Web Page Layout Research Articles

Information Search Within a Web Page: Modeling the Full Sequence of Eye Movement Decisions, Subjective Value Updating, and First Clicks

Online retail settings often present shoppers with large, complex choice sets where they need to quickly and dynamically weigh the benefits and costs of search within each web page. We build a model of information search within a web page using eye-tracking data collected during two incentive-compatible online shopping experiments, in which participants browsed the websites of two different clothing retailers (Experiments 1 and 2), as well as previously reported data from a laboratory experiment involving choices among snack food assortments (Experiment 3). Our model incorporates features that build upon recent advances in descriptive and normative models of information sampling and search in psychology and economics. First, our model captures how people decide where to look by treating eye fixations on clickable options as a series of “split-second” decisions that depend on estimates of option attractiveness and navigation effort. Second, our model assumes that the value of each option is learned via Bayesian updating. Third, the choice to end search on the web page depends on a dynamic decision threshold. Our model outperforms benchmarks that assume random search, instant learning, fixed thresholds, nonheterogeneous thresholds, and stochastic accumulator stopping rules. Explicitly modeling the sequence of eye fixation decisions results in accurate counterfactual simulations of the effects of hypothetical product orderings on search duration and quality as verified using experimental manipulation, and it can be applied flexibly to a wide range of web-page layouts. Systematic differences across experiments highlight the importance of accounting for product familiarity, choice-set size, and the role of category outside options. This paper was accepted by Ilia Tsetlin, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This work was supported by the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center and the Wharton Behavioral Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02983 .

Enhancing Well-being and User Experience: Electric Sticky Notes, UI Design Colors, Login Preferences, and Clear Webpages

This paper examines various essential elements of digital design that have a significant impact on user experience and well-being. The present study explores the efficacy of electric sticky notes in reducing anxiety. It clarifies the potential of writing notes as a self-treatment approach that can decrease anxious thoughts and enhance mental wellness. Also, this paper discusses the role of color in user interface (UI) design and its profound psychological effects on users. It emphasizes how color choices can influence emotions, perceptions, and behavior in user interface/user experience (UI/UX) design, emphasizing the importance of strategic color selection to enhance user engagement. The paper also discusses the significance of website login preferences, explaining how personalized settings and optimized login processes contribute to a smoother user experience and heightened security. Lastly, it underscores the importance of a clear and organized webpage layout, demonstrating how a clean and simple design promotes improved user comprehension, satisfaction, and overall browsing experience. By examining these aspects of digital design, this paper provides valuable insights into enhancing both user experience and psychological well-being in the age of technology.

Coordination analysis of layout and visual color difference in responsive web design based on PS software

Abstract In the new era of the “Internet +” economic background, people's aesthetic standards continue to improve, and there are higher requirements for web design work. This paper is based on the Bootstrap framework to design responsive web pages and utilizes the grid system in the Bootstrap framework to enable the automatic layout of web pages. Then PS software technology is applied as the core technology in responsive web page design, and PS software is used to detect and adjust the optimization of responsive web page layout and visual chromatic aberration so as to present users with coordinated, beautiful, and easy-to-operate responsive web pages. By designing eye movement experiments to collect and analyze the eye movement data of the subjects when browsing web pages, the average pupil diameter of the users showed a significant difference in browsing different web pages (P=0.014<0.05). The web pages designed by PS software were more appealing to the users and increased their interest in browsing web pages. The results of the psychological level showed that the subject users found the web pages created by applying PS software more impressive than ordinary web pages (P=0.004<0.01). This paper provides a useful guide for web page designers to enhance the visual experience for users when browsing web pages.

Availability of basic first aid training for cardiac arrest for people with disabilities

Aim. Basic first aid digital training for cardiac arrest opens up opportunities for mass dissemination of knowledge, popularization and motivation of the population to provide assistance, and can also replace the theoretical part of classroom training, reducing the cost of training. However, due to poor design, such training may not be available to people with disabilities (PWD), who constitute a large population of more than one billion potential participants in first aid. The aim was to study the digital accessibility (web accessibility) of massive open online courses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for PWD.Material and methods. A search was carried out for free English-language online courses teaching the principles and rules of providing first aid in cardiac arrest. In addition, the digital content of online courses was assessed for compliance with the international Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1.Results. All basic CPR online courses analyzed (n=28) were characterized by poor web accessibility. For each course, between 26,9% and 51,3% of the WCAG 2.1 guideline success criteria were not met. All courses have web accessibility errors related to text contrast and visual issues, lack of alternative text descriptions for non-text content, missing abbreviations, and web page layout issues that prevent the use of assistive technologies (such as text-to-speech software). Overall, none of the courses meet all of the criteria for the minimum acceptable level of compliance with WCAG 2.1 guidelines. The discovered problems of web accessibility can serve as serious, sometimes insurmountable barriers to the mastery of courses by students (including older people) with visual impairments, hearing loss, motor, cognitive and neurological disorders.Conclusion. All free mass online courses on basic CPR have deficiencies in the availability of digital content, which significantly complicate the learning of educational materials by PWD. The development of uniform guidelines for accessible educational content, along with the intensification of research and the implementation of organizational and methodological measures to ensure the availability of educational resources on first aid for various categories of the population, should help create equal opportunities for quality training. In addition, this should significantly expand the population coverage with training, and increase the frequency and effectiveness of first aid.

Methods for Automatic Web Page Layout Testing and Analysis: A Review

Methods for automatic analysis of user interfaces are essential for a wide range of applications in computer science and software engineering. These methods are used in software security, document archiving, human-computer interaction, software engineering, and data science. Even though these methods are essential, no single research systematically lists most of the methods and their characteristics. This paper aims to give an overview of different solutions and their applications in the separate processes of automatic analysis of user interfaces. The main focus is on the techniques that analyze web page layouts and web page structure. Web pages’ style, type of content, and even structure constantly (often drastically) change, as do methods that analyze them. The fact that most methods use very different datasets and web pages of various complexities are some of the reasons that the direct comparison of methods is difficult, if not impossible. Another fact is that the vast applications of methods practically solve similar problems. With these facts in mind, in the paper, we surveyed relevant scientific articles, categorized them, and provided an overview of how these methods have developed over time.

Gamification Supporting Small Business Owners’ Work-Based Learning

Aim/Purpose: This study attempts to apply gamification to support the training of small business owners in business web development from a work-based learning perspective. Background: Web design describes the process of creating a website and embodies many different aspects, such as webpage layout, content production, and graphic design. However, there are many obstacles that small business owners face when developing their websites, such as time and budget constraints, lacking technical skills, and difficulties with content creation. Methodology: Based on the literature review, a gamified training program was developed for website development. The new website design and development training method was compared with the traditional lecture training method from small business owners’ perspectives in the specific work-based learning context. Contribution: This study contributes to the field of work-based learning by developing an innovative gamified training program for small business owners in website development learning. Findings: The results confirm that the gamified training program improved learning outcomes and satisfaction. The results of this study help advance the understanding of work-based training program design and provide insights to support small business owners in learning new technologies. Recommendations for Practitioners: Results confirm that this new training system is superior to the traditional lecture training method. While much attention has been directed to website design and development learning or business activities of small business owners, this study emphasizes the need for work-based learning in such a context. Recommendation for Researchers: This study also shows a potential way for future research by combining technology education and small business owners’ needs. Impact on Society: The results of this study show the advantages of gamified training programs. For their future training program selections, small business owners should pay more attention to gamified training and education systems in the market. Furthermore, gamified training and education systems not only help small businesses but also could be adopted by mid-size or even large companies in their training programs. Future Research: Future research should be conducted to investigate to what extent gamification improves work-based learning and how to design gamification to improve work-based learning.

Modeling Visual Containment for Web Page Layout Optimization

AbstractWeb pages have become fundamental in conveying information for companies and individuals, yet designing web page layouts remains a challenging task for inexperienced individuals despite web builders and templates. Visual containment, in which elements are grouped together and placed inside container elements, is an efficient design strategy for organizing elements in a limited display, and is widely implemented in most web page designs. Yet, visual containment has not been explicitly addressed in the research on generating layouts from scratch, which may be due to the lack of hierarchical structure. In this work, we represent such visual containment as a layout tree, and formulate the layout design task as a hierarchical optimization problem. We first estimate the layout tree from a given a set of elements, which is then used to compute tree‐aware energies corresponding to various desirable design properties such as alignment or spacing. Using an optimization approach also allows our method to naturally incorporate user intentions and create an interactive web design application. We obtain a dataset of diverse and popular real‐world web designs to optimize and evaluate various aspects of our method. Experimental results show that our method generates better quality layouts compared to the baseline method.

A novel webpage layout aesthetic evaluation model for quantifying webpage layout design

It is widely accepted that webpage layout is important for website aesthetics. However, knowledge is limited about which kind of webpage layout is aesthetic. In this paper, we conduct a large-scale analysis of 13,017 real webpages with different aesthetic levels. The results demonstrate that there are significant differences between aesthetic webpages and non-aesthetic webpages in several aspects of layout design, such as the position of objects and the average number of objects. In order to identify whether the web layout is aesthetic, we propose a novel Webpage Layout Aesthetic Evaluation model (WLAE) based on an improved Adaboost algorithm to automatically predict the aesthetics of a webpage layout. Experimental results show that our WLAE model is significantly better than other existing methods. Based on the feature analysis of 13,017 real-world webpages and the contribution of each feature to webpage aesthetic prediction, we have summarized 4 webpage design principles for webpage designers. Besides, a large number of real webpages collected by our team can be used for further research on webpage layout aesthetic design and/or related research.

An Innovative Approach for the Evaluation of the Web Page Impact Combining User Experience and Neural Network Score

The proposed paper introduces an innovative methodology useful to assign intelligent scores to web pages. The approach is based on the simultaneous use of User eXperience (UX), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithms, providing the web page scoring and taking into account outlier conditions to construct the training dataset. Specifically, the UX tool analyses different parameters addressing the score, such as navigation time, number of clicks, and mouse movements for page, finding possible outliers, the ANN are able to predict outliers, and the LSTM processes the web pages tags together with UX and user scores. The final web page score is assigned by the LSTM model corrected by the UX output and improved by the navigation user score. This final score is useful for the designer by suggesting the tags typologies structuring a new web page layout of a specific topic. By using the proposed methodology, the web designer is addressed to allocate contents in the web page layout. The work has been developed within a framework of an industry project oriented on the formulation of an innovative AI interface for web designers.

Automatically identifying potential regressions in the layout of responsive web pages

SummaryProviding a good user experience on the ever‐increasing number and variety of devices being used to browse the web is a difficult, yet critical, task. With responsive web design, front‐end web developers design web pages so that they dynamically resize and rearrange content to best fit the dimensions of a device's screen. However, when making code modifications to a responsive page, developers can easily introduce regressions from the correct layout that have detrimental effects at unpredictable screen sizes. For instance, the source code change that a developer makes to improve the layout at one screen size may obscure a page's content at other sizes. Current approaches to testing are often insufficient because they rely on limited tools and error‐prone manual inspections of web pages. As such, many unintended regressions in web page layout often go undetected and ultimately manifest in production websites. To address the challenge of detecting regressions in responsive web pages, this paper presents an automated approach that extracts the responsive layout of two versions of a page and compares them, alerting developers to the differences in layout that they may wish to investigate further. We implemented the approach and empirically evaluated it on 15 real‐world responsive web pages. Leveraging code mutations that a tool automatically injected into the pages as a systematic simulation of developer changes, the experiments show that the approach was highly effective. When compared with manual and automated baseline testing techniques, it detected 12.5% and 18.75% more injected changes, respectively. Along with identifying the best parameters for the method that extracts the responsive layout, the experiments show that the approach surpasses the baselines across changes that vary in their impact, but works particularly well for subtle, hard‐to‐detect mutants, showing the benefits of automatically identifying regressions in web page layout.

Design cues for tobacco communication: Heuristic interpretations and usability of online health information about harmful chemicals

ObjectiveMany people have a poor understanding of the numerous chemicals in tobacco products that cause severe health harms. The US government must display a list of these harmful chemicals for the public. Online disclosures are one promising solution, but evidence is needed for effective design strategies to encourage interpretation and use of information as intended. MethodTo examine the impact of website designs for the activation of heuristics and usability perceptions, a national probability sample of US adolescents and adults (n = 1441) was randomized in a 3 (chemical format) × 2 (webpage layout) between-subjects online experiment. Chemicals were displayed as names only, with a visual risk indicator, or with numerical ranges. Layouts displayed health harms at the top of the webpage separate from chemicals or the chemicals grouped by associated health harms. Participants viewed a webpage and reported activated heuristics, usability (perceived ease of use and usefulness), and intentions to use the website. ResultsDisplaying risk indicators increased website usability by encouraging users to rely on colors to interpret the risk of the chemicals (all p < .01). Website designs that grouped chemicals with harms allowed users to link the chemicals to harms they cause and increased perceived usability and intentions to use the website (all p < .001). ConclusionAssessing heuristics gives insights for how US adolescents and adults interpret chemical information and the impact of design strategies on usability. Public disclosures of chemicals in tobacco products could be optimized with color-coded risk indicators and layouts placing chemicals near the harms they cause.

Low-Order Webpage Layout in Online Shopping Facilitates Purchase Decisions: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials.

IntroductionIn online shopping, the webpage layout plays an important part in the consumer’s experience. The present study aims to investigate whether the webpage order and which order level (high order vs low order) facilitate consumers’ instant purchase decisions for products.MethodsFourteen right-handed healthy undergraduates and graduate students participated in the experiment as paid participants. In the experiment, participants were presented with daily products in different online shopping webpages (high-order vs low-order) and reported their purchase intentions between purchase and not purchase. Meanwhile, Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from the participants throughout the experiment. In the analysis process, two event-related potentials (ERP) components, P2 and late positive potential (LPP) were mainly focused to examine the cognitive mechanism underlying the purchase decisions.ResultsThe behavioral data found that the low-order shopping webpage facilitated participants’ purchase intentions compared with the high-order one. Neurophysiologically, increased P2 amplitudes and increased LPP amplitudes were revealed for the low-order webpage compared to the high-order webpage. The P2 indicates the early stage of attention engagement and discordant perception, while the LPP can be taken as a reflection of the late stage of the emotional self-control process.ConclusionThese results provided evidence that webpage order influenced people’s purchase decisions. Low-order webpage design invoked more attention engagement and discordant perception and consumed more self-control resources than the high-order webpage design, which contributed to the higher purchase intentions.

基于CSS + Div的固定宽度与变宽度网页布局剖析

基于CSS + Div的固定宽度与变宽度网页布局剖析

LayoutGAN: Synthesizing Graphic Layouts With Vector-Wireframe Adversarial Networks.

Layout is important for graphic design and scene generation. We propose a novel Generative Adversarial Network, called LayoutGAN, that synthesizes layouts by modeling geometric relations of different types of 2D elements. The generator of LayoutGAN takes as input a set of randomly-placed 2D graphic elements, represented by vectors and uses self-attention modules to refine their labels and geometric parameters jointly to produce a realistic layout. Accurate alignment is critical for good layouts. We, thus, propose a novel differentiable wireframe rendering layer that maps the generated layout to a wireframe image, upon which a CNN-based discriminator is used to optimize the layouts in image space. We validate the effectiveness of LayoutGAN in various experiments including MNIST digit generation, document layout generation, clipart abstract scene generation, tangram graphic design, mobile app layout design, and webpage layout optimization from hand-drawn sketches.

Individualising Graphical Layouts with Predictive Visual Search Models

In domains where users are exposed to large variations in visuo-spatial features among designs, they often spend excess time searching for common elements (features) on an interface. This article contributes individualised predictive models of visual search, and a computational approach to restructure graphical layouts for an individual user such that features on a new, unvisited interface can be found quicker. It explores four technical principles inspired by the human visual system (HVS) to predict expected positions of features and create individualised layout templates: (I) the interface with highest frequency is chosen as the template; (II) the interface with highest predicted recall probability (serial position curve) is chosen as the template; (III) the most probable locations for features across interfaces are chosen (visual statistical learning) to generate the template; (IV) based on a generative cognitive model, the most likely visual search locations for features are chosen (visual sampling modelling) to generate the template. Given a history of previously seen interfaces, we restructure the spatial layout of a new (unseen) interface with the goal of making its features more easily findable. The four HVS principles are implemented in Familiariser, a web browser that automatically restructures webpage layouts based on the visual history of the user. Evaluation of Familiariser (using visual statistical learning) with users provides first evidence that our approach reduces visual search time by over 10%, and number of eye-gaze fixations by over 20%, during web browsing tasks.

Discovery of Multimodal Sensor Data Through Webpage Exploration

Technological advances allow perceptual physical objects to be connected to the Internet and share their information over webpages. As a predominant source of public sensor data, automatic discovery of these data is critical and desirable for general Internet of Things search service, which is fundamental to many intelligent applications. However, discovering sensor data from webpages is quite challenging, since there are diverse data presentation modes, and webpage layouts and structures are complicated and heterogeneous. To this end, we explore webpages to discover and collect sensor data under a hierarchical mechanism. In this paper, we first devise novel textual features (TFs) to recognize potential webpages that may contain sensor data; specifically, we construct sensing information corpus to provide keyword reference for the features. Then to get the position of sensor data, we develop granularity adaptive page segmentation (GAPS) algorithm to segment potential webpages into a set of informative blocks; and accordingly, we extract several visual features (VFs) of the blocks so that sensor data can be identified via a block classifier. Based on the novel created sensing information pages dataset, which consists of webpages and manual markings about sensing data, extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of our exploration methods. Results demonstrate that the TFs achieve supreme performance in sensing data recognition when compared to the state-of-the-art approaches, and GAPS is efficient to locate multimodal sensor data in cooperation with the VFs.

基于CSS + Div的网页布局方法研究

基于CSS + Div的网页布局方法研究

Design and Implementation of 3D Effect Web Page Based on JavaScript Technology

With the development of Internet technology, people's production and life are greatly influenced. Web design is widely used in Internet world. Web design and user experience are inseparable. In the pursuit of webpage layout and aesthetics, but also to add user interaction functions, Dynamic effects technology based on JavaScript can achieve user interaction requirements. The perfect combination of JavaScript dynamic effects and interactive features is the best way to achieve webpage effects. This paper expounds the application method of JavaScript, and studies the special effect application of JavaScript technology in webpages through examples.

Design and Analysis of Project-driven Flipping Classroom Teaching Cases

"Web Design and Production" is a strong practical computer science foundation course. The concept, ideas and techniques of web front-end development have an important impact on the follow-up courses. The paper compares and analyzes the reform in current teaching methods of the course, and proposes a project-driven flipping classroom teaching method, which rationally decomposes and reorganizes the curriculum knowledge system, and divides the curriculum content into several modules. Meanwhile, each module is driven by a project, mixing problem-based teaching methods, task-driven methods and flipping classroom teaching methods. The paper clarifies pre-class, in-class, and after-school tasks. Knowing the project tasks before class, understanding the knowledge and skills needed for the design project, using the micro-curriculum resources to learn and practice knowledge autonomously; detecting the learning effect of knowledge in the class, solving the problems in the self-learning, and apply the learned knowledge to the actual project development by the way of group collaboration in order to promote internalization and application of knowledge, when encountering new problems, teachers not only explain new knowledge to help students continue to implement the project, but also promptly recorded the completion of the project of the group collaboration; After class, teachers summarize questions, build a knowledge system, and guide students to complete extended design of project. In this way, students' practical application ability, project development ability, self-learning ability and creative ability can be improved. This article also provides specific instructional design cases based on the "Web Page Layout and Beautification" module and provides specific teaching design cases.

Abstract 3284: COSMIC: Integrating and interpreting the world's knowledge of somatic mutations in cancer

Abstract COSMIC, the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic) is a long-term sustainable effort to collect, standardise and integrate information on somatic mutations and other molecular alterations that cause human cancer. Being the world's largest and most comprehensive database of somatic mutations in cancer, it also provides web-based tools for exploration and interpretation of collected data. The content of the database is obtained primarily by careful curation of the scientific literature by a team of experienced post-doctoral curators, allowing mutations to be described across every form of human cancer at high resolution (covering 1,706 cancer phenotypes). This is then combined with data from a number of on-line sources, including the TCGA and ICGC web portals. During exhaustive manual curation, all the available information about mutations and samples (e.g. disease type, demographic data, treatments) are collected, standardised and integrated to allow for both creation of wide virtual cohorts and large-scale studies, as well as precise analysis at the level of a single sample, gene or mutation. To support investigations into how genes dysfunction to drive cancer, the 83rd release of COSMIC (Nov 2017) encompasses 5,366,273 coding mutations and 18,845 gene fusions in 1,343,214 cancer samples, hand-curated from 25,501 scientific publications, including 32,514 whole cancer genomes. Further curations support examination of gene dysregulation in cancer, including 16,961,605 non-coding variants, 1,180,789 Copy Number Variants, 9,176,464 gene expression variants, and 7,879,142 differentially methylated CpGs. Specialised COSMIC projects highlight specific knowledge of cancer in order to characterise events with a higher impact in disease aetiology. The Cancer Gene Census (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/census), currently defines and describes 699 genes, how their dysfunctions drive oncogenesis, and characterises their impact on hallmarks of cancer. COSMIC-3D (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic3d) provides an interactive view of cancer mutations in the context of 3D protein structures, and predicts potential drug-binding sites. Mutations causing drug resistance are now described as a new resource (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/drug_resistance). To allow for the incorporation of new data exploration tools, the COSMIC web page layouts have been updated and their usability has been improved, giving more options to filter webpage content. COSMIC is significantly updated 4 times a year, and is available free-of-charge for academic and non-profit users via COSMIC webpage (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic) or to download through COSMIC downloads (http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/download) Citation Format: Zbyslaw Sondka, Sally Bamford, Charlotte G. Cole, Elisabeth Dawson, Laura Ponting, Raymund Stefancsik, Sari Ward, Harry C. Jubb, Sam Thompson, Dave Beare, Nidhi Bindal, Charambulos Boutselakis, Peter Fish, Bhavana Harsha, Chai Yin Kok, Chris Ramshaw, Claire Rye, John Tate, Shicai Wang, Peter J. Campbell, Simon A. Forbes. COSMIC: Integrating and interpreting the world's knowledge of somatic mutations in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3284.