Weave Design Research Articles

Optimizing the Auxetic Geometry Parameters in Few Yarns Based Auxetic Woven Fabrics for Enhanced Mechanical Properties Using Grey Relational Analysis

ABSTRACT 2D woven auxetic fabrics (AF) developed by weave design modification provide a continuous, commercial, and low-cost manufacturing process for high strength and stable auxetic structures. However, AFs developed by previous methods have a highly folded surface, which is problematic in printing, laminating, and stitching. For the first time, we studied the auxeticity in a few yarn-based auxetic structures, which provides a uniform surface texture. Reentrant honey-comb geometry was chosen to fabricate auxetic woven fabrics, as such geometry shows the best auxetic nature. Different parameters of auxetic geometry were optimized based on their mechanical response using the statistical tool: gray relational analysis (GRA). The mechanical properties of AFs were compared with conventional (3/1 twill woven) non-auxetic fabric (NAF), having the same specifications. The smaller unit cell (3E) with a reorientation area of 4P showed optimum auxeticity and mechanical properties. The optimized auxetic structure showed superior mechanical properties as compared to conventional fabric. GRA grade of optimized AF was 67.3% higher than the NAF. Most importantly, the tensile strength was 23% higher for optimized AF structure. The bidimensional energy dissipation ability of the AF provides a key advantage in the superior mechanical response.

Effect of weave architecture and glass microspheres percentage on the low velocity impact response of hemp/green epoxy composites

Improvement in mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites remain a key focus of researchers in the recent years. However, few studies have been carried out for the improvement in low velocity impact properties of such composites. In the present article, the results on the effect of weave structure of reinforcing fabric and addition of glass microsphere fillers (GMS) on the drop weight impact properties of Hemp/Green epoxy composite samples are reported for the first time. Hemp woven fabrics having four different weave structures (matt, satin, hybrid weave A and hybrid weave B) were developed in an inhouse lab. Four layered composites containing glass microspheres (0%, 2%, 3.5% and 5% on the weight of resin) were fabricated using vacuum bag molding. Drop weight impact testing was performed at 10 J impact energy, and force-displacement, force-time and energy absorbed-time behaviors were recorded and analyzed. The results were statistically analyzed as well. It was found that both weave design and glass microspheres show a significant effect on impact properties of the developed composites. The composite sample reinforced with satin woven reinforcement exhibited maximum value of impact force, whereas composite samples containing 5% glass microspheres display more resilience and stiffness as compared to other structures.

An Update of Weavers Technical Skill and Woven Designs in South Western Nigeria

The thrust of this paper is to assess an update of weavers’ technical skills in relation to their woven designs in South-Western Nigeria. Among many traditional handcrafts that feature in Nigerian Art Industry, weaving seems to be the most prominent and the most consistent. Available loom types and accessories as observed in use in many weaving locations in South-Western Nigeria virtually possess identical structures and features. However, technical skill of weavers differs characteristically as are reflected in varied nomenclature of fabric’s textural and structural patterns and designs, with weavers struggling to manipulate the ‘crudity’ of their tools to the technical advantage of the aesthetic appearance of woven designs. Unstructured questionnaires in Likert Scale sample was used for frequency distribution of variables, and the woven fabrics collected from the study area were subjected to visual/aesthetic description referring to appropriate circumstances surrounding production. The need to re-assess weavers’ technical skill in South-Western Nigeria arises because of the changing phases of consumers aesthetic tastes and preferences, and the need to increase production at the speed commensurate to the demand of users. These need-driven values tend to generate spontaneous traditional symbolic designs and motifs suitable to re-awaken socio-cultural consciousness of consumers.

Development of diversified hand woven furnishing products with amalgamated assamese woven motifs and assessment of consumer preference

Handlooms are environment-friendly technology as they require no energy in operation except for the machinery that spins the yarn. The handloom sector plays a strategic role in the upliftment of the rural economy of India, with its attractive products shows dexterity and artistic ability of the weavers. Even today, the rural people of India mostly women grossly depend on the handloom which requires minimum capital and less technical skills. The present study is an attempt to develop diversified hand-woven furnishing products that require less time to produce and can have ever-growing market potentials. Different unique and peculiar products were developed by amalgamated woven designs and products were evaluated to assess the consumer acceptability. The study revealed that design innovation has a tremendous effect on consumer choices. Among the developed designs, design no. 3 and 10 got highest (2.96) WMS followed by design no. 6, 11, 12 (2.92) and design no. 1 (2.90), respectively in different developed products. It was found that a healthy handloom industry requires a broad and varied product range, design intervention, and appropriate marketing mechanisms for higher marketability. Hence, the study can help the weavers of Assam towards a new perspective of value-added products for their sustainable livelihood.

FEA of Plain Woven Kevlar/Epoxy Composites Subjected to Normal and Oblique Impact with Multi-Scale Modelling

High-performance Kevlar/epoxy plain woven composites are subjected to normal and oblique impact by a conical-cylindrical projectile. A multiscale modelling method which incorporates Micro-Meso-Macro transition approach is implemented to study the ballistic impact phenomena. This Macro Homogeneous-Meso heterogeneous modelling technique has been executed in this examination to develop the intricate weave design of the objective plate. A voxel-based non-conformal work has been utilized to comprehend the behavior of Representative Volume Element (RVE). The damage properties are implemented utilizing a user-defined function for the explicit analysis. The model is approved with the available literary works for Kevlar and carbon composites to feature the thorough inclusion of the technique. The model is considered for different oblique angles (0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °) and its effects on energy absorption, damage mechanism and residual velocity are observed.

Preliminary study of weave pattern influence on microplastics from fabric laundering

Nature, including the oceans, is polluted by the presence of plastics. Different products can be found, including plastic bottles, toys, toothpaste tubes, fruit meshes, etc. Small pieces of plastics, known as microplastics, have been found in the oceans and there is concern that their impact is increasing. Some of those microplastics are considered to come from the textile products. In this article, the authors will suggest how to minimize the environmental problem of the presence of microplastics in wastewaters from textile laundries. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of some parameters related to the design of fabrics. A relationship between microplastic release and parameters from weave design will be established. A fiberglass filter was used to analyze water from the laundry. Results demonstrated that the interlacing coefficient influences the number of particles in the wastewaters. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the higher the density of yarns/cm in the fabric, the lower the quantity of fibers could be found in the wastewater. Results demonstrated that the presence of weave patterns, such as a plain pattern, work better from the sustainability point of view than a twill. The interlacing coefficient and the weft density are important to prevent the microplastic release.

Finite element analysis of hybrid 3D orthogonal woven composite subjected to ballistic impact with multi‐scale modeling

The present study deals with the finite element analysis (FEA) of hybrid 3D orthogonal woven composite (3DOWC) subjected to ballistic impact by a conical‐cylindrical projectile. The present simulation incorporates the micro‐meso‐macro transition approach is used for developing the intricate design of the target plate. The glass fibers are used for Warp and Weft direction, and Kevlar fibers are considered for the z‐direction binder yarns. The model is approved by utilizing 2D weave design, which has been examined by impacting the conical‐cylindrical projectile and compared with the available literature. Furthermore, the ballistic analysis is extended for the Hybrid 3DOWC, where the effect of residual velocity and energy absorptions are studied. The study highlights that z‐direction fibers have not much influence on energy absorption for both the hybrid and unhybridized 3DOWC. Furthermore, the influence of hybridization will subside with the increased velocities.

Diaper Design for Polyester Fabric

Knowledge about the indigenous traditional woven fabrics of Nigeria reveals the extent the people have advanced in the area of weaving and clothing need. Unfortunately, the indigenous weaving culture faces threat of extinction due to the introduction of machine made fabrics. Here, double twisted and single twisted polyester yarn was used as warp and weft respectively to weave a diaper design for polyester fabric which was used for interior decoration. The diaper weave was produced using a four-shaft hand loom and the steps involved were warping, beaming, heddling or drafting, reeding/denting, tie-up/gaiting, shedding, picking and beating up. The woven diaper polyester was cut and sewn for interior decoration. The diaper twill weave design produced has a front and a back side and was found to be durable, attractive and reliable. Soiling and stains were less noticeable on the uneven surface of the diaper designed twill weave than on a smooth surface, such as plain weaves and as a result makes them suitable for sturdy work clothing, draperies/curtains, durable upholsteries and furnishings. The fewer interlacing in this design as compared to other weaves allow the yarns to move more freely, and therefore they are softer and more pliable, and drape better than most plain-weave textiles. This design also recovers from creasing better than plain weaves do.

APPLICATION OF ORIGINAL WOVEN SURFACE DESIGNS ON THE CLOTHING

Woven fabrics date back to the ancient ages and have been extensively used particularly in apparel, home textile, and other industries. The selection of yarn and knitting technique are among the important factors in fabrication of woven fabric surfaces with high aesthetical value. Particularly color selection for yarn used in fabrication of woven fabrics has a significant effect on the appearance of the final product. The ever-increasing quality of life brings about the need for new and different looks among individuals. In this work, the course of development and fabrication for a simple woven fabric has been studied, and the obtained products were used in apparel designs. In this context, first the theme was determined, and then pattern designs and patterns were woven in 25*25 cm size. The woven fabrics were used as detail on different parts of outfits designed under the theme “steet fashion”. Also, two of the designs were chosen and manufactured as final-products. Accordingly, different and modern designs were introduced by bringing the obtained woven surfaces together with dresses. Keywords: woven design, plain weave, fabric design, clothing design

Effect of glass microspheres and fabric weave structure on mechanical performance of hemp/green epoxy composites

AbstractDespite many advantages, poor mechanical properties are a limiting factor in market growth of natural fiber composites. This work is focused on improvement in the mechanical properties of hemp/green epoxy composites by using four different weave structures and by adding glass microspheres (GMS) to the resin. The reinforcement was fabricated in four different weave designs (matt, satin, hybrid weave A, and hybrid weave B) and four different percentages of GMS (0%, 2%, 3.5%, and 5% on the weight of resin) were also mixed in the green epoxy resin. Four layered composites were fabricated by using vacuum bagging technique. The tensile, flexural and impact tests were conducted. The results showed that the tensile strength of composites with satin weave reinforcement is better than other weaves, due to longer warp thread float and lesser number of intersection points. While, during flexural and pendulum (Charpy) impact testing, matt weave composite showed better results due to its stable and robust structure as compared to the other weave composites. Keeping the weave design constant, the composites with 5% GSM showed better tensile, flexural and impact behavior. Both factors (weave design and GMS percentage) showed a statistically significant effect on the mechanical test results.

The Role of Textile Products in Fighting the Coronavirus COVID-19

Knowledge about the indigenous traditional woven fabrics of Nigeria reveals the extent the people have advanced in the area of weaving and clothing need. Unfortunately, the indigenous weaving culture faces threat of extinction due to the introduction of machine made fabrics. Here, double twisted and single twisted polyester yarn was used as warp and weft respectively to weave a diaper design for polyester fabric which was used for interior decoration. The diaper weave was produced using a four-shaft hand loom and the steps involved were warping, beaming, heddling or drafting, reeding/denting, tie-up/gaiting, shedding, picking and beating up. The woven diaper polyester was cut and sewn for interior decoration. The diaper twill weave design produced has a front and a back side and was found to be durable, attractive and reliable. Soiling and stains were less noticeable on the uneven surface of the diaper designed twill weave than on a smooth surface, such as plain weaves and as a result makes them suitable for sturdy work clothing, draperies/curtains, durable upholsteries and furnishings. The fewer interlacing in this design as compared to other weaves allow the yarns to move more freely, and therefore they are softer and more pliable, and drape better than most plain-weave textiles. This design also recovers from creasing better than plain weaves do.

Design for Carbon Fiber Lamination of PMI Foam Cored CFRP Sandwich Composite Applied to Automotive Rear Spoiler

In general, foam cored sandwich composites, wherein a polymer foam for structural materials is disposed at the center and a heterogeneous material such as CFRP or GFRP is bonded to one or both sides of the polymer foam, are excellent with regard to their volume-to-weight and vibration damping characteristics. For this reason, foam cored sandwich composites are mainly used in the transportation field and has applications across various fields. This study aims to apply a foam cored CFRP sandwich composite to an automotive rear spoiler. To reduce the weight compared to conventional rear spoiler with ABS/PC, we did the lamination design of the carbon weave of the foam cored CFRP sandwich composite. Then, the PMI foam cored CFRP sandwich composite spoiler was compared with the conventional ABS/PC spoiler and CFRP spoiler for mechanical behavior through finite element analysis. The results demonstrated that our PMI foam cored CFRP sandwich composite spoiler was 7.81 times more secure and 43.6 % lighter than the ABS/PC spoiler.

A Regular Study on Yarn Count, Size Box Temperature and Machine Speed to Increase Weaving Efficiency of Cotton Fabric

Sizing is an inherent part of weaving works, consisting in the coating of the warp yarn with a polymeric adhesive, such as starch, in order to assist efficient weaving. The study is aimed to assess the effects of squeezed roller pressure, dryer temperature, yarn count, machine speed (rpm) on cotton fabric weaving. Coarser and finer cotton yarn samples were prepared using sizing solution BENSIZE 850. Different size box temperature, yarn count, fabric construction, machine speed, squeeze roller pressure were considered to construct different weaving designs to study yarn breakages parameter. A warping plan was designed on TAROKO V5.4 (190325) software. The results established that size box lower temperature and higher machine speed provide the smallest amount yarn break during weaving for coarser cotton yarn and the highest for finer cotton yarn. Size box higher temperature and lower machine speed provide maximum yarn breakage during weaving coarser cotton yarn and minimum for fine yarn. Size penetration is uniform, which provides a higher strength of the yarn to less breakage. This aspect of the research suggested that higher yarn strength gives a lesser amount of breakage.

Thermal Properties of Woven Kenaf/Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite Panels

The effects of carbon fibre hybridisation on the thermal properties of woven kenaf-reinforced epoxy composites were studied. Woven kenaf hybrid composites of different weave designs of plain and satin and fabric counts of5×5and6×6were manually prepared by a vacuum infusion technique. A composite made from 100% carbon fibre was served for a comparison purpose. Thermal properties of pure carbon fibre and hybrid composites were determined by using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was found that a hybrid composite with higher kenaf fibre content (fabric count6×6) showed better thermal stability while the highest thermal stability was found in the pure carbon fibre composite. The TG and DTG results showed that the amount of residue decreased in the plain-designed hybrid composite compared to the satin-designed hybrid composite. The DSC data revealed that the presence of woven kenaf increased the decomposition temperature.

Weave Design Aspects of 3D Textile Preforms Towards Mechanical Properties of Their Composites

In this research, six different weave designs of 3D fabric preforms were produced which were subsequently converted to their composite forms using compression molding technique. The composite flat panels thus produced were characterized with their response to in-plane tension, bending, and impact testing. The stuffer tows per layer to binder ratio were kept 1:1 for all the samples. One of the preforms was produced without straight stuffer tows in order to categorize their role to different mechanical properties under this study. The tensile performance was found to be affected by the linear densities of the load carrying fibres and also to the distribution of resin rich regions, determined by weave design of the preforms. The flexural analysis revealed that the binder tows did not straighten and induce cracks like tensile properties, instead, they acted as a truss and improved bending property. Interlock weave designs showed better flexural properties than corresponding orthogonal weave designs. The impact properties were predominantly influenced by the number of crossover points in the fabric structure.

Weaving geodesic foliations

We study discrete geodesic foliations of surfaces---foliations whose leaves are all approximately geodesic curves---and develop several new variational algorithms for computing such foliations. Our key insight is a relaxation of vector field integrability in the discrete setting, which allows us to optimize for curl-free unit vector fields that remain well-defined near singularities and robustly recover a scalar function whose gradient is well aligned to these fields. We then connect the physics governing surfaces woven out of thin ribbons to the geometry of geodesic foliations, and present a design and fabrication pipeline for approximating surfaces of arbitrary geometry and topology by triaxially-woven structures, where the ribbon layout is determined by a geodesic foliation on a sixfold branched cover of the input surface. We validate the effectiveness of our pipeline on a variety of simulated and fabricated woven designs, including an example for readers to try at home.

Variation of Poisson’s ratio of fabrics woven with helical composite auxetic weft yarns in relation to fabric structural parameters

Auxetic textiles are defined as textiles with negative Poisson’s ratio. These textiles possess unique properties that render them suitable for special applications. This work aims to investigate the effect of fabric structural parameters such as thread densities, weave design and warp yarn count. Thus, 30 fabric samples were woven at 3 weft and 2 warp densities, respectively. Two warp counts and three weave designs of plain, basket 3/3 and weft-backed satin 6 were used. The samples were uniaxially loaded in weft direction and dimensional changes at various strains levels were evaluated. The evaluation was carried out using the image processing technique based on MATLAB software. The weft yarns used were found to exhibit auxetic behavior at the whole spectrum of the strain level used. The least weft yarn Poisson’s ratio was found to be −0.9. It was established that in general the fabric samples exhibit auxetic effect within the stated range of strain. Additionally, it was concluded that while fabric thread densities together with warp count influence the minimum fabric Poisson's ratio, auxetic behavior of the samples is not dependent on weave design alone. Rather, it was illustrated that the combined effect of weave design in association with stated structural parameters on auxetic feature cannot be ignored.

Heir Conditioning: Dickens Planning Ahead

Heir Conditioning:Dickens Planning Ahead Robert Tracy (bio) The "purposive" man is always trying to secure a spurious delusive immortality for his acts by pushing his interest in them forward into time: […] by pushing always forward into the future, he strives to secure an immortality. John Maynard Keynes, "Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren." "Everything is some kind of plot, man." Thomas Pyncheon, Gravity's Rainbow. How to end The Pickwick Papers after serial publication in 20 monthly installments (Apr. 1836 – Nov. 1837) "was as little known to [Dickens] as to any of his readers" (Forster 88).1Not until Dombey and Son (1846–48) did he begin preparing careful working plans for each new novel. Before Dombey, how did Dickens end earlier novels without an exit strategy? How would he finally clarify mysterious events that readers had been speculating about for 19 months? His solution was to invent a will, imposing eccentric conditions an heir must meet to inherit, explaining retroactively a story's many mysteries in its final installments. Reporting disputed will cases at Doctors' Commons made him familiar with eccentric bequests: his "POSTSCRIPT in lieu of Preface" for Our Mutual Friend in 1865 tells readers that "[T]here are hundreds of Will Cases […] far more remarkable than that fancied in this book," in the archives at Doctors' [End Page 44] Commons. An eccentric will, invented after serial publication began, provides an exit strategy for Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby and The Old Curiosity Shop. Dickens's imagined testators think like novelists. They write wills that control heirs as novelists control fictional characters. He prepared working plans for every novel after Dombey, but continued introducing wills to explain the mysteries he had invented. Dickens's 1837 preface to Pickwick explains what he learned about serial publication. A novel's "general design" should be "simple enough" to survive "this detached and desultory form of publication." Each number should be "complete in itself," but "form one tolerably harmonious whole." While Pickwick had not been "artfully interwoven or ingeniously complicated," prefaces to later novels emphasize their woven design or pattern – terms Dickens preferred to plot (Little Dorrit, 1857 Preface). Forster met Dickens at Christmas 1836; he soon began urging him to decide how a novel would end before beginning publication. "I was responsible for [the] tragic ending" of The Old Curiosity Shop, he declares, and quotes Dickens's thanks for "your most valued suggestion, to keep my thoughts upon the ending of the tale." Dickens "had not thought of killing [Little Nell], when, about half-way through [publication], I asked him to consider whether it did not necessarily belong even to his own conception, after taking so mere a child through such a tragedy of sorrow, to lift her also out of the commonplace of ordinary happy endings, […] All that I meant he seized at once, and never turned aside from it again" (Forster 150–51). Oliver Twist (Bentley's Miscellany, Feb. 1837–Apr. 1839) begins with Oliver's birth in a workhouse, "badged and ticketed, […] a parish child […] humble half-starved drudge." His mother's death, immediately after giving birth, leaves him without identity and caste: "[I]t would have been hard for the haughtiest stranger to have fixed his station in society" (Oliver Twist I: ch. 1, Feb. 1837, italics mine). Dickens's reference to "station in society" hints that Oliver may not be a typical workhouse child. His language, moral instincts and Cruikshank's illustrations emphasize his difference from Fagin's boys: their "'looks convict 'em when they get into trouble, and I lose 'em all. With this boy, properly managed, […] I could do what I couldn't with twenty of them'" (Twist IX: ch. 19, Dec. 1837). Bentley's readers were well into Oliver Twist before Dickens decided that a will, imposing specific conditions on an heir, could be revealed to explain "More Mysteries Than One" in the final installment: Monks's identity and Fagin's attempts to make Oliver a criminal. Not until the twelfth installment (Bk. II, chap. 26, Mar. 1838), when "a mysterious character," enters, would readers encounter Monks and learn he has already been conspiring with Fagin to involve Oliver in a robbery. Writing to...

Effects of Fabric Counts and Weave Designs on the Properties of Laminated Woven Kenaf/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

The effects of different fabric materials namely weave designs (plain and satin) and fabric counts (5 × 5 and 6 × 6) on the properties of laminated woven kenaf/carbon fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were evaluated. The hybrid composites were fabricated from two types of fabric, i.e., woven kenaf that was made from a yarn of 500tex and carbon fibre, by using vacuum infusion technique and epoxy resin as matrix. The panels were tested for tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The results have revealed that plain fabric is more suitable than satin fabric for obtaining high tensile and impact strengths. Using a fabric count of 5 × 5 has generated composites that are significantly higher in flexural modulus as compared to 6 × 6 which may be attributed to their structure and design. The scanned electron micrographs of the fractured surfaces of the composites demonstrated that plain woven fabric composites had better adhesion properties than satin woven fabric composites, as indicated by the presence of notably lower amount of fibre pull out.

Development and Mechanical Characterization of Weave Design Based 2D Woven Auxetic Fabrics for Protective Textiles

Auxetic materials expand in at least one dimension, when stretched longitudinally i.e. they have negative Poisson’s ratio. Development of 2D woven auxetic fabrics (AF) is a new approach to develop mechanically stable auxetic textile structures. However, the mechanical response of such emerging structure is still not studied in detail yet, therefore different mechanical properties of 2D woven AF are compared with conventional non-auxetic fabric (NAF). AF was developed by orienting yarns in auxetic honey-comb (AHC) geometry and auxeticity is induced due to such orientation of yarns. AF was developed using conventional (non-auxetic) materials; cotton yarn and elastane cotton yarn in warp and weft dimension respectively, using air jet loom. Structure and auxeticity of AF were analyzed using a digital microscope and its different mechanical properties (tensile strength, tear strength, bursting strength, cut resistance, and puncture resistance) were studied. AF showed superior mechanical properties with a lower initial modulus, which is beneficial for different protective textiles applications like cut resistance gloves, blast resistant curtains, and puncture tolerant elastomeric composites.