Web Page Layout Research Articles

PageSense: Toward Stylewise Contextual Advertising via Visual Analysis of Web Pages

The Internet has emerged as the most effective and a highly popular medium for advertising. Current contextual advertising platforms need publishers to manually change the original structure of their Web pages and predefine the position and style of embedded ads. Although publishers spend significant effort optimizing their Web page layout, a large number of Web pages contain noticeable blank regions. We present an innovative stylewise advertising platform for contextual advertising, called PageSense. The “style” of Web pages refers to the visual appearance of a Web page, such as color and layout. PageSense aims to associate style-consistent ads with Web pages. It provides two advertising options: 1) If publishers predefine ad positions within Web pages, PageSense will analyze the page style and select ads, which are consistent with the Web page layout, and 2) if publishers impose no constraints for ad placement, PageSense will automatically detect blank regions, select the most nonintrusive region for ad insertion, associate color-consistent ads with the Web pages, and deliver them to blank regions without breaking the original Web page style. Our experiments have verified the effectiveness of PageSense as a complement to existing contextual advertising.

Layout-based computation of web page similarity ranks

In this paper, we propose a ranking approach which considers visual similarities among web pages by using structure and vision-based features. Throughout the study, we aim to understand and represent the web page visual structure as in the way people do by focusing on the layout similarity through the wireframe design. The conducted study is composed of two parts. In the first part, structural similarities are analyzed with the proposed concept of “layout components” along with visual inspection of DOM trees. In this way, five types of structural layout components are proposed and revealed. Moreover, whitespaces are also utilized since they are important visual cues in the visual perception of web pages. In the second part, a computer-vision based method named histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) is employed to reveal local visual cues in terms of edge orientations. Following the feature extraction phases, extracted feature histograms are mapped on spatial information preserving multilevel and multi-resolution bag of features representation method named spatial pyramid matching. In this way, three goals were achieved: (1) the visual layout of web pages were mapped and compared in a multi-resolution schema; (2) the intermediate process of visual segmentation was removed; and (3) efficient and easily comparable web page layout signatures were generated. We also conducted a questionnaire study covering 312 subjects. This helped us to create a benchmark dataset involving similarity scores collected from individuals. So far, there exists no web page layout similarity ranking oriented corpus in the literature. Our suggested approach achieved a remarkable ranking performance at top-5 and top-10 retrieval results. According to the findings of the comparative study, our approach outperforms some structure and vision-based studies in the literature. With this achievement, web pages could be employed as a query item to find other, similar web pages by taking into consideration that they are web pages, instead of images or anything else.

Harnessing the Potential of CSS: An Exhaustive Reference for Web Styling

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is the language that defines the look and layout of web pages. It controls everything from the fonts and colors used to the positioning of elements on the screen. Without CSS, the web would be a drab and disorganized place. By mastering CSS, we can take our design concepts and turn them into digital reality. This is an informative article that highlights the significance of CSS in modern web development. This in-depth review serves as a lighthouse for readers as they navigate the murky waters of web styling. This study begins by exploring the core concepts of CSS. This article delves into the intricacies of CSS, offering a comprehensive understanding of selectors, properties, and layout models. Furthermore, the article delves into advanced topics, including CSS animations and transitions, allowing designers to add life and interactivity to their websites. With practical insights and best practices, this article serves as a valuable resource for both novice and experienced web designers looking to master CSS and create visually appealing, user-friendly websites.

Automated reasoning for web page layout

Web pages define their appearance using Cascading Style Sheets, a modular language for layout of tree-structured documents. In principle, using CSS is easy: the developer specifies declarative constraints on the layout of an HTML document (such as the positioning of nodes in the HTML tree), and the browser solves the constraints to produce a box-based rendering of that document. In practice, however, the subtleties of CSS semantics make it difficult to develop stylesheets that produce the intended layout across different user preferences and browser settings. This paper presents the first mechanized formalization of a substantial fragment of the CSS semantics. This formalization is equipped with an efficient reduction to the theory of quantifier-free linear real arithmetic, enabling effective automated reasoning about CSS stylesheets and their behavior. We implement this reduction in Cassius, a solver-aided framework for building semantics-aware tools for CSS. To demonstrate the utility of Cassius, we prototype new tools for automated verification, debugging, and synthesis of CSS code. We show that these tools work on fragments of real-world websites, and that Cassius is a practical first step toward solver-aided programming for the web.

Web-Adapted Supervised Segmentation to Improve a New Tactile Vision Sensory Substitution (TVSS) Technology

Nowadays, hand-held devices are being used more and more, especially for web navigation. But the small screen size of these devices requires adapting web page contents to be browsed more conveniently. A fundamental step in a successful automatic adaptation process of a web page is perception its visual layout and mining its Document Object Model (DOM) structure. In this paper, we present a new web-adapted supervised segmentation algorithm dedicated to vibro-tactile access on touch-screen devices. This suggested algorithm is fundamental in our framework whose aim is enhancing the ability of Visually Impaired Persons (VIP) to understand the 2-dimension web page layout by converting web pages into vibrating pages using a graphical vibro-tactile language. A comparison between automatic and manual segmented pages is presented. The objectives of this comparison are, on the one hand, to know how users understand web page layout structure based on their visual perception, and on the other hand, to explore the main differences between automatic and manual segmentation.

Modeling of Tacit Knowledge and Its Application Case Study: Web Page Layout Design

Modeling of Tacit Knowledge and Its Application Case Study: Web Page Layout Design

콘텐츠 품질 향상을 위한 교원연수 이러닝 콘텐츠 분석

본 연구에서는 교원 원격 연수의 연수 효과 제고를 위해 총 67종의 이러닝 콘텐츠에 대해 품질을 분석하였다. 분석결과 '연수 내용' 영역이 가장 품질이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 '교수 설계', '교수학습 전략', '평가', '상호 작용' 순이었다. '교수학습 전략', '평가', '상호 작용'은 품질인증 기준인 80점 미만의 점수를 나타내 이에 대한 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 인증된 콘텐츠와 부적합 콘텐츠 간의 품질 수준차이 분석에서는 '교수 설계', '교수학습 전략', '평가' 평가 영역 순으로 효과크기(ES)가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 평가 요인분석에서는 '화면구성', '교수학습 전략 선정' 등의 대부분의 평가 요인이 효과크기가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 원격 연수를 위한 이러닝 콘텐츠 개발에서 어느 부분을 개선해야하는지 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 본다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of 67 kinds of e-learning contents in an attempt to boost the effectiveness of distance teacher training. As a result of analyzing, the e-learning contents were rated highest in terms of 'training content,' followed by 'instructional design,' 'teaching & learning strategies,' 'evaluation' and 'interaction.' The scores of 'teaching & learning strategies,' 'evaluation' and 'interaction' were below 80 that was the standard of quality certification. In mean comparison(ES) of contents quality level between certified contents and non certified contents, 'instructional design' had the largest ES(effect size), followed by 'teaching & learning strategies,' 'evaluation'. In the analysis of evaluation factors, most of factors had a large effect such as 'webpage layout', 'selection of instructional design'. The findings of the study are expected to suggest what improvements should be made in the development of e-learning contents for distance teacher training.

Open source column

Multimedia analysis is an exciting and fast-moving research area. Unfortunately, historically there has been a lack of software solutions in a common programming language for performing scalable integrated analysis of all modalities of media (images, videos, audio, text, web-pages, etc). For example, in the image analysis world, OpenCV and Matlab are commonly used by researchers, whilst many common Natural Language Processing tools are built using Java. The lack of coherency between these tools and languages means that it is often difficult to research and develop rational, comprehensible and repeatable software implementations of algorithms for performing multimodal multimedia analysis. These problems are also exacerbated by the lack of any principled software engineering (separation of concerns, minimised code repetition, maintainability, understandability, premature optimisation and over optimisation) often found in research code. OpenIMAJ is a set of libraries and tools for multimedia content analysis and content generation that aims to fill this gap and address the concerns. OpenIMAJ provides a coherent interface to a very broad range of techniques, and contains everything from stateof- the-art computer vision (e.g. SIFT descriptors, salient region detection, face detection and description, etc.) and advanced data clustering and hashing, through to software that performs analysis on the content, layout and structure of webpages. A full list of the all the modules and an overview of their functionalities for the latest OpenIMAJ release can be found here. OpenIMAJ is primarily written in Java and, as such is completely platform independent. The video-capture and hardware libraries contain some native code but Linux, OSX and Windows are supported out of the box (under both 32 and 64 bit JVMs; ARM processors are also supported under Linux). It is possible to write programs that use the libraries in any JVM language that supports Java interoperability, for example Groovy and Scala. OpenIMAJ can even be run on Android phones and tablets. As it's written using Java, you can run any application built using OpenIMAJ on any of the supported platforms without even having to recompile the code.

Making Life Easier for the Visually Impaired Web Searcher: It Is Now Clearer How This Should and Can Be Done, but Implementation Lags

Making Life Easier for the Visually Impaired Web Searcher: It Is Now Clearer How This Should and Can Be Done, but Implementation Lags

A Web Page Layout Self-Identification Algorithm for Web Page Display Optimization

A Web Page Layout Self-Identification Algorithm for Web Page Display Optimization

Age differences in information finding tasks: Performance and visual exploration strategy with different web page layouts

Recent research suggests that older Internet users seem to find it more difficult to locate navigation links than to find information content in web pages. One possibility is that older Internet users’ visual exploration of web pages is more linear in nature, even when this type of processing is not appropriate for the task. In the current study, the eye movements of young and older Internet users were recorded using an ecological version of the web pages or a discursive version designed to induce a linear exploration. The older adults found more targets when performing content-oriented compared to navigation-oriented searches, thus replicating previous results. Moreover, they performed less well than young people only when required to locate navigation links and tended to outperform the younger participants in content-oriented searches. Although the type of search task and type of web page resulted in different visual strategies, little or no support was found for the hypothesis that older participants explore web pages in a more linear way in cases where this strategy was not appropriate. The main conclusion is that differences in visual exploration do not seem to mediate the specific difficulty older adults experience in navigation-oriented searches in web pages.

The effect of visual design and placement of intra-article navigation schemes on reading comprehension and website user perceptions

Multipage articles on websites require intra-article navigation schemes and, when well designed, such navigational schemes signal the topical structure of the article’s contents. This study examines the effect of the visual design and placement of intra-article navigation schemes on website users’ reading comprehension and user experience. Using an informational medical website, four treatments of an intra-article navigation scheme were varied in their level of visual distinctness from the site’s other navigation devices and in their placement in the web page. Significant differences were found for reading comprehension and perceived knowledge gained. Reading comprehension was highest with an intra-article navigation scheme that was most visually distinct as an article table of contents and that replaced the site’s navigation on the web page layout. Paradoxically, participants’ perceptions of the amount of knowledge they gained were rated lowest for this condition. Suggestions for navigation design are presented.

Effects of Picture Amount on Preference, Balance, and Dynamic Feel of Web Pages

This study investigates the effects of picture amount on subjective evaluation. The experiment herein adopted two variables to define picture amount: column ratio and picture size. Six column ratios were employed: 7:93,15:85, 24:76, 33:67, 41:59, and 50:50. Five picture sizes were examined: 140 x 81, 220 x 127, 300 x 173, 380 x 219, and 460 x 266 pixels. The experiment implemented a within-subject design; 104 participants were asked to evaluate 30 web page layouts. Repeated measurements revealed that the column ratio and picture size have significant effects on preference, balance, and dynamic feel. The results indicated the most appropriate picture amount for display: column ratios of 15:85 and 24:76, and picture sizes of 220 x 127, 300 x 173, and 380 x 219. The research findings can serve as the basis for the application of design guidelines for future web page interface design.

History Of Search Engines

As the number of sites on the Web increased in the mid-to-late 90s, search engines started appearing to help people find information quickly. Search engines developed business models to finance their services, such as pay per click programs offered by Open Text in 1996 and then Goto.com in 1998. Goto.com later changed its name to Overture in 2001, and was purchased by Yahoo! in 2003, and now offers paid search opportunities for advertisers through Yahoo! Search Marketing. Google also began to offer advertisements on search results pages in 2000 through the Google Ad Words program. By 2007, pay-per-click programs proved to be primary money-makers for search engines. In a market dominated by Google, in 2009 Yahoo! and Microsoft announced the intention to forge an alliance. The Yahoo! & Microsoft Search Alliance eventually received approval from regulators in the US and Europe in February 2010. Search engine optimization consultants expanded their offerings to help businesses learn about and use the advertising opportunities offered by search engines, and new agencies focusing primarily upon marketing and advertising through search engines emerged. The term "Search Engine Marketing" was proposed by Danny Sullivan in 2001 to cover the spectrum of activities involved in performing SEO, managing paid listings at the search engines, submitting sites to directories, and developing online marketing strategies for businesses, organizations, and individuals. Some of the latest theoretical advances include Search Engine Marketing Management (SEMM). SEMM relates to activities including SEO but focuses on return on investment (ROI) management instead of relevant traffic building (as is the case of mainstream SEO). SEMM also integrates organic SEO, trying to achieve top ranking without using paid means of achieving top in search engines, and PayPerClick SEO. For example some of the attention is placed on the web page layout design and how content and information is displayed to the website visitor.

Traitement et exploration du fichier Log du serveur web, pour l’extraction des connaissances : Web usage mining

Log file treatment and exploration of the web site, for extracting and mining the knowledges : Web usage miningThe aim of this work is to design and produce one tool and implement, base on KDD (Knowledge discoverer on data base), by using the concept of Web usage mining, to give to the Webmasters, collections of Knowledge, including the statistics on site, in order to take the favourable decisions. We will use the “Log file” on the Web server, accommodating the site Web, to discover the habits of users and respond to there requirements and needs, the shape and layout of Web pages and the contain generally speaking, with waiting of users.

21216 高齢者用Webデザインと操作性に関する研究(OS12 生活支援機器(2),オーガナイズドセッション)

The purpose of the study is to investigate what kind of Web page layout is easy for senior citizens to use. In experiment, subjects browsed several Web pages which were made for experiment and executed tasks. At that time, the movement of mouse cursor the subjects operated and subject's face pictures are recorded and achievement time of task was measured. From the face pictures of subject, we were able to acquire gaze track of subjects. Moreover, we were able to find the relation to the elements of Web page and the gaze track. Finally, we clarify the difference of both behaviors of senior citizens and young people by the experiment, and suggest what kind of Web page layout is easy for senior citizens to use.

3628 Webにおける高齢者の操作性に関する研究(J24-1 ライフサポート(1),ジョイントセッション,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

The purpose of this research is to grope what Web page layout is it easy for senior citizens to use. In experiment, subjects browsed several Web pages which were made for experiment, executed tasks. At that time, the movement of mouse cursor the subjects used was recorded and achievement time of task time was measured. As a result, as for the subject of the senior citizen achievement time of task was long and movement efficiency of the mouse was bad as a whole in comparison with the subject of the general adult. In addition, it was able to show the difference of behavior of the senior citizen and the general adult quantitatively. So, it became the basis that gropes the layout of the Web page that it is easy to use in the senior citizen.

An empirical investigation into the difficulties experienced by visually impaired Internet users

In this paper, an empirical based study is described which has been conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by the visually impaired community when accessing the Web. The study, involving 30 blind and partially sighted computer users, has identified navigation strategies, perceptions of page layout and graphics using assistive devices such as screen readers. Analysis of the data has revealed that current assistive technologies impose navigational constraints and provide limited information on web page layout. Conveying additional spatial information could enhance the exploration process for visually impaired Internet users. It could also assist the process of collaboration between blind and sighted users when performing web-based tasks. The findings from the survey have informed the development of a non-visual interface, which uses the benefits of multimodal technologies to present spatial and navigational cues to the user.

Noise reduction through summarization for Web-page classification

Due to a large variety of noisy information embedded in Web pages, Web-page classification is much more difficult than pure-text classification. In this paper, we propose to improve the Web-page classification performance by removing the noise through summarization techniques. We first give empirical evidence that ideal Web-page summaries generated by human editors can indeed improve the performance of Web-page classification algorithms. We then put forward a new Web-page summarization algorithm based on Web-page layout and evaluate it along with several other state-of-the-art text summarization algorithms on the LookSmart Web directory. Experimental results show that the classification algorithms (NB or SVM) augmented by any summarization approach can achieve an improvement by more than 5.0% as compared to pure-text-based classification algorithms. We further introduce an ensemble method to combine the different summarization algorithms. The ensemble summarization method achieves more than 12.0% improvement over pure-text based methods.

Indian Users' Expectations for the Location of Web Objects on Informational Websites

Previous research has established that users form mental models of web page layout. Bernard (2001, 2002) demonstrated that users expect web objects to be located in specific places on a web page. Further research has attempted to evaluate users' expectations on a global level (Bernard & Sheshadri, 2004). Th3 study discussed in this paper used a similar methodology on students at an Indian university in Mumbai in order to determine the structure of the Indian user's mental model for web page layout. India is one of the fastest growing Internet user markets in the world. With a predicted 100 million users by 2007, it is essential to get a better understanding of the Indian user. This paper graphically identifies the expected location of five web objects (back to home link, about us link, site search engine, internal links, and advertisements) commonly found on informational websites. Suggestions for overall page layout are also provided.