Artificial Kidney Research Articles

Nanoporous Silicon Membrane Embedded With Dielectrophoresis (DEP) Electrodes for Ultrafiltration Improvement for Artificial Kidney

Ultrafiltration is a vital process for toxin removal in an artificial kidney. However, blood clotting, which usually occurs on the surface of ultrafiltration membrane will cause a decrease in filtration efficacy; hence, reducing the efficiency of the haemofiltration process. In this study, a nanoporous silicon membrane with embedded dielectrophoresis (DEP) electrodes was introduced to reduce red blood cells (RBCs) clotting on the surface of membrane. The RBCs were deviated from the surface of membrane via DEP, to reduce clotting. The size of the nanopores were ranged between 50 nm and 80 nm. The efficiency of DEP embedded ultrafiltration membrane was tested by using polystyrene beads and RBCs. The particles responded to specific frequencies applied; ranging between 100 kHz and 15 MHz. To determine the efficacy of the ultrafiltration process, particle size analysis (PSA) was utilised. The results indicated that particles larger than 80 nm were unable to pass through the nanoporous membranes, whereas smaller particles were free to pass through. Finally, the concentration of the passed through particles between embedded DEP and non-embedded DEP was compared to gauge the separation efficacy of DEP electrodes by using a microplate reader. The concentration values showed that the percentage of albumin, ADH and blood plasma that had passed through were 65.80%, 92.60% and 71.40%, respectively, as compared to 44.38%, 47.04% and 34.08% of those without embedded DEP electrodes. This showed that the performance of ultrafiltration membrane had increased by the implementation of DEP mechanism, which reduced RBCs coagulation on the membrane surface. [2022-0097]

Cell-inspired selective potassium removal towards hyperkalemia therapy by microphase-isolated core-shell microspheres.

Hyperkalemia is a common metabolic problem in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although oral medications and hemodialysis are clinically applied for lowering serum potassium, the intrinsic limitations encourage alternative therapy in the trend of adsorbent-based miniaturized blood purification devices. Cells serve as the biological K+ storage units that accumulate K+ through multiple mechanisms. Inspired by cells, our strategy aims at favorable permeation and enrichment of K+ in the microsphere. We incorporate cation-affinitive groups into core-shell structures with submicron-sized phase separation. These nano-spaced side-groups cooperate to form interlinked clusters, where crown ethers with Angstrom-scale ring for size-matched complexation, while ionic sulfonic acid groups for hydrophilicity and charge-buffering. The unique structure with such non-covalent interactions facilitates K+ for permeation across the shell and binding to the core while also ensuring mechanical strength and anti-swelling durability in biofluids. The microspheres exhibit high selectivity ratios of K+ (SK/Na, SK/Ca, SK/Mg up to 9.8, 21.6, and 17.7). As column adsorbents for hemoperfusion simulation, they effectively lower elevated K+ levels to the normal range (clearance rates up to 44.4%/45.3% for hyperkalemic human serum/blood). Blood compatibility tests show low protein adsorption, preferable hemocyte compatibility, and anticoagulation property in vitro. This promising strategy has clinical potential for hyperkalemia in high-risk patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hyperkalemia (serum potassium >5mmol/L) is a common complication in chronic renal failure patients. The limitations of existing treatments prompt a shift to wearable artificial kidney technology for clinical convenience and efficacy. Existing treatments have limitations, and we turn to adsorbent-based miniaturized blood purification devices in the prospect of wearable artificial kidney technology. There exists a lack of ion-specific adsorbents applied in extracorporeal circuits to redress electrolyte imbalances like hyperkalemia. Inspired by cells, we aim at the favorable permeation and enrichment of K+ by microspheres. The microspheres have a microphase-isolated core-shell structure, whose nano-spaced groups form cation-affinitive clusters. Selective K+ removal and blood compatibility are achieved. We expect this strategy to enlighten alternative hyperkalemia therapy for these high-risk patients.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Shamov – scientist, innovative surgeon, transfusiologist: the 140th anniversary of his birth (1882–1962)

The article describes the life, scientific and professional career of Vladimir Nikolayevich Shamov, an outstanding scientist-transfusiologist, neurosurgeon, talented health care organizer, founder of a scientific school, full member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Lenin Prize laureate, Lieutenant General of medical service. During the Civil War, V.N. Shamov became one of the first in our country to work on the new problem blood transfusion. Together with his assistants I.R. Petrov, N.N. Elansky, S.V. Heinats and P.I. Stradyn, he conducted research on isolating four isoagglutination blood groups and obtaining standard sera for their determination. On June 20, 1919, the first blood transfusion in the country was performed taking into account isoagglutination groups of a donor and a recipient. The works on the use of cadaveric blood constituted a small part of the topic, which V.N. Shamov was interested in all his life: the problem of organ and tissue transplantation. In 1940, he published the fundamental "Manual on Blood Transfusion" and made a report at the meeting of Pirogov's Surgical Society of Leningrad on the results of treatment of cranial gunshot wounds. The formed principles of treatment became the basis of neurosurgical care rendered to the wounded people during the Great Patriotic War. In 1961, he organized the first in this country Artificial Kidney Laboratory and became the head of the newly established Leningrad Laboratory of Blood Fibrinolysis Preparation and Use. After the Civil War, V.N. Shamov became the Head of the Department of General Surgery of Perm Medical Institute.

In silico screening of nanoporous materials for urea removal in hemodialysis applications.

The design of miniaturized hemodialysis devices, such as wearable artificial kidneys, requires regeneration of the dialysate stream to remove uremic toxins from water. Adsorption has the potential to capture such molecules, but conventional adsorbents have low urea/water selectivity. In this work, we performed a comprehensive computational study of 560 porous crystalline adsorbents comprising mainly covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as well as some siliceous zeolites, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphitic materials. An initial screening using Widom insertion method assessed the excess chemical potential at infinite dilution for water and urea at 310 K, providing information on the strength and selectivity of urea adsorption. From such analysis it was observed that urea adsorption and urea/water selectivity increased strongly with fluorine content in COFs, while other compositional or structural parameters did not correlate with material performance. Two COFs, namely COF-F6 and Tf-DHzDPr were explored further through Molecular Dynamics simulations. The results agree with those of the Widom method and allow to identify the urea binding sites, the contribution of electrostatic and van der Waals interactions, and the position of preferential urea-urea and urea-framework interactions. This study paves the way for a well-informed experimental campaign and accelerates the development of novel sorbents for urea removal, ultimately advancing on the path to achieve wearable artificial kidneys.

История развития службы гемодиализа в Республике Татарстан

The article provides information on the formation of hemodialysis service in the Republic of Tatarstan, starting from the first Russian «artificial kidney» model, the first arterio-venous shunt and dialyzer to the present day.

An ultralight aerogel-type urea absorbent for the development of a wearable artificial kidney

Cellulose aerogel is used for urea adsorption for the first time, and displays a fast adsorption rate and high adsorption capacity.

Methods for Developing Implantable Totally Artificial Kidneys as Microelectronic Devices

Methods for Developing Implantable Totally Artificial Kidneys as Microelectronic Devices

Environmental impacts of a Mexican hemodialysis unit through LCA

Hemodialysis, the most common treatment for chronic kidney disease, generates a series of impacts on the environment, particularly on water and greenhouse gas emissions. The effects on the environment from hemodialysis treatment in Mexico have not been quantified. In the world, the studies carried out to date measure the environmental impacts based on CO2eq, so they do not reveal other types of effects generated by this type of treatment. The objective of this study is to estimate the environmental impact of hemodialysis in 17 impact categories using life cycle assessment (LCA). The phases of this study were carried out following the guidelines of ISO 14040–14044, considering as a functional unit the replacement of renal function, artificially employing a hemodialysis machine in a patient for one year. The unitary processes of the system with the highest environmental loads were the patients and staff transportation and hemodialysis. The contribution analysis yielded 17 significant variables greater than 5% of the impact. The carbon footprint of artificial kidney care, by stage of the life cycle, is distributed as follows: transport (36%), kidney service (36%), and end of life (28%). The LCA approach allowed the inclusion of other environmental effects of health services to understand the impacts better. Renal assistance was also shown to represent a considerable environmental impact on water scarcity and contamination beyond global warming.

Polymeric Materials for Bone and Cartilage Repair Using IBM SPSS Statistics Method

Polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair Introduction: Polymers are called macromolecules made up of very large molecules natural or artificial one of the classes of objects, the simple chemicals called monomers are multiples of units. Polymers many substances in living things make, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. Natural and synthetic polymeric materials in bone tissue engineering are widely used because they are extracellular similarity to matrices and have considerable biocompatibility and biodegradability. Research significance: One of the most harmful and expensive issues in human health is dysfunction, injuries, or other types of damage to human tissue and organs. Different surgical procedures have been developed to solve these concerns, including total artificial substitutes, combined artificial kidneys, etc. Inert processed tissues heart valves, autogenic or allogeneic tissues, and total artificial kidney and prosthetic kidneys (transplantation). Organ transplantation will face significant challenges due to the scarcity of organ donors, the lifetime requirement for immunity, and its devastating consequences. Also, transplanted tissue does not provide all the functionality own tissue and can covers the donor site problem. Concerning the non-biological, there could be material issues. Like, disease, and shortage limited durability and biocompatibility. These factors have made stem cells, tissue engineering (te), and organogenesis promising and significant industries. Research doesn't offer anything. Just organs and tissues transplantation, however, can provide fresh viewpoints medications for illnesses Methodology: SPSS statistics is a data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. Was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. Evaluation parameters: Natural Polymer, Proteins Collagen, Silk fibroin, Polysaccharides Chitosan, Alginates, Bacterial cellulose, Synthetic Polymers. Results: the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .590 which indicates 59% reliability. From the literature review, the above 61% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Conclusion: Cronbach's alpha reliability results. The overall Cronbach's alpha value for the model was .590, indicating a reliability of 59%. From the literature review, the above Cronbach's alpha value of 61% can be considered to analyze the model.

Hybrid Boost-SEPIC Converter with BLDC motor for Wearable Artificial Kidney

This work aims to implement a hybrid Boost-SEPIC converter fed brushless DC motor (BLDC) for continuous operation of blood pump in wearable artificial kidney. Wearable artificial kidney will help patients with end stage kidney disease to receive dialysis while undergoing everyday activity. In this paper, a hybrid Boost-SEPIC converter has been proposed and designed for BLDC motor drive. A comparative analysis of the proposed converter with its other counterparts has been presented. The proposed hybrid Boost-SEPIC converter fed BLDC drive has been simulated in MATLAB

Marty Roberts; The Man Who Brought Sorbent Dialysis to Life.

Marty Roberts; The Man Who Brought Sorbent Dialysis to Life.

Surface control approach for growth of cerium oxide on flower-like molybdenum disulfide nanosheets enables superior removal of uremic toxins

Due to the high incidence of kidney disease, there is an urgent need to develop wearable artificial kidneys. This need is further exacerbated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, the dialysate regeneration system of the wearable artificial kidney has a low adsorption capacity for urea, which severely limits its application. Therefore, nanomaterials that can effectively remove uremic toxins, especially urea, to regenerate dialysate are required and should be further investigated and developed. Herein, flower-like molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanosheets decorated with highly dispersed cerium oxide (CeO2) were prepared (MoS2/CeO2), and their adsorption performances for urea, creatinine, and uric acid were studied in detail. Due to the open interlayer structures and the combination of MoS2 and CeO2, which can provide abundant adsorption active sites, the MoS2/CeO2 nanomaterials present excellent uremic toxin adsorption activities. Further, uremic toxin adsorption capacities were also assessed using a self-made fixed bed device under dynamic conditions, with the aim of developing MoS2/CeO2 for the practical adsorption of uremic toxins. In addition, the biocompatibility of MoS2/CeO2 was systematically analyzed using hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity assays. Our data suggest that MoS2/CeO2 can be safely used for applications requiring close contact with blood. Our findings confirm that novel 2-dimensional nanomaterial adsorbents have significant potential for dialysis fluid regeneration.

Translating Organoids into Artificial Kidneys.

Purpose of Review Kidney disease affects more than 13% of the world population, and current treatment options are limited to dialysis and organ transplantation. The generation of kidney organoids from human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells could be harnessed to engineer artificial organs and help overcome the challenges associated with the limited supply of transplantable kidneys. The purpose of this article is to review the progress in kidney organoid generation and transplantation and highlight some existing challenges in the field. We also examined possible improvements that could help realize the potential of organoids as artificial organs or alternatives for kidney transplantation therapy.Recent FindingsOrganoids are useful for understanding the mechanisms of kidney development, and they provide robust platforms for drug screening, disease modeling, and generation of tissues for organ replacement therapies. Efforts to design organoids rely on the ability of cells to self-assemble and pattern themselves into recognizable tissues. While existing protocols for generating organoids result in multicellular structures reminiscent of the developing kidney, many do not yet fully recapitulate the complex cellular composition, structure, and functions of the intact kidney. Recent advances toward achieving these goals include identifying cell culture conditions that produce organoids with improved vasculature and cell maturation and functional states. Still, additional improvements are needed to enhance tissue patterning, specialization, and function, and avoid tumorigenicity after transplantation.SummaryThis report focuses on kidney organoid studies, advancements and limitations, and future directions for improvements towards transplantation.

Chronic Kidney Disease and associated Oxidative Stress with low levels of some important vital indicators

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an exhausted pathology and it has numerous causative factors, and when it reaches its peak in the end stage renal disease requires dialysis and possibly transplant. As the development of CKD is intently related with systemic inflammation & oxidative stress, and the latter can be liable for the emergence of many complications. Objectives: The survey aimed to evaluate the situation of oxidative stress in sufferers with CRD via measuring some biochemical variables within the serum of 65 wholesome human beings as a control group among the a while of 38-60 years, and the sera of 60 sufferers with CKD, old between 65 and 40 years attended to (The artificial kidney unit) of Murjan scientific city whom are identified via specialist doctors. Results: Significant increase are observed in urea, creatinine and albumin, in addition to malondialdehyde degree for renal sufferers compared with the control cohort, at the same time as confirmed stages of glutathione peroxidase and catalase and glutathione a tremendous lower in patients with renal failure while as compared with the monitoring set. Additionally did score level ceruplasmin, and nitric oxide statistically big difference.

Effects of Thermo-Conductivity on Hydromagnetic Nanofluid Convective Flow through an Artificial Kidney past a Porous Stretching Cylinder

The study of the effects of thermo-conductivity on hydromagnetic nanofluid convective flow through hollow fibers in an artificial kidney past a porous stretching cylinder has been considered. The flow is unsteady and magnetic field is perpendicular applied to the porous stretching cylinder in the artificial kidney. Metallic nanoparticles have been used to improve the heat conduction of the base fluids. The equations governing the hydromagnetic nanofluid convective flow past porous stretching cylinder in an artificial kidney are highly coupled and nonlinear; the equations are solved by finite difference method, a class of numerical techniques for solving differential equations by approximating derivatives with finite differences that applies Crank–Nicolson techniques, and the results obtained are presented graphically followed by discussion of the findings. The effects of each nondimensional parameter on flow variables such as velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles have been discussed. The nanoparticles dissolved in the base fluid improve thermo-conductivity of nanofluid; however, the axial velocity, radial velocity, and temperature as well as concentration of solutes increase as dialysis session of hemodialysis during the filtration of patient’s blood in an artificial kidney decreases from a minimum of six hours to two hours in a day.

Policy and Kidney Community Engagement to Advance toward Greener Kidney Care.

Policy and Kidney Community Engagement to Advance toward Greener Kidney Care.

Entropy generation of magnetohydrodynamic pulsating flow of micropolar nanofluid in a porous channel through Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model with Brownian motion, thermophoresis and heat source/sink

The current article is to address the entropy generation on pulsating hydromagnetic flow of a micropolar nanofluid in a porous channel with the effects of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and Buongiorno nanofluid model. This model is significant in the field of pressure surges, food processing systems, biomedical engineering, cancer therapeutic, artificial kidney, brain tumors, and nano-drug delivery in the arteries. The governing partial differential equations are converted into the system of ordinary differential equations by deploying the perturbation process then solved numerically by employing the fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme with the support of the shooting technique. The flow variables like velocity, microrotation, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, entropy generation, and Bejan number are graphically depicted for different values of physical parameters. The heat transfer and mass transfer rates are displayed through a table. The velocity is diminishing with the enhancement of coupling parameter and Hartmann number. The temperature of nanofluid is increasing with the rising values of thermal radiation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and heat source while it is reduced with an enhancement of magnetic field, thermal relaxation time, and heat sink parameter. The total entropy generation is diminished by increasing the values of Hartmann number and Brownian motion.

Wearable and implantable artificial kidney devices for end-stage kidney disease treatment: Current status and review.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of early death worldwide. By 2030, 14.5 million people will have end-stage kidney disease (ESKD, or CKD stage 5), yet only 5.4 million will receive kidney replacement therapy (KRT) due to economic, social, and political factors. Even for those who are offered KRT by various means of dialysis, the life expectancy remains far too low. Researchers from different fields of artificial organs collaborate to overcome the challenges of creating products such as Wearable and/or Implantable Artificial Kidneys capable of providing long-term effective physiologic kidney functions such as removal of uremic toxins, electrolyte homeostasis, and fluid regulation. A focus should be to develop easily accessible, safe, and inexpensive KRT options that enable a good quality of life and will also be available for patients in less-developed regions of the world. Hence, it is required to discuss some of the limits and burdens of transplantation and different techniques of dialysis, including those performed at home. Furthermore, hurdles must be considered and overcome to develop wearable and implantable artificial kidney devices that can help to improve the quality of life and life expectancy of patients with CKD.

Novel strategies in nephrology: what to expect from the future?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will become the fifth global case of death by 2040. Its largest impact is on premature mortality but the number of persons with kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is also increasing dramatically. Current RRT is suboptimal due to the shortage of kidney donors and dismal outcomes associated with both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney care needs a revolution. In this review, we provide an update on emerging knowledge and technologies that will allow an earlier diagnosis of CKD, addressing the current so-called blind spot (e.g. imaging and biomarkers), and improve renal replacement therapies (wearable artificial kidneys, xenotransplantation, stem cell-derived therapies, bioengineered and bio-artificial kidneys).

Coordination of thin-film nanofibrous composite dialysis membrane and reduced graphene oxide aerogel adsorbents for elimination of indoxyl sulfate

• A novel combination of PVA/PAN TNFC dialysis membrane with rGO aerogel was proposed. • The rGO aerogel exhibited good adsorption performance for indoxyl sulfate. • The coordination of TFNC membrane and rGO lightened conventional hemodialysis. The protein-bound uremic toxins, represented by indoxyl sulfate (IS), have been associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease and the development of cardiovascular disease in the presence of impaired renal function. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy of thin-film nanofibrous composite (TNFC) dialysis membrane combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) aerogel adsorbents for clinical removal of IS as well as high retention of proteins. The TFNC membrane was prepared by electrospinning in conjunction with coating-reaction method and proved to have good selectivity and permeability. To further improve the removal rate of toxins, we used a medium hydrothermal method following by freeze-drying treatment to obtain the rGO aerogel adsorbents. It exhibited excellent adsorption for IS with a maximum adsorption capacity of 69.40 mg∙g −1 through π−π interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction based on Langmuir isotherm models. Time-dependent absorption experiments showed that it reached adsorption equilibrium within 4 h, which was matched with the hemodialysis time. The coordination was significantly exhibited by introducing rGO aerogel blocks into the dialysate for absorbing the diffused free IS during hemodialysis. Taking the advantages of the TFNC dialysis membrane and the rGO aerogel, the volume of dialysate for hemodialysis was only one-tenth of that without adsorbent blocks but with very comparable dialysis performance (the clearance of IS at 51.8% and the retention of HSA over 98%), which could lighten conventional hemodialysis effectively and be benefit to realize the miniaturization of the hemodialysis equipment. Therefore, the coordination of the TFNC dialysis membrane and rGO aerogel adsorbents would open a new path for the development of portable artificial kidney.