Weather Monitoring System Research Articles

Influence of Meteorological Variables on UHF Radio Signal: Recent Findings for EBS, Benin City, South-South, Nigeria

In this study the influence of some meteorological variables on Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radio signals from Edo Broadcasting Service (EBS) in Benin City, South-South, Nigeria located within Latitude 6°20’17”N and Longitude 5°37’32”E was investigated. The measurements of the radio signal strength from EBS Television, transmitting at 743.25 MHz UHF and some meteorological variables (air temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity) using the Digital Community-Access/Cable Television (CATV) analyzer and a self designed cost effective portable weather monitoring system were carried out simultaneously at a residential building within Benin City, in order to ascertain the influence of these meteorological variables on the signal strength. The measurements were done every eight hours (between 7am-8am, 3pm-4pm and 11pm-12am respectively) for a period of one year (2017). From the obtained results, it was inferentially observed that the radio signals was having inverse relationship with the air temperature, atmospheric pressure and the relative humidity; on the assumption that for any of the aforementioned meteorological variables, the others were observed constant. Statistically, the signal strength and these meteorological variables were having correlation values of -0.94, -0.92 and -0.96 for the air temperature, atmospheric pressure and the relative humidity respectively. These results obtained from this study should be taken into account by the management of radio communication systems for enhancement and planning purposes.

Influence of weather variables on atmospheric refractivity over Auchi Town, Edo State, Nigeria

In this study, atmospheric variables such as air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure were evaluated in order to determine the atmospheric refractivity over Auchi town in Edo State, Nigeria using a portable weather monitoring system. The data revealed that, the average atmospheric refractivity was 354.31 N-units. It was observed that air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure were having significant influence on the atmospheric refractivity during all the months in 2017. This influence was much during the months with higher rainfall (wet season), than the months with lesser rainfall (dry season). The air temperature was having the higher influence compared to that of the relative humidity and the atmospheric pressure. This study will assist the management of radio communication systems for enhancement and improvement purposes.Keywords: Refractivity; Troposphere; Propagation; Variation; Weather Variables

Decentralized weather monitoring system for smart cities

Internet of things involves monitoring as one of its major applications. It mostly includes condition-based decisions without human intervention. Monitoring systems continuously read the data from sensors, upload the data to a database and take appropriate decisions when they encounter an abnormal data. This provides a good basis for the IoT control systems which now are mostly common. This paper explains the solution to replace the single server system which means a centralized system with an individual server system which is a decentralized system. A decentralized system provides high security to the data and ensures data privacy which centralized systems fail to do. This decentralized system involves maintaining own server but ensuring the availability of data & communication without loss of privacy, ensuring minimization of security threats. This application involves building of a collective application on an android platform to present the data to the users based on the user hierarchy defined. The app provides high security through authentication based on the rights that user possesses. This app is designed to continuously monitor the air pollution in the areas across the city and give alerts or notifications whenever the pollution level reaches to a threshold. Additionally, the app monitors temperature and humidity level. Analytics are performed on the data from sensors and a graph is plotted as the value of a parameter across time. Separate graphs are plotted for each parameter. A user with administrator privilege can view the data of all the areas whereas a user from a single location or a user with general privilege gets the data of his own location.

Arduino Based Weather Monitoring Telemetry System Using NRF24L01+

-Weather is an important part of the natural environment, thus knowing weather information is needed before doing activity. The main purpose of this research was to develop a weather monitoring system which capable to transmit weather data via radio frequency by using nRF24L01+ 2,4GHz radio module. This research implement Arduino UNO as the main controller of the system which send data wirelessly using the radio module and received by a receiver system. Received data then logged and displayed using a Graphical User Interface on a personal computer. Test and experiment result show that the system was able to transmit weather data via radio wave with maximum transmitting range of 32 meters.

Single phase PQ theory based control of active power filter for power quality enhancement in DG connected microgrid

The number of DG systems like Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Systems are now penetrating more into the conventional power system. In microgrids, loads and generators are in the close vicinity. However, due to the unpredictable nature of non-conventional energy resources like wind and solar with varying loads, it is almost impossible to maintain an accurate power balance between the source and load. Furthermore, to compensate reactive power and harmonics of this AC microgrid and also to maintain a reasonable power quality, it is essential to use a state-of-the-art controller like shunt active power filter (Sh. APF). This research work is an effort in the same direction wherein the actual environmental data like solar irradiation and wind profile have been collected with the help of the weather monitoring system in BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus and this data has been used in conceiving and designing an AC microgrid of suitable capacity. The loads included in this system are both harmonic and reactive in nature. Finally, a Sh. APF with an appropriate control scheme has been incorporated in the proposed AC microgrid so that impeccable power quality is maintained at the load end, apart from achieving a good power balance.

Floating buoy-based triboelectric nanogenerator for an effective vibrational energy harvesting from irregular and random water waves in wild sea

Water waves in wild sea have unique characteristics of being huge, random, irregular, and of low frequency. To effectively harvest such vibrational energy, any devices should be light enough to float, sensitive even to small amplitudes, durable against harsh environmental conditions, easily replaceable after long-term use, and easily linked to form a network. Here, a floating buoy-based triboelectric nanogenerator (FB-TENG) is demonstrated to effectively harvest the vibrational energy with full satisfaction of these requirements. The FB-TENG consisted simply of a power generation unit, which was packed in an acrylic case, and a height-adjustable support, which was attached to a floating buoy. Even for the small amplitude of water waves, the height-adjustable support provides vigorous vibration at the power generation unit; which was sufficient to power 30 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and operate a digital thermo-hygrometer and an anenometer. Under saltwater (salinity of 40%), thermal shocks (temperature range of 4–60°C), and strong ultraviolet irradiation (power of 10 W), the FB-TENG generates stable electric power by virtue of the acrylic packing of the power generation units. The FB-TENG also generates electric power from the various and mixed amplitudes and frequencies of water waves coming from all directions. Furthermore, the FB-TENG can easily be integrated into a network for high-power generation. This work provides a significant step forward in the harvesting of the blue energy of water waves, and the realization of self-powered sea mark and weather monitoring systems in wild sea.

Micro-controller Based Mobile Weather Monitor System

Stored data and records of weather parameter like temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed measured remotely by using appropriate sensors is important in environmental, weather monitoring and many industrial processes. A device for weather monitoring through measuring, processing and recording is developed to monitor and display the atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. The aim is to design and implement mobile weather monitoring system that can be remotely used. The materials that were used including: Anemometer (wind speed sensor), DHT11 (temperature and relative humidity sensor), MPX5100AP (pressure sensor), LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) for light intensity 16x2 LCD (Liquid Cristal Display), a microcontroller, and a Memory Card (MMC). At the end, a weather monitoring system was implemented and it was used to monitor five weather parameters and store in the memory Card.

Design and Development of Weather Monitoring and Controlling System for a Smart Agro (Farm)

Weather plays an important role in our farming system. In greenhouse or internal farming system, weather monitoring is important. For better production and maintenance, it is important to monitor. This project is developed for forecasting weather parameters like humidity, temperature, soil moisture, and raid detection. Humidity and temperature are monitored for internal temperature. The soil is the most important part of a greenhouse. In this project, soil moisture level is monitored and controlled for maintaining soil moisture level. Rain detection is used in outside of the farm. It detects rainwater and sends a message to the server. It is monitored by using a local server. In remote routing area, it also can be monitored and controlled without physical existence. Also, it is a low-cost weather monitoring system for the agro farm. The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. The monitoring system could be designed by using the sensor. It is useful for forecasting and data analysis process. In this project weather forecasting system is designed by using a sensor. In this project, Raspberry Pi work like a remote monitoring and controlling system for the agro farm.

A Remotely Deployable Wind Sonic Anemometer

Communication and computing shape up base for explosion of Internet of Things (IoT) era. Humans can efficiently control the devices around their environment as per requirements because of IoT, the communication between different devices brings more flexibility in surrounding. Useful data is also gathered from some of these devices to create Big Data; where, further analysis assist in making life easier by developing good business models corresponding to user needs, enhance scientific research, formulating weather prediction or monitoring systems and contributing in other relative fields as well. Thus, in this research a remotely deployable IoT enabled Wind Sonic Anemometer has been designed and deployed to calculate average wind speed, direction, and gust. The proposed design is remotely deployable, user-friendly, power efficient and cost-effective because of opted modules i.e., ultrasonic sensors, GSM module, and solar panel. The testbed was also deployed at the roof of Computer & Information Systems Engineering (CIS) department, NED UET. Further, its calibration has been carried out by using long short-term memory (LSTM), a deep learning technique; where ground truth data has been gathered from mechanical wind speed sensor (NRG-40 H) deployed at top of Industrial & Manufacturing (IM) department of NED UET. The obtained results are satisfactory and the performance of designed sensor is also good under various weather conditions.

Exploiting IoT and big data analytics: Defining Smart Digital City using real-time urban data

Integration of all smart systems (such as smart home, smart parking, etc.) and the IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators, and smartphones) in the city can play a vital role to develop the urban services by building their city digital and smarter. However, interconnection of lots of IoT objects to collect urban data over the Internet to launch a smart digital city, effects vast volume of data generation, termed as Big Data. Thus, it is a challenging task to integrate IoT devices and smart systems in order to harvest and process such big amount of real-time city data in an effective manner aimed at creating a Smart Digital City. Therefore, in this paper, we have established an IoT-based Smart City by using Big Data analytics while harvesting real-time data from the city. We used sensors’ deployment including sensors at smart home, smart parking, vehicular networking, surveillance, weather and water monitoring system, etc., for real time data collection. The complete system is described by its proposed architecture and implementation prototype using Hadoop ecosystem in a real environment. In addition, the Smart Digital City services are extended by developing the intelligent Smart Transportation System by means of big graph processing to facilitate citizens while providing real-time traffic information and alerts. The proposed system consists of number of stages including data generation and collection, aggregation, filtration, classification, preprocessing, computing, and decision making. The efficiency of the system is extended by applying Big Data processing using Apache Spark over Hadoop. Whereas, the big city graph processing is achieved by using Giraph over Hadoop. The system is practically implemented by taken existing smart systems and IoT devices as city data sources to develop the Smart Digital City. The proposed system is evaluated with respect to efficiency in terms of scalability and real-time data processing.

Relationship between relative humidity and the dew point temperature in Benin City, Nigeria

The influence of weather in all aspects of human endeavours is evident in the recorded loss of lives and properties due to weather related disasters usually triggered by global climate changes. Hence, the need for the collation of information about the temporal dynamics of weather changes is of paramount interest. This research was aimed at determining the relationship between relative humidity and the dew point temperature in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The dew point temperature was approximated from the measured air temperature and relative humidity with the aid of a currently self-designed weather monitoring system. The results showed that the relationship between the relative humidity and the dew point temperature were linear with significant coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.79. The relative humidity and the dew point temperature are prospective tools in weather prognostications and are used to express the amount of moisture in the air, this would help guide against the occurrences of climatic induced environmental disasters in our communities. Keywords: Weather, Relative humidity, Dew point temperature, Climate

Statistical Modelling and Validation of Performance Evaluation of Weather Monitoring System Using Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Technology

The study which uses the technology communication of Global System for Mobile (GSM) for fabricated weather monitoring system evaluated the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of the system through performance measure of the experimental collected parameters for temperature and humidity and statistically analyzed the data using regression technique with the aid of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 17.0. The experimental data were collected for 126 times which comprises of morning, afternoon and evening period sub-divided to 42 observations respectively. The findings revealed that although the formulated models displayed a high level of significant effect but it accuracy in prediction is low for both parameters except for morning and afternoon period where only temperature is accurately validated in predicting the experimental data based on the considered location of the fabricated weather monitoring system. The study therefore concludes that the mechanism accuracy of the fabricated weather monitoring system can be improved upon.

A compact triple-band microwave filter using symmetrically placed stub-loaded open-loop resonators

ABSTRACTIn this paper, symmetrically placed stub-loaded open-loop resonators with magnetic coupling are used to design compact triple-band band pass filter (BPF) with improved insertion loss at passbands. Three bands of the proposed triple-band stub-loaded open-loop resonator filter are achieved by tuning length and position of open shunt stub which is connected with open-loop resonators. A lossless transmission line model is used to calculate the resonator properties. Theoretical design procedures are verified with an example of triple-band BPF design. Three passbands at 2.85, 5.9 and 8.15 GHz are achieved with reduced insertion loss. The insertion loss measured at first, second and third passbands are 0.47, 0.77 and 1.41 dB, respectively. First passband 2.76–2.9 GHz is used for the airport surveillance radar system and weather monitoring system. Second frequency band 5.82–6.16 GHz is used for the intelligent transportation system and third band 8.1–8.7 GHz is useful for satellite communication.

The Influence of Air Temperature on the Dew Point Temperature in Benin City, Nigeria

Research in weather measurement, monitoring and prognostications are becoming more and more pertinent in this era of global warming; getting the appropriate weather predictions and taking the necessary precautions have become very paramount. This research shows the influence of air temperature on the dew point temperature in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The dew point temperature was approximated from the measured air temperature and relative humidity with the aid of a self-designed weather monitoring system in 2016 and the regression equation was obtained using the curve estimation procedure from SPSS 18.0 for Windows and Microsoft Excel version 7. The finding shows that the air temperature and the dew point temperature have a linear relationship and that the air temperature has a significant influence on the dew point temperature; an increase in the air temperature would also result in an increase in the dew point temperature and this would help in the alleviation of climateinduced environmental disasters, improvement in agricultural productivity and also for spatial planning in our communities. It is therefore, recommended that further research work should be done to determine the influence and effect of temperature on other climatic environmental parameters. Key words: Air Temperature, Dew point temperature, Weather, Climate, Influence

Parallel Processing Implementation on Weather Monitoring System for Agriculture

<p>Weather monitoring and forecasting are very important in agricultural sectors. There are several data need to be collected in real-time to support weather monitoring and forecasting systems, such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction, and rainfall. The purpose of this research to develop a real-time weather monitoring system using a parallel computation approach and analyze the computational performance (i.e., speed up and efficiency) using the ARIMA model. The developed system wireless has been implemented on sensor networks (WSN) platform using Arduino and Raspberry Pi devices and web-based platform for weather visualization and monitoring. The experimental data used in our research work is a set of weather data acquired and collected from January until March 2017 in Bogor area. The result of this research is that the speed up of the using eight processors computation three times faster than using a single processor, with the efficiency of 50%.</p>

Statistical Modelling and Validation of Performance Evaluation of Weather Monitoring System Using Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Technology

The study which uses the technology communication of Global System for Mobile (GSM) for fabricated weather monitoring system evaluated the reliability, accuracy and efficiency of the system through performance measure of the experimental collected parameters for temperature and humidity and statistically analyzed the data using regression technique with the aid of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 17.0. The experimental data were collected for 126 times which comprises of morning, afternoon and evening period sub-divided to 42 observations respectively. The findings revealed that although the formulated models displayed a high level of significant effect but it accuracy in prediction is low for both parameters except for morning and afternoon period where only temperature is accurately validated in predicting the experimental data based on the considered location of the fabricated weather monitoring system. The study therefore concludes that the mechanism accuracy of the fabricated weather monitoring system can be improved upon.

Approximation of the Dew Point Temperature Using a Cost Effective Weather Monitoring System

Approximation of the Dew Point Temperature Using a Cost Effective Weather Monitoring System

Power Quality Conditioning of PV-Wind Microgrid to Provide Harmonic Reactive Power Compensation using Series APF

Objectives: In this analysis, PV-Wind Microgrid with real time environmental conditions is compensated for harmonics and reactive power. Methods/Analysis: Microgrids suffer from many power quality problems which require harmonic and reactive power compensation being connected with different sources and loads. In this regard, initially a microgrid has been developed using the data from the weather monitoring system in BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus. Later compensation requirement has been identified and Series APF with its unique control is applied to provide power quality enhancement. Findings: The microgrid suitable for all practical conditions is developed to give an equivalent output of conventional 3 phase distribution system and the variations in the power flows causing power quality issues are observed when connected to dynamically varying reactive loads. By using Series APF in microgrid, these issues like voltage swells and sags are mitigated and thus the reactive power compensation is provided. The % THD of voltage harmonics in the microgrid is effectively improved using the novel control technique that has been implemented. Novelty/Improvement: Power quality improvement in microgrids using active power filter topology specifically in islanded mode, Identity Vector Template Generation Approach specifically towards harmonic compensation.

Study of Recent Literature on Weather Monitoring Systems

Study of Recent Literature on Weather Monitoring Systems

Life Cycle Characteristics of Warm-Season Severe Thunderstorms in Central United States from 2010 to 2014

Weather monitoring systems, such as Doppler radars, collect a high volume of measurements with fine spatial and temporal resolutions that provide opportunities to study many convective weather events. This study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of severe thunderstorm life cycles in central United States mainly covering Kansas, Oklahoma, and northern Texas during the warm seasons from 2010 to 2014. Thunderstorms are identified using radar reflectivity and cloud-to-ground lightning data and are tracked using a directed graph model that can represent the whole life cycle of a thunderstorm. Thunderstorms were stored in a GIS database with a number of additional thunderstorm attributes. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the thunderstorms were analyzed, including the yearly total number of thunderstorms, their monthly distribution, durations, initiation time, termination time, movement speed and direction, and the spatial distributions of thunderstorm tracks, initiations, and terminations. Results revealed that thunderstorms were most frequent across the eastern part of the study area, especially at the borders between Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. Finally, thunderstorm occurrence is linked to land cover, including a comparison of thunderstorms between urban and surrounding rural areas. Results demonstrated that thunderstorms would favor forests and urban areas. This study demonstrates that advanced GIS representations and analyses for spatiotemporal events provide effective research tools to meteorological studies.