Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools Research Articles

An inclusive framework for automated web content accessibility evaluation

AbstractSince 1996, web accessibility evaluation has been an important aspect of web development to increase social inclusion for people with special needs. Several web accessibility evaluation and testing tools have been developed to automatically evaluate websites in order to identify barriers for people with disabilities. The developed tools are significant since their aim is to effectively represent accessibility issues. However, a few issues with website accessibility cannot be identified through the existing accessibility testing tools due to several limitations, including (i) inappropriate guideline selection, (ii) ambiguities in guideline understanding, (iii) avoiding user and expert suggestions as evaluation criteria, (iv) limited consideration of semantic perspectives, and (iv) unwillingness to incorporate the updated engineering methods. Therefore, reported results may be unclear and inappropriate for some users. Such limitations are critical factors that reduce the effectiveness of the developed tools. These issues cause unwillingness to use a particular tool or possible adoption of other tools. In this situation, we must identify which aspects are important to incorporate in the development in order to make the developed solution more effective as it allows users to make their website accessible to people with disabilities. In this paper, first, we present a literature review of different existing solutions for web accessibility testing to identify their challenges and limitations. Following the reported findings, we propose an automated web accessibility evaluation framework addressing several accessibility aspects to improve the evaluation results by mitigating the limitations of existing solutions. The proposed framework is validated by comparing it with existing automated solutions considering their functional properties. The proposed accessibility framework might be beneficial for web developers, accessibility engineers, and other practitioners to incorporate into their development and research.

Web Site Accessibility Among Doctor of Physical Therapy Programs in the United States.

Given the impetus to improve accessibility for diverse learners seeking physical therapist education, it is critical that all entry points to access information have minimal barriers. This study identified Web site accessibility barriers among Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) programs in the United States. Web site accessibility has been evaluated among many institutions of higher education, but none focused on DPT education. Individuals with disabilities may be adversely affected by Web site accessibility barriers. This cross-sectional study included 262 DPT programs in the United States. Doctor of Physical Therapy program characteristics collected were geographic region, institutional control type (public/private), medical school affiliation, accreditation status, total institutional enrollment, and DPT class size. The Web Accessibility Evaluation (WAVE) Tool assessed data related to accessibility barriers among DPT program homepage Uniform Resource Locators. Three primary outcomes from the WAVE Tool included WAVE Total Errors, Error Density, and Total Alerts. Web site homepage accessibility barriers varied among programs for WAVE Total Errors (range 0-150), Error Density (range 0-14.6%), and Total Alerts (range 1-331). Median Total Errors were greater among private (9.0) versus public (5.0) institution Web sites (P < .001). Median Total Errors were greater among those institutions not affiliated with a medical school (9.0) compared with those that had an affiliated medical school (7.0) (P = .04). No differences in accessibility barriers were identified according to geographic region or accreditation status (P > .05). Median Total Errors were significantly different between institutional enrollment quartiles (H[3] = 17.9, P < .001), with no differences noted between DPT class size quartiles for any outcome (P > .05). Generally, weak-fair inverse correlations were observed between student enrollment for the institution and Web site accessibility barrier outcomes. Homepage accessibility barriers varied greatly among DPT programs in the United States. Factors, including being a private institution, no medical school affiliation, and lower institutional enrollment, were related to increased accessibility barriers.

Evaluation of University Websites in Nigeria using the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Providing accessible open educational resources (OER) is essential for users with impairments to access university resources. To achieve this, web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) have been developed. In this study, we used the AChecker web accessibility evaluation tool to assess the content of 42 federal university websites in Nigeria and recorded their conformance level to the WCAG. The findings show that at Level A (Minimal Compliance), there were 855 known problems, 55 likely problems, and 7536 potential problems. At Level AA (Acceptable Compliance), 2516 known problems, 58 likely problems, and 15537 potential problems were identified. At Level AAA (Optimal Compliance), 2679 known problems were found, while there were no likely problems, and 16772 potential problems. The results indicated that most websites did not conform to the accessibility guidelines, highlighting the need for educational institutions to comply with WCAG2.1 content standard. The study recommends introducing accessibility training courses in web design and development to ensure effective OER creation for people with diverse abilities. Furthermore, enforcing the implementation of these guidelines by flagging down non-compliant educational websites was suggested. There is a problem of lack of accessibility in federal university websites in Nigeria, leading to unequal access to web content for users with varying abilities. The study aimed to identify aspects of the websites where accessibility needs to be improved and promote diversity and inclusiveness for users with different abilities to have equal access to web content.

Comparative analysis of the availability of cinema websites, taking into account the principles of universal design

The subject of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of cinema websites, taking into account the principles of universal design. The universal designing is a philosophy which central assumption is to create products, including graphic interfaces so that they are accessible to as many users as possible. An accessibility is a term that describes the extent to which users of different ages, with varying degrees of physical or mental fitness, can use it. Therefore, it is essential to adapt the interface to the largest possible audience when designing the interface. In the paper the following hypothesis has been defined: "The application of universal design principles increases the accessibility of websites”. The "Multikino" website has been selected for the research, which does not require the universal design, and the website created for the purpose of this study that meets these requirements. The research methods used in the study include eye-tracking, checking compliance with WCAG (ang. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) guidelines using the WAVE (ang. Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) tool, and conducting an interface assessment survey.

The Transparency of Automatic Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools: Design Criteria, State of the Art, and User Perception

Several Web accessibility evaluation tools have been put forward to reduce the burden of identifying accessibility barriers for users, especially those with disabilities. One common issue in using accessibility evaluation tools in practice is that the results provided by different tools are sometimes unclear, and often diverging. Such limitations may confuse the users who may not understand the reasons behind them, and thus hamper the possible adoption of such tools. Hence, there is a need for tools that shed light on their actual functioning, and the success criteria and techniques supported. For this purpose, we must identify what criteria should be adopted in order for such tools to be transparent and to help users better interpret their results. In this paper, we discuss such issues, provide design criteria for obtaining user-centred and transparent accessibility evaluation tools, and analyse how they have been addressed by a representative set of open, license-free, accessibility tools. We also report on the results of a survey with 138 users of such tools, aimed at capturing the perceived usefulness of previously identified transparency requirements. Finally, we performed a user study with 18 users working in the Web design or accessibility fields with the goal of receiving more feedback about the transparency of a selected subset of accessibility tools.

Improving the interface of an e-commerce website by applying universal design principles

This paper presents an analysis of two websites in terms of accessibility and usability. An authorial e-commerce website with improvements for people with disabilities was implemented. The website was compared with a popular commercial service. The study was conducted on a group of students and used the eye tracking method, a questionnaire developed for the purpose of the study and the LUT checklist. Additionally, an accessibility study was performed using the WAVE web accessibility evaluation tool. In the eye tracking study five measures were selected to evaluate the websites: the task completion time, the mean fixation time, the mean number of fixations, the mean saccade duration, and the mean number of saccades. On the basis of the obtained results and after their initial processing basic statistics and box plots were created to facilitate interpretation of the results.

Adherence of dermatology home page websites to accessibility guidelines for persons with disabilities.

Patients with disabilities utilize accommodations or assistive technologies to access content from healthcare websites, but not all websites are built accessibly. We sought to evaluate the accessibility of dermatology home page websites from the 3 largest hospitals in each state of the United States (n = 150) using evaluation tools SortSite 6.42.924.0 and the Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE). Of 150 hospitals evaluated, 128 (85%) were teaching hospitals and 48 (32%) were from the southern United States. The average numbers of contrast errors and all other errors detected by WAVE were 13.6 and 8.9, respectively. The mean number of Level A, AA and AAA issues detected per WCAG 2.1 guidelines were 5.7, 1.5, and 2.5, respectively. There were no significant differences in any accessibility metrics between teaching and non-teaching hospitals. Overall, dermatology home page websites have an average of 6 failures to meet the baseline A criteria of WCAG 2.1 and no websites were completely adherent to standards. The mean elements of contrast errors, other errors, alerts, and structural elements issues were all greater in the dermatology websites than in a federal public health website in a global analysis. Inaccessible dermatology websites present a significant barrier for patients to schedule and receive dermatologic care at hospitals nationally and may result in adverse outcomes for this underserved population. Dermatologic care teams and web developers must prioritize improving the accessibility of their websites to benefit all patients.

Current state of the preprint servers’ web accessibility

Background. The concept of open science is related to several domains: open research data, open communication infrastructures, new metric indicators of scientific quality and impact, open and early sharing of scientific publications, concern for research integrity and public involvement in the scientific process (Open Science Factsheet, 2019). Early sharing of scientific publications is made possible by preprint servers (Fu &amp; Hughey, 2019). Preprinting is an open science practice that allows deposition and distribution of manuscripts before submitting them to a journal for peer-review (Baždarić et al., 2021).Aim. To test web accessibility of preprint servers for persons with various visual, verbal, or other disabilities (15% of the general population) (Campoverde-Molina et al., 2021) as one of the core human right and a priority of the World Wide Web Consortium.Methods. We included 54 preprint server homepages (ASAP bio list; https://asapbio.org/preprintservers) with the WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (https://wave.webaim.org/), one of the most used automated tools to test web accessibility, which relies on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG v. 2.1) method (Campoverde-Molina et al., 2021). WAVE results are grouped into six categories: Errors, Contrast Errors, Alerts, Features, Structural Elements, and ARIA.Results: Of the 54 server homepages, 47 could be tested. Most frequent Errors based on WCAG 2.1 are: 2.4.4 Link Purpose In Context (49%) and 1.1.1 Non-text Content (47%). Almost half the sites (45%) have Contrast Error (WCAG 1.4.3). Alerts are mainly related to 1.3.1 Info and Relationships (74%), 2.4.6 Headings and Labels (66%) and 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks (60%). Features errors are related to 3.1.2 Language of Parts (89%) and 1.1.1 Non-text Content (62%). Results for measure Structural elements are all over 60%: 1.3.1 Info and Relationships (68%), 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks (68%) and 2.4.6 Headings and Labels (64%). For measure ARIA only 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value (53%) have results over 50%.Conclusion: This automated test clearly shows that there is still ample room for preprint servers to improve accessibility to their web pages, but manual detection is needed to overcome possible mismatches made by an automated tool.

ANALYSIS OF THE USABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF WEBSITES IN VIEW OF THEIR UNIVERSAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Universal design is a strategic approach for planning and designing both the products and their environment, aimed at making a given product available to the widest number of possible users. It ensures equality for all of them and the opportunity to participate in the society. This concept is also crucial in the process of designing and developing software. The research was conducted with the use of four services, three of them were implemented for the purpose of this study. Two of them took into consideration the principles of universal design, while the others did not. The aim of the study was verification of the level of usability and accessibility of services by means of three independent methods: the LUT (Lublin University of Technology) checklist, an assessment taking into account WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) standards using the automatic WAVE evaluation tool (Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool) and a device allowing to track the movement of the eye while performing various tasks on websites. The websites were assessed by twenty experts in the field of creating web application interfaces, using the LUT checklist. The time to the first fixation (TTFF) that it took respondents to look at specific website elements was measured using the eye tracker device and iMotions software. All websites were checked by means of the WAVE tool to detect irregularities and non-compliance with universal design standards. The analysis performed clearly indicated that websites that follow the universal design guidelines were more useful, intuitive and accessible for users. It might be concluded that interfaces allow to find necessary information and perform desired actions in a shorter time when prepared in accordance with the principles of universal design.

COVID-19 vaccine website accessibility dashboard

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated historical inequities for people with disabilities including barriers in accessing online information and healthcare appointment websites. These barriers were brought to the foreground during the vaccine rollout and registration process. ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study aimed to examine accessibility of U.S. state and territory COVID-19 information and registration centralized websites. MethodsThe Johns Hopkins Disability Health Research Center created a COVID-19 Vaccine Dashboard compiling COVID-19 information and vaccine registration web pages from 56 states and territories in the United States (U.S.) reviewed between March 30 through April 5, 2021 and analyzed accessibility using WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE). WAVE identifies website accessibility barriers, including insufficient contrast, alternative text, unlabeled buttons, total number of errors, and error density. Web pages were ranked and grouped into three groups by number of errors, creating comparisons between states on accessibility barriers for people with disabilities. ResultsAll 56 U.S states and territories had COVID-19 information web pages and 29 states had centralized state vaccine registration web pages. Total errors, error density, and alert data were utilized to generate accessibility scores for each web page, the median score was 259 (range = 14 to 536 and IQR = 237) for information pages, and 146 (range = 10 to 281 and IQR = 105) for registration pages. ConclusionsThese results highlight barriers people with disabilities may encounter when accessing information and registering for the COVID-19 vaccine, which underscore inequities in the pandemic response for the disability community and elevate the need to prioritize accessibility of public health information.

Accessibility challenges of e-commerce websites.

Today, there are many e-commerce websites, but not all of them are accessible. Accessibility is a crucial element that can make a difference and determine the success or failure of a digital business. The study was applied to 50 e-commerce sites in the top rankings according to the classification proposed by ecommerceDB. In evaluating the web accessibility of e-commerce sites, we applied an automatic review method based on a modification of Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0. To evaluate accessibility, we used Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE) with the extension for Google Chrome, which helps verify password-protected, locally stored, or highly dynamic pages. The study found that the correlation between the ranking of e-commerce websites and accessibility barriers is 0.329, indicating that the correlation is low positive according to Spearman’s Rho. According to the WAVE analysis, the research results reveal that the top 10 most accessible websites are Sainsbury’s Supermarkets, Walmart, Target Corporation, Macy’s, IKEA, H&M Hennes, Chewy, Kroger, QVC, and Nike. The most significant number of accessibility barriers relate to contrast errors that must be corrected for e-commerce websites to reach an acceptable level of accessibility. The most neglected accessibility principle is perceivable, representing 83.1%, followed by operable with 13.7%, in third place is robust with 1.7% and finally understandable with 1.5%. Future work suggests constructing a software tool that includes artificial intelligence algorithms that help the software identify accessibility barriers.

Examination of the electronic educational resources accessibility on the university Moodle platform

The purpose of the article is to assess the accessibility of electronic educational resources (EER) published in the university Moodle Learning Management System (LMS). The analysis involved 22 EERs in mathematical and information technology disciplines, located in the Moodle LMS of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. The examination algorithm included analysis using the Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE) and expert analysis of web accessibility using visual, auditory and manual methods based on 89 checklist attributes. In the result of the analysis, multiple accessibility errors of the Moodle platform and the EERs hosted on it were found. The most serious platform problems include: lack of compatibility with text browsers; errors of reproduction by screen readers; errors of content reproduction on mobile devices. The list of accessibility errors made by the authors of EERs includes: incorrect design of hyperlinks (22.7 % of the EERs); lack of subtitles (13.6 %), transcripts (22.7 %), synopses of video lectures (27.3 %); lack of alternative descriptions for figures (68.2 %); time limit for tests (9.1 %); lack of special markup for mathematical notation (36.4 %) and program code (13.6 %), etc. Results of the survey show need in training of EERs’ authors in technologies for developing accessible educational web content. It is advisable to familiarize web developers deploying an LMS at universities with the basics of web accessibility, LMS accessibility functions and modules in order to select the most suitable platform, determine and install the required set of accessibility tools. Before launching all EERs should be subject to mandatory examination for compliance with the web accessibility guidelines.

Thinking about Inclusion: Designing a Digital App Catalog for People with Motor Disability

Some apps serve as assistive technologies or digital therapeutic tools that can be used by rehabilitation professionals in the motor disability context, bringing benefits to therapists and people with disabilities. However, websites or catalogs do not provide reliable information, easy search, and intuitive access to these apps, causing access information difficulties. Therefore, this work proposes to develop a digital catalog of software focused on motor disability. This work performed a systematic search of websites and catalogs related to motor disability, a systematic search of the apps that the digital catalog would show, and a quality evaluation of selected apps using the Mobile Application Rating Scale tool. The digital catalog was developed with the information obtained in the previous phases combining the Prototyping and User Experience criteria, then assessed by final users, software testers, and a web accessibility evaluation tool. The catalog obtained a satisfactory quality score based on the end-users’ and therapists’ satisfaction when finding technological resources to use in their professional and health-care activities. This research aims to contribute to those interested in developing software for people with disabilities and encouraging them to create and design their implementations based on this study.

Private post-secondary library websites and the ADA: compliancy and COVID-19.

This study explores whether US post-secondary institutions (PPI) follow philosophies to foster inclusive communities, providing resources for those individuals with disabilities thrive socially, personally, and academically, while there have been no thorough studies conducted to determine web accessibility of the nation’s top-ranked PPI library webpages. Additionally, this study pioneers in comparison with the accessibility of PPI’s library homepages fighting COVID-19. The study evaluated the library homepages of the premium PPIs based on Money.com’s 2019 list of “The Best Colleges in America” via the WAVE web accessibility evaluation tool. The outcomes determined that most of the library homepages analyzed were littered with numerous errors, and the shift to online-based research in learning had no significant impact on the number of errors WAVE detected. The disconcerting findings of this study demonstrate the overall failure to recognize the importance of web accessibility or perhaps even the indifference toward accessibility on the part of the PPI community.

Accessibility evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine registration websites across the United States.

This exploratory study investigated the web accessibility of 54 official COVID-19 vaccine registration websites in the US and their concordance with the WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 guidelines. We employed AChecker, WAVE, and SortSite web accessibility evaluation tools to conduct automated analyses of these websites. The results showed suboptimal compliance with WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 guidelines, as determined using the AChecker, WAVE, and SortSite tools. These shortcomings in compliance may pose difficulties to users with disabilities as they access information on the websites. Based on our findings, we offered recommendations for states and other authorities to improve the accessibility of their websites to ensure that users with disabilities can independently schedule vaccination appointments.

COVID-19 Vaccine Website Accessibility Dashboard

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated historical inequities for people with disabilities. This includes barriers in accessing online information and healthcare appointment websites, which were brought to the foreground during the vaccine rollout and registration process. Methods: The Johns Hopkins Disability Health Research Center created a COVID-19 Vaccine Dashboard, which compiled COVID-19 information and vaccine registration web pages from 56 states and territories in the United States (U.S.) from March 30 through April 5, 2021 and analyzed accessibility using WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool (WAVE). This tool identifies website accessibility barriers, including insufficient contrast, alternative text, unlabeled buttons, total number of errors, and error density. COVID-19 information and vaccine registration web pages were ranked and grouped into three groups by number of errors, creating comparisons between states on accessibility barriers for people with disabilities. Findings: All 56 U.S states and territories had COVID-19 information web pages and 29 states had centralized state vaccine registration web pages. Total errors, error density, and alert data were utilized to generate accessibility scores for each web page, the median score was 259 (range=14 to 536 and IQR=237) for information pages, and 146 (range=10 to 281 and IQR=105) for state registration pages. Interpretation: These results highlight the barriers that people with disabilities may encounter when accessing information and registering for the COVID-19 vaccine, which underscore inequities in the pandemic response for the disability community and elevate the need to prioritize accessibility of public health information. Funding: American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) Declaration of Interest: All authors declare no competing interests.

Comparing Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools and Evaluating the Accessibility of Webpages: Proposed Frameworks

With the growth of e-services in the past two decades, the concept of web accessibility has been given attention to ensure that every individual can benefit from these services without any barriers. Web accessibility is considered one of the main factors that should be taken into consideration while developing webpages. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) have been developed to guide web developers to ensure that web contents are accessible for all users, especially disabled users. Many automatic tools have been developed to check the compliance of websites with accessibility guidelines such as WCAG 2.0 and to help web developers and content creators with designing webpages without barriers for disabled people. Despite the popularity of accessibility evaluation tools in practice, there is no systematic way to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluators. This paper first presents two novel frameworks. The first one is proposed to compare the performance of web accessibility evaluation tools in detecting web accessibility issues based on WCAG 2.0. The second framework is utilized to evaluate webpages in meeting these guidelines. Six homepages of Saudi universities were chosen as case studies to substantiate the concept of the proposed frameworks. Furthermore, two popular web accessibility evaluators, Wave and SiteImprove, are selected to compare their performance. The outcomes of studies conducted using the first proposed framework showed that SiteImprove outperformed WAVE. According to the outcomes of the studies conducted, we can conclude that web administrators would benefit from the first framework in selecting an appropriate tool based on its performance to evaluate their websites based on accessibility criteria and guidelines. Moreover, the findings of the studies conducted using the second proposed framework showed that the homepage of Taibah University is more accessible than the homepages of other Saudi universities. Based on the findings of this study, the second framework can be used by web administrators and developers to measure the accessibility of their websites. This paper also discusses the most common accessibility issues reported by WAVE and SiteImprove.

Versions of WCAG and Accessibility of Library Web-­Content

The aim of this paper is to analyze of the current state of accessibility of library web content in accordance with the principles of the standards Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 from 2008 and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1. from 2018.Research methodology. The methods of webometric analysis have been applied during the research.Results. The analysis of 177 websites of national libraries around the world for compliance with WCAG 2.0 guidelines was conducted. Based on the use of the web accessibility evaluation tool Achecker, 151 websites of national libraries have been successfully tested. It was determined that 29 of them (19%) are fully consistent, 3 are partially consistent, 119 are not compliant with the accessibility recommendations according to WCAG 2.0 at levels A, AA and AAA. There was no possibility to evaluate the 26 websites national libraries by AChecker. It appears that current state of accessibility of websites of national libraries, portals of electronic libraries and other digital project are insufficient to offer an equitable experience to individuals with disabilities. Additional seventeen success criteria in WCAG 2.1 are analyzed. The WCAG 2.1 offers an opportunity for libraries to improve accessibility practices, involve users with special needs to testing processes library recourses. Novelty of this paper consists in the focuses on the need to introduce a permanent audit of library web content accessibility by automatically testing and including an audience of users with special needs.The practical significance. The practical significance consists in considering the accessibility as part of the digital collections development, method testing accessibility internal databases, digital libraries, websites, other electronic resources and digital project.

Evaluation of Web Accessibility of Higher Education Institutions in Chile

The aim of this study is to assess the web accessibility concerning the websites of Chilean universities which are listed in The World University Rankings.&#x0D; &#x0D; Web accessibility is a fundamental factor in achieving a true educational inclusion. It is especially important in the light of the current trend of expanding not only the online content, but also online learning. What makes this even more essential is the Chilean legislation which under Law 20422 establishes the regulations regarding equality of opportunity and social inclusion of people with disabilities. &#x0D; &#x0D; The analysis has been conducted on the basis of the international standard set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), version WCAG 2.0. Evaluation methodology called WCAG-EM created by the same entity, has been applied in the analysis. Various automatic web accessibility evaluation tools have also been used, apart from manual verifications. &#x0D; &#x0D; The study reveals that the websites of Chilean universities have hardly complied with the regulation and that there are barriers and difficulties of access for the elderly and/or people with disabilities.

An Analytical Approach to Accessibility and Usability Evaluation of Nigerian Airlines Websites

In the present globalized world, online access to information and service irrespective of location and time have become the order of the day. A major gateway to online information and services in any corporate or government organization is the website. Thus, websites accessibility and usability across different organizations is gaining interest among researchers and practitioners. This study focuses on evaluating the level of accessibility and usability of websites of major airlines in the civil aviation industry in Nigeria for the purpose of ascertaining their level of compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. In achieving the aim of the study, different automated tools such as the A-Checker tool, European Internet Inclusion Initiative (EIII) e-accessibility tool, WAVE web accessibility evaluation tool (WAVE), Functional Accessibility Evaluation Tool and Mobile Friendly Test were used in the study. In addition, heuristic method was used for the usability testing. Based on the various tests conducted, majority of the websites show known problems (KP) and high failure in terms of xhtml conformance with the stipulated guidelines. Findings from the coding and design tests reveal an average performance while the websites’ implementation tests and mobile friendly tests were not satisfactory. The usability evaluation reveals that most of the websites do not have functional and required usability tools expected from commercial airlines. In practical terms, this study provides pointer to stakeholders in the civil aviation industry in Nigeria on the importance of ensuring that websites deployed facilitate seamless interaction with customers and enable service delivery without constraints.