better visualization, risk-informed forecasting, and response planning for TNB to cope with COVID-19 clusters and zones updated by MOH on the daily basis. In conclusion, this study provides a new insight into the future advancement of spatiotemporal GIS capability, its intelligent architecture design, and an evidence-based decision support system to reduce pandemic risk in the future.

Novel framework of GIS based automated monitoring process on environmental biodegradability and risk analysis using Internet of Things

A proper method on real-time monitoring of organic biomass degradation and its evaluation for safeguarding the ecosystem is the need of the hour. The work process designed in this study is to demarcate the anaerobic digestion potential using kinetic modelling and web GIS application methods. Wastewater source that causes pollution are identified through satellite maps such as solid earth, drain system, surface of earth structure, land filling and land use. The grabbed data are utilized for identifying the concentration of sludge availability. Based on literature resource multi influencing factor techniques are introduced along with overlay method to differentiate digestion potential of sludge source. This study optimizes the biodegradation potential of domestic sewage at different sludge concentrations in a pilot model operated with the samples identified through topographical drainage survey. The materialization of devices is using the Internet of Things (IoTs), that is pragmatic to be the promising tendency. Kinetic study, methanogenic assay test are performed with three different cation binding agents to find its solubilization potential and methane evolution, which is further subjected to digestion potential in anaerobic conditions for possible application in the field of environmental science. Risk analysis reveals that land filling method will have highest impact on maintaining sustainable environment. The results outcome on natural biodegradation may be used for individual house hold wastewater management for the locality.