Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Research Articles

High‐performance triboelectric nanogenerators boosted by synergistically aligned piezoelectric/conductive composite nanofibers

AbstractTo address the need for efficient, flexible, and wearable power sources for portable electronics, a high performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was proposed by incorporating vertically‐aligned barium titanate (BaTiO3)/antimony tin oxide (ATO) nanofibers in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) negative triboelectric layer, where BaTiO3 served as piezoelectric material, and ATO served as conductive filler. Silver‐coated conductive fabric was used as electrode to ensure integrability and wearability. By strategically coupling the triboelectric effect of PDMS, the piezoelectric effect of BaTiO3 nanofibers, and the charge transfer effect of ATO nanofibers, the TENG exhibited the optimum output voltage and current of approximately 119 V and 28 μA, and power density of 11.74 μW/cm2, respectively. This device demonstrates its potential applications in energy supply by effectively illuminating 174 commercial green LEDs and charging capacitors for powering electronics. Additionally, the successful integration of the TENG into a smart fencing jacket highlights its utility in practical applications.Highlights TENGs with vertically‐aligned BaTiO3/ATO composite nanofibers was constructed. The output performance of TENGs were enhanced by coupling triboelectric and piezoelectric effects. Conductive ATO nanofibers were incorporated to enhance charge transfer for performance enhancement. A smart fencing jacket with scoring system was developed using the wearable TENG.

Correction to Solvent‐Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy‐Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensors

Correction to Solvent‐Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy‐Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensors

Multiphase soft metal enabled high-performance fabric-based wearable energy harvesting

Highly efficient and flexible power sources have always been the focus and goal in the field of wearable electronics. However, the existing wearable power sources are limited by their large size, high weight, electrolyte leakage, and poor mechanical compliance, which seriously hinders their practical applications. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to achieve and demonstrate a fabric-based high-performance wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) structure. The metals of gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), indium (In), and tin (Sn) are mixed according to specific mass ratios, and then they are transformed in liquid phase to form room-temperature multiphase soft metals of GaBiInSn. The material exhibits both metallic and fluidic properties, and possesses a characteristic of multiphase structure. The GaBiInSn material is directly deposited between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers and nonwoven fabrics to establish multi-level conductive and frictional interfaces, creating charge transfer and solid-liquid hybrid dielectric layers. Therefore, the thin film-type triboelectric nanogenerators with a structure of PTFE/GaBiInSn/nonwoven fabric (LM-P-TENGs) is manufactured. The LM-P-TENGs can be integrated onto fabrics without compromising their breathability, comfortableness, and flexibility. Particularly, LM-P-TENGs efficiently convert the mechanical energy of human limb movements into sustainable electrical energy output. Under the human limb mechanical triggering conditions, LM-P-TENG achieves a champion specific open-circuit voltage up to 900 V, peak short-circuit current density of 43.3 mA/m2, and high power density of 12.56 W/m2. This work demonstrates the application potential of room-temperature multiphase soft materials in flexible wearable power sources, while introducing a novel power supply mode for wearable electronics. Additionally, the LM-P-TENGs also present applications in self-powered wearables, medical biosensing systems, human-machine interaction systems, near-eye display systems, etc. for the flexible electronics.

Stretchable and Elastic Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Liquid-Metal Grid-Patterned Single Electrode for Wearable Energy-Harvesting Devices.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have garnered significant attention as efficient energy-harvesting systems for sustainable energy sources in the field of self-powered wearable devices. Various conductive materials are used to build wearable devices, among which, gallium-based liquid metal (LM) is a preferred electrode owing to its fluidity and metallic conductivity even when strained. In this study, a stretchable, elastic, and wearable triboelectric nanogenerator is designed using a single electrode fabricated by embedding LM grid patterns into a stretchable silicone substrate through a two-step spray-coating process. Contrary to conventional double-electrode TENG that is challenging to integrate to human body, the LM grid-patterned single-electrode TENG (LMG-SETENG) has a simplified design and provides more flexibility. The LMG-SETENG can generate voltages of up to 100V via triboelectrification upon contact with the human body, even under various degrees of strain, owing to the fluidity of the LM electrode. The generated energy can be utilized as a sustainable energy source to power various small appliances. Moreover, the proposed LMG-SETENG can be utilized in soft robotics, electronic skin, and healthcare devices.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator Made with Stretchable, Antibacterial Hydrogel Electrodes for Biomechanical Sensing.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted widespread attention as a promising candidate for energy harvesting due to their flexibility and high power density. To meet diverse application scenarios, a highly stretchable (349%), conductive (1.87 S m-1), and antibacterial electrode composed of carbon quantum dots/LiCl/agar-polyacrylamide (CQDs/LiCl/agar-PAAm) dual-network (DN) hydrogel is developed for wearable TENGs. Notably, the concentration of agar alters the pore spacing and pore size of the DN hydrogel, thereby impacting the network cross-linking density and the migration of conductive ions (Li+ and Cl-). This variation further affects the mechanical strength and conductivity of the hydrogel electrode, thus modulating the mechanical stability and electrical output performance of the TENGs. With the optimal agar content, the tensile strength and conductivity of the hydrogel electrode increase by 211 and 719%, respectively. This enhancement ensures the stable output of TENGs during continuous operation (6000 cycles), with open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transferred charge increasing by 200, 530, and 155%, respectively. Additionally, doping with CQDs enables the hydrogel electrode to effectively inhibit the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Finally, the TENGs are utilized as a self-power smart ring for efficient and concise information transmission via Morse code. Consequently, this study introduces a creative approach for designing and implementing multifunctional, flexible wearable devices.

Flexible, wearable triboelectric rubber with tunable surface charge density enabled by regulation of surface functional group density and permittivity

Flexible wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted immense interest in various application scenarios due to its intrinsic self-powered characteristics. Recently, rubbers with high elasticity are frequently reported to be favored substrates for wearable smart devices to enhance body comfort and contact effects. However, most commercial rubbers are nonpolar and lack of enough polar functional groups even after physical and chemical modification to earn satisfactory surface charge density for high triboelectric performance. Moreover, the combination of high triboelectric and mechanical properties is still a significant challenge for flexible TENG material. In this work, a flexible triboelectric rubber with tunable surface charge density and excellent mechanical properties is demonstrated via a natural polymer assisted dispersion of perovskite nanofiller strategy. The designed rubber-based TENG shows an excellent 310 V triboelectric output, 106 nC transferred charge and 6.14 W·m−2 power density, as well as a favorable mechanical property of 10.69 MPa Young’s modulus and 211 % strain. The material can harvest mechanical energy and charge 1 μF commercial capacitors to 1.8 V in 60 s from nature. When serves as flexible device, it can also self-powered to real-time monition various human behavior and distinguish different speed of vehicle driving conditions. We expect our works will provide a feasible strategy to significantly improve the comprehensive performance of flexible wearable rubber-based TENG and advance the potential application of rubber.

Thermal-driven self-healing and recyclable thermosetting polyurethane resins for energy harvesting

Improving the mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, and recyclability of friction layer materials is crucial for the advancement of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). In this study, self-healing cross-linked polyurethanes were synthesized through the prepolymer technique, employing the Diels-Alder (D-A) reaction between the furan ring and Bismaleimide (BMI). The tensile strength of PU film with 10 wt% MBI is 54 MPa, and the shape recovery rate is 96.99 %. Moreover, it exhibits excellent self-healing and recyclable characteristics. Surface cracks can be healing within 10 min under heat, reshaped through hot pressing, while retaining 93.3 % of its mechanical properties. Additionally, the 2 cm × 2 cm area PU-based TENG can generate a short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, transferred charge, and power density of 3.6 μA, 89 V, 29 nC, and 2.5 W/m2, respectively, at a frequency of 1 Hz. Futhermore, the self-healing efficiency of mechanical properties and the triboelectric output performances were found to reach 93.3 % and 98 %, respectively, after reprocessing. This study introduces a promising method for enhancing self-healing, shape memory characteristics, and the design of wearable TENG devices.

Preparation and sensing performance of wet-spun fabric triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting

Flexible, wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) monitoring human movement and health signals have received more attention recently. In particular, developing a flexible TENG combining stress, strain, electrical output performance and durability becomes the current research focus. Herein, a highly stretchable, self-powered coaxial yarn TENGs were manufactured using a low-cost, efficient continuous wet-spinning method. Carbon nanotube/conductive thermoplastic polyurethane (MWCNT/CTPU) and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene were utilized for the coaxial fibers conductive layers and dielectric layers, respectively. Fibers were continuously collected over a length of 10 m. Excellent electrical output with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 11.4 V, short-circuit current (Isc) of 114.8 nA, and short-circuit transfer charge (Qsc) of 6.1 nC was achieved. In addition, fabric TENGs with different two and three dimensional structures were further prepared by the developed coaxial fibers. The corresponding electrical output properties and practical performance were discussed. Results showed that the four-layer three-dimensional angle interlocking structure exhibited the optimal performance with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 38.4 V, short-circuit current (Isc) of 451.5 nA, and short-circuit transfer charge (Qsc) of 23.1 nC.

Surfactant Self-Assembly Enhances Tribopositivity of Stretchable Ionic Conductors for Wearable Energy Harvesting and Motion Sensing.

Boosting stretchability and electric output is critical for high-performance wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). Herein, for the first time, a new approach for tuning the composition of surface functional groups through surfactant self-assembly to improve the tribopositivity, where the assembly increases the transferred charge density and the relative permittivity of water polyurethane (WPU). Incorporating bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) and alkali metal ions into a mixture of WPU and the surfactant forms a stretchable film that simultaneously functions as positive tribolayer and electrode, preventing the conventional detachment of tribolayer and electrode in long term usage. Further, the conductivity of the crosslinked film reaches 3.3 × 10-3 mS cm-1 while the elongation at break reaches 362%. Moreover, the surfactant self-assembly impedes the adverse impact of the fluorine-containing groups on tribopositivity. Consequently, the charge density reaches 155 µC m-2, being the highest recorded for WPU and stretchable ionic conductor based TENG. This work introduces a novel approach for boosting the output charge density while avoiding the adverse effect of ionic salts in solid conductors through a universal surfactant self-assembly strategy, which can be extended to other materials. Further, the device is used to monitor and harvest the kinetic energy of human body motion.

Wearable, Machine Washable, Breathable Polyethylenimine/Sodium Alginate Layer-by-Layer-Coated Cotton-Based Multifunctional Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

Cotton-based textiles are ubiquitous in daily life and are prime candidates for application in wearable triboelectric nanogenerators. However, pristine cotton is vulnerable to bacterial attack, lacks antioxidant and ultraviolet (UV)-protective abilities, and shows lower triboelectric charge generation against tribonegative materials because it is present in the neutral region of the triboelectric series. To overcome such drawbacks, herein, a facile layer-by-layer method is proposed, involving the deposition of alternate layers of polyethylenimine (PEI) and sodium alginate (SA) on cotton. Such modified fabric remains breathable and flexible, retains its comfort properties, and simultaneously shows multifunctionalities and improved triboelectric output, which are retained even after 50 home laundering cycles. Also, the modified fabric becomes more tribopositive than nylon, silk, and wool. A triboelectric nanogenerator consisting of modified cotton and polyester fabric is proposed that shows a maximum power density of 338 mW/m2. An open-circuit voltage of ∼97.3 V and a short-circuit current of ∼4.59 μA are obtained under 20 N force and 1 Hz tapping frequency. Further, the modified cotton exhibits excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV-protective properties because of the incorporation of PEI, and its moisture management properties are retained due to the presence of sodium alginate in the layer. This study provides a simple yet effective approach to obtaining durable multifunctionalities and improved triboelectric performance in cotton substrates.

Hygroscopic paper enhanced using hydroxyapatite coating for wearable TENG sensors

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of self-powered sensors that can be worn on the skin directly without packaging because of their breathability, conformability, and sensitivity to collect biomechanical energy. However, high humidity on the skin can affect the wearable TENG output performance, substantially affecting the sensor performance and stability. When worn for a long time, humidity can even cause skin inflammation. Thus, for a wearable TENG, moisture control and biocompatibility are also key factors that need to be addressed. Herein, we report a hygroscopic and biocompatible paper-based TENG using a hydroxyapatite (HAP) mineral coating to enhance the paper fiber. The mineral coating can maintain the surface of the paper fiber, which will not cause large external deformation of the paper fiber under a force, avoid squeezing out excess water, and keep the friction surface dry, avoiding humidity affecting the output performance. Without interfering with the performance of the TENG, the maximum water absorption of the HAP composite paper is ∼8 μL. The HAP composite paper–based TENG (4 cm2) has an open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current 5.8 times and 4.2 times that of pure paper, respectively, and can obtain 80.4 mW/m2 output and directly light 117 LEDs. At relative humidity values of 25.7 %, 43.1 %, and 58.8 %, the performance retained the peak values of 80.2 %, 68 %, and 63.7 %, respectively. Even at a high relative humidity of 71.7 %, the triboelectric performance of HAP composite paper is retained 59.3 %, and the stability under humidity is better than that of pure paper (45.6 %). In addition, the mineral paper can even work with tissue fluid and output performance decreases by 43.8 %. The mineral-enhanced paper TENG with high power generation performance, hygroscopicity, biocompatibility, and degradability provides a new perspective for disposable wearable sensors, even in medical treatment.

Polarization‐Induced Mechanically Socketed Ultra‐Stretchable and Breathable Textile‐Based Nanogenerator and Pressure Sensor

AbstractTextile‐based wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as viable power sources for wearable electronics. However, it is still a daunting challenge to realize a high‐performing textile‐based nanogenerator without compromising its intrinsic textile‐like properties, such as stretchability, breathability, and conformability. The above challenge is addressed by fabricating a record high‐performing wearable, breathable and stretchable nanogenerator based on polarization‐induced ultra‐stretchable EVA/Nylon‐11 micro/nano‐fibers (1250%) as the triboelectric positive layer and polarization‐induced ultra‐stretchable EVA/PVDF/BA2CsAgBiBr7 micro/nano‐fibers (1480%) as the triboelectric negative layer. The excellent stretchability, breathability (1.15 Kgm−2d−1) and high energy‐harvesting performance (650 V, 19.5 µAcm−2) are attributed to the mechanically‐socketed structure of the aligned stretchable EVA microfibers with the polarized nanofibers, thus providing a universal framework to fabricate stretchable piezoelectric fibers. Compositional engineering and polarization‐induced surface charges coupled with triboelectric‐induced surface charges enabled enhanced performance compared to other wearable stretchable textile‐based nanogenerators. Additionally, it is utilized as a stretchable self‐powered pressure sensor with an ultra‐wide pressure sensing range (0.05–500 kPa) and high sensitivity (2.5 VkPa−1) even under deformations. To the best of the knowledge, PI‐STENG stands out amongst various stretchable self‐powered pressure sensors in terms of pressure sensing range and stretchability. The PI‐STENG is demonstrated as a machine learning‐enabled intellisensor for workforce safety monitoring.

Unveiling the Impact of Tailoring Ionic Conductor Characteristics on the Performance of Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

This work reveals the correlation between the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and the characteristics of deformable solid-state ionic conductors (referred to as ionogels). For this purpose, we modify ionogel characteristics by incorporating additional plasticizers (propylene carbonate) and solid salts (lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) into the ionogels. We conclude that the high capacitance of the ionogel is crucial for achieving a high-performance TENG platform. The optimized ionogel-based TENG (i-TENG) exhibits a power density of ∼372.4 mW·m-2 (based on 95 V and 36 mA·m-2 outputs) with outstanding long-term stability over 2 weeks. Additionally, successful demonstrations of wearable nanogenerators are performed by leveraging the high stretchability (up to ∼1000%) and optical transparency (∼90%) of the ionogels. Overall, the results provide insight into the design of deformable ionic conductors for high-performance, reliable, and wearable TENGs.

Polydimethylsiloxane modified with yeast cells for wearable triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced energy conversion performance

Polydimethylsiloxane modified with yeast cells for wearable triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced energy conversion performance

An origami structure triboelectric nanogenerator based on PVDF/BaTiO3 for muscle strain monitoring in running sports

Wearable sensing devices for monitoring human muscle health have received much attention. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is renewable, sustainable, and green, will promote the development of wearable electronic devices. However, there is still room for development in the material and structural design of wearable TENGs. In this work, we proposed a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) film doped with BaTiO3, named PVDF/BaTiO3, for triboelectric nanogenerator (PB-TENG) fabrication. The PVDF/BaTiO3 film has a unique surface micro-structure of porous scales and a fluffy 3D network architecture, which is beneficial for enhancing triboelectric efficiency. The cross-elastic origami architecture of PB-TENG brings high stability and recoverable mechanical properties to PB-TENG devices. According to the results, the maximum output power of PB-TENG can reach 2.15 mW with a load of 25 MΩ. The transferred charge (Qsc) of PB-TENG can arrive at 541 nC. Besides, the PB-TENG can act as a self-powered sensor for muscle strain diagnosis and monitoring. This research provides a new path for intelligent sports development.

Acid- and alkali-resistant, UV-shielding, and photocatalytic self-cleaning nanofiber membrane-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator for ultra-low-frequency energy-harvesting and self-powered sensors

Wearable single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), known for their simple design and construction, have attracted significant attentions for their applications in self-powered sensing and human energy harvesting. Herein, fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) as the matrix, TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles modified with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as functional materials, PVDF-HFP/TiO2/ZnO (PTZ) nanofiber membranes, serving as the friction and encapsulation layers for TENG, were prepared by electrospinning. Phytic acid-doped polyaniline (PANI), serving as the electrode layer for TENG, was prepared by in-situ polymerization. The results showed that the frequency of 0.51 Hz, and the thickness of 125 μm, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) of the PTZ-based TENG reached the highest value of 255 V and − 640–615nA, respectively, when using polyoxymethylene (POM) nanofiber membrane as positive material. Moreover, PTZ-based TENG had demonstrated excellent properties, such as the acid- and alkali-resistant, photocatalytic self-cleaning, and UV-shielding, shown the potential for use in extreme environment. Meanwhile, PTZ-based TENG had vividly demonstrated the hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, flexibility, conductive durability, breathability and moisture permeability. The PTZ-based TENG, as a self-powered electricity source, can not only instantly light up 35 LEDs but also charge electronic watch and calculator. Moreover, it can also serve as a sensor switch, integrated into the surface of a lab coat, where it can be lightly touched to activate an alarm system in case of danger. Interestingly, the PTZ-based TENG is also expected to serve as a kind of electrostatic-induction switch, turning light bulbs on or off without direct contact.

Biodegradable and flame-retardant cellulose-based wearable triboelectric nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting in firefighting clothing

Integrating flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) into firefighting clothing offers exciting opportunities for wearable portable electronics in personal protective technology. However, it is still a grand challenge to produce eco-friendly TENGs from biodegradable and low-cost natural polymers for mechanical-energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Herein, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) and natural chitosan (CS)/phytic acid (PA) tribonegative materials were employed onto the Lycra fabric (LC) in turn to assemble the biodegradable and flame-retardant single-electrode mode LC/PPy/CS/PA TENG (abbreviated as LPCP-TENG). The resultant LPCP-TENG exhibits truly wearable breathability (1378.6 mm/s), elasticity (breaking elongation 291 %), and shape adaptivity performance that can produce an open circuit voltage of 0.3 V with 2 N contact pressure at a working frequency of 5 Hz with a limiting oxygen index of 35.2 %. Furthermore, facile monitoring for human motion of firefighters on fireground is verified by LPCP-TENG when used as self-powered flexible tactile sensor. In addition, degradation experiments have shown that waste LPCP-TENG can be fully degraded in soil within 120 days. This work broadens the applicational range of wearable TENG to reduce the environmental effects of abandoned TENG, exhibiting prosperous applications prospects in the field of wearable power source and self-powered motion detection sensor for personal protection application on fireground.

Smart Printed Triboelectric Wearable Sensor with High Performance for Glove-Based Motion Detection.

In a world increasingly driven by data, wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer a convenient way to monitor and collect information about human body motions. To meet the demands of the large-scale production of wearable TENGs, material selection to realize a high conversion efficiency and simplify the fabrication process remains a challenge. To address these issues, we present a simple-structured wearable printed arc-shaped triboelectric sensor (PATS) for finger motion detection by leveraging inkjet printing technology. In this regard, pressure sensors composed of diverse materials based on dielectric-dielectric and metal-dielectric structures in contact-separation mode were fabricated and compared. Thanks to the unique characteristics of the silver nanoparticle (Ag-NP)-printed layer and silicon rubber (SR), the SR-Ag PATS shows a high peak-to-peak voltage of 14.15 V and a short-circuit current of 0.78 μA. The proposed sensor with the capability of accurately identifying finger motions at various bending angles suggests promising application potential in glove-based human-machine interface (HMI) systems.

Solvent‐Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy‐Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensors

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted attention owing to their ability to harvest energy from the surrounding environment without maintenance. Herein, polyetherimide–Al2O3 (PAl) and polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP, PH) nanofiber membranes were used as tribo‐positive and tribo‐negative materials, respectively. Phytic acid‐doped polyaniline (PANI)/cotton fabric (PPCF) and ethylenediamine (EDA)‐crosslinked PAl (EPAl) nanofiber membranes were used as triboelectrode and triboencapsulation materials, respectively. The result showed that when the PAl–PH‐based TENG was shaped as a circle with a radius of 1 cm, under the pressure of 50 N, and the frequency of 0.5 Hz, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current (Isc) reached the highest value of 66.6 V and −93.4 to 110.1 nA, respectively. Moreover, the PH‐based TENG could be used as a fabric sensor to detect fabric composition and as a sensor‐inductive switch for light bulbs or beeping warning devices. When the PAl–PH‐based TENG was shaped as a 5 × 5 cm2 rectangle, a 33 μF capacitor could be charged to 15 V in 28 s. Interestingly, compared to PAl nanofiber membranes, EPAl nanofiber membranes exhibited good dyeing properties and excellent solvent resistance. The PPCF exhibited <5% resistance change after washing, bending, and stretching.

Mxene-based wearable self-powered and photothermal triboelectric nanogenerator patches for wound healing acceleration and tactile sensing

Recently, wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) had attracted extensive attention for the application in wound healing acceleration. In this work, a single-electrode TENG skin patch (TESP) was prepared based on the conductive and photothermal hydrogel containing MXene and gelatin. MXene exhibited electrical conductivity and excellent photothermal conversion properties, while gelatin displayed phase transition capability and flexibility. TESP could collect biophysical energy, generate an electric field around the damaged tissues and combine with the near-infrared photothermal effect to promote wound healing. TESP could also serve as a real-time monitoring sensor of physiological signals. The peak-to-peak voltage and current outputs of the TESPs reached 163.7 V and 8.1 μA, respectively. TESP, with both photothermal heating and real-time electrical stimulation, accelerated cell migration of mouse fibroblasts in vitro. In the animal studies, TESP effectively promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis, thus accelerating tissue regeneration and wound healing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-time report of the MXene-based TENG for wound healing acceleration. We believe that this work not only provides self-powered wearable electronics a novel path for the treatment of wounds, but also shed light on their applications as advanced sensing systems.