Wear Sensations Research Articles

Sports Bra Pressure: Effect on Body Skin Temperature and Wear Comfort

Sports bras are an essential apparel for active women, but may exert excessive pressure that negatively affects thermoregulation, thermal comfort and wear sensation. This study measures skin temperature changes during short durations of exercise on a treadmill with different bra pressures. The results based on 21 female subjects (age: 27.2 ± 4.5 years old) show that bras with more pressure at the underband or shoulder straps do not cause statistically significant skin temperature changes during exercise (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, compared to the optimal bra fit, significant differences in bra-breast skin temperature are found during running, cooling down and sitting when the bra pressure is increased (p < 0.05), particularly under bra cup (T1) in this study. The FLIR thermal images can visualize the skin temperature changes at abdomen throughout the four activity stages. Subjective sensations of bra thermal comfort, pressure and breast support are assessed. Despite the increased pressure on the shoulders and chest wall, perceptions towards thermal comfort remain unchanged. The perceived pressure comfort and support sensation amongst the 4 bra conditions are comparable. Interestingly, positive sensations of pressure comfort and breast support are perceived with a tight-fitting sports bra during treadmill exercise. High pressures induced by sports bras (>4 kPa) that habitually considered harmful to the human body may not lead to wear discomfort but enhance bra support sensation and a sense of security to the wearers.

Evaluation on Wear Sensation of Safety Clothing for Current Street Cleaners -Focusing on Publicly Supplied Safety Clothing for Street Cleaners-

Evaluation on Wear Sensation of Safety Clothing for Current Street Cleaners -Focusing on Publicly Supplied Safety Clothing for Street Cleaners-

양말의 미끄럼 방지 패드가 근효율성, 방향전환 및 착용감에 미치는 영향

양말의 미끄럼 방지 패드가 근효율성, 방향전환 및 착용감에 미치는 영향

Augmented Reality Haptic Upper Garment for Wear Sensation

Augmented Reality Haptic Upper Garment for Wear Sensation

The Effects of the Foot Types and Structures of the Inner Arch Support Bands on Ground Reaction Force Variables and Sensations during 2nd Vertical Ballet Jump

Objective: The purpose of this research was to establish the differences of ground reaction force variables and sensations according to the foot types and the structures of the inner arch support band during 2nd vertical ballet jump. Method: 12 Female ballet majors in their twenties who have danced for more than 10 years and had no injuries were selected for this research. Independent variables consist of the foot type (pes rectus, pes planus) and the structure of the inner arch support band (no band, x-shaped, linear shaped). Dependent variables consist of ground reaction force variables and relative wearing sensation. Results: The impact decreased the most when x-shaped bands were used on pes rectus and rigid pes planus. When linear-shaped bands were used on flexible pes planus, the impact decreased. Conclusion: The bands also helped reduce the impact on pes rectus. Furthermore, it is clear that according to the foot type, the impact reducing band structures perform differently. The inner arch support bands were necessary for jump training for any foot type.

20대 빈약 유방 여성용 몰드 브래지어 컵의 형태 설계 방법

Gaps between the upper edges of brassiere mold cups and the breasts are one of the most serious issues in realizing comfort wearing of commercial brassieres for small-breasted women. The surplus ease amounts causing the fit problem were measured from 3D wearing images of the small-breasted women's brassieres. The effect after the removing the surplus ease amounts from the upper edge of mold cup was approved by subjective wearing evaluation. Since the volume distribution of mold cup can also affect the wearing sensation of brassiere, the subjective wearing sensation was compared for two brassieres of different volume distributions, V_L, of which volume was concentrated at the lower cup, and V_C, which has the thickest part at the nipple. As the results, the suitable sensation for cup volume and the natural wearing silhouette could be accomplished by removing the surplus ease amounts from the upper edge of mold cup to reduce the gaps between brassieres and the breasts, which could be accomplished through an approach reducing the volume near the upper edge of mold brassiere cup and making the volume concentrated at the lower cup. These works provide a useful information on the design of the brassiere mold cups for small-breasted women. Moreover, modeling methods of 3D scan data and 3D printing technique for making more accurate mold cases used in this research can be helpful to develop and evaluate clothing products in future.

Development and verification of upper extremities wearable robots to aid muscular strength with the optimization of link parameters

In this study, we developed a wearable robot operating on the external skeleton to support the movements of a weak person’s upper limbs, mainly 3-degree of freedom (DOF) of the shoulder, 1-degree of freedom of the elbow. Moreover, we applied a redundant degree of freedom to design an upper extremities wearable robot that accurately follows the movement of the upper limbs. Namely, we applied 4 driving parts to the robot to enable 3-degree of freedom for shoulders by optimizing the conformance between the links and body movement range. The optimal design which minimizes error where the robot and the body is adjusted, improves wear sensation and signal input. We attached a multi-axes load-cell to generate motion intent signals detecting the movements of the body. According to the EMG signal measurements when moving the upper limbs with the robot on, the RMS value decreased compared to that without the robot. This is due to the decrease in muscle activity, which results from using smaller muscular strength. That is to say, when comparing the same movements, the person wearing the robot used less muscular strength with the help of the robot. Also through SEF50 analysis of the EMG signals, we were able to verify that the muscle fatigue lessened.

3D 스캔 데이터를 이용하여 개발된 사이클 팬츠 패턴의 축소율에 따른 의복압 및 주관적 착의 평가

In this study, we have developed the ergonomic pattern from the 3D human body reflecting cycling posture and extensibility of the stretch fabrics. Adjusting pressure level in the construction of athlete's tight-fitting stretch garments by reducing the original pattern is a challenging subject, which influence on the performance of the wearer directly. Therefore, in this study, relationships between the reduction rates of the 2D pattern obtained from the 3D human scan and resultant clothing pressure were explored to improve the fit and pressure exerted by reduced clothing pattern. Subjective wear sensations of the experimental garments were rated using a seven-point Likert scale on two consecutive days. While wearing the garments, subjects were asked to take five different postures including waist flexion, sitting and others. A Likert-type scale was used for the evaluation, with 7 points indicating the best fit in tight-fitting pants. Comparing 2/3T-pattern with T-pattern, the latter was superior to 2/3T-pattern in terms of adhere well to the waist and hip area in the 0.032 significance level. T-pattern was superior to 2/3T-pattern in terms of fitting and wear comfort. As results, the pattern obtained from the flexed body reflecting cycling posture already included the contraction and extension of the skin while cycling posture, so that the extra ease for movement and good fit was not need to be considered. The optimized reduction rates were determined with the proposed reduction rate, the resultant pressure range was within the range of <TEX>$0.5{\sim}3.0gf/cm^2$</TEX> at eight locations on the body except front waist band and thigh band.

몰드 브래지어 컵의 제작을 위한 3D 스페이서 패브릭과 폴리우레탄(PU) 폼 조합에 따른 열·수분 전달 특성 비교

To identify optimized thermal properties of mold brassiere cup for improved thermal comfort during summer, we compared the thermal resistance and the water vapor permeability of Polyurethane (PU) foam, 3D spacer fabric and the two combined materials of the PU foam and the 3D spacer fabric. Four experimental mold brassieres were made of the materials for wearing test. Six women in their twenties evaluated the wearing sensation in the hot and humid environment. The changes in microclimate temperature and humidity while wearing test brassiere cups were measured. Results indicate that thermal resistance increased as more PU foam were combined, while the water vapor permeability was higher as the content of the 3D spacer fabric increased at thickness of 18mm and over. However, in the wear test, the PU foam brassiere was the most preferred in all ambient conditions due to its soft, flexible and smooth texture, despite its high thermal resistance and low water vapor permeability. This indicates that the textures of mold foams are more dominant properties than thermal properties for mold foams in determining the wear comfort of mold brassieres.

배기팬츠의 산업패턴 비교·분석 연구 - 20대 초반 남성을 중심으로 -

This study aims to give practical help to the pattern making of baggy pants produced in large quantity from industrial fields. The functionality of crotch part is a key element to decide wear sensation and comfort of pants as having direct influence on movements of legs in pattern designing of baggy pants. The industrial patterns of baggy pants in various styles that are released currently in Korea were collected and a comparative analysis was conducted on them for the thesis. First, samples of men baggy pants were collected from three different brands and compared the completion sizes. Secondly, it studied the most appropriate patterns as quantifying the appropriateness of movements through fitting tests. Finally, the study verified the differences of visual images by surveys of professional groups. The conclusions obtained from this research are as follows. In terms of aesthetic attribute among the three brands, A baggy pants, which had a small size tolerance, were the most appropriate. Meanwhile concerning the appropriateness of movement, B baggy pants were shown to be the most appropriate. This reveals explicitly the problem of aesthetic attribute and functionality, which are always in conflict during the pattern design. It is necessary to develop patterns and establish a measurement system that may satisfy both of these factors.

심전도 측정을 위한 밀착 의복 연구 -패턴 축소 및 주관적 평가를 중심으로-

This study develops tight-fitting upper clothing to measure electrocardiography (ECG) data. Taking into consideration the elasticity of the clothing, we made 4 experimental clothes by applying to each a weft reduction rate of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. The 4 experimental clothes were used to measure resting ECG, exercise ECG, and post-exercise ECG for 4 men in their 20s. We compared clothing pressures using sensors on the human body and on a dressform. Subjective wear sensations of the 4 experimental clothes were evaluated using a subjective 7-point scale (with 7 being most excellent). We measured clothing pressures by using the air type pressure (AMI 3037-2) for upper and lower chest sensors in the developed tight-fitting upper clothing. The lower chest sensor showed that the clothing pressure on a human body and dressform changed consistently as the weft reduction rate decreased. The upper chest sensor showed inconsistent changes in clothing pressure as the weft reduction rate decreased. The wearing-test result for preliminary subjects showed that the lower chest sensor was more stable than the upper chest sensor; therefore, we inserted the sensor at the lower chest position before performing ECG. Except for Subject 4, the resting ECGs were stably measured for 3 subjects (Subject 1, Subject 2, and Subject 3) in all the developed clothes (A clothing, B clothing, C clothing, and D clothing). However, D clothing showed stable ECG values after exercise. The results of the experiment showed that we could measure ECG without difficulty using clothes with a weft reduction rate of 40% when the movement was not intense; however, tight-fitting upper clothing with a weft reduction rate of 70% was necessary to measure exercise ECG and post-exercise ECG values.

착용쾌적성이 향상된 방탄복 개발과 성능평가

This study helps develop a cool body armor that maintains a tight-fit configuration to the body surface and evaluates the performance of newly developed body armor in a wear test. Three types of body armor were used for evaluation. One was a tight fitting body armor that was constructed to improve the degree of fit and ease of movement for Korean soldier using 3D technology. Another was ventilating body armor with attached spacers on the shoulder to reduce the thermal stress on the soldier. The third was a prevailing body armor produced by a Korean body armor company. In order to evaluate the performance of the body armor, a human wear test, a thermal mannequin test, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were executed. Five subjects participated in the wear test. Subjective wear sensation, total amount of sweat and dynamic change of clothing microclimate were observed during and after exercise on a treadmill; subsequently, it was found that subjects rated tight fitting body armor and ventilating body armor lighter, drier, and easier to move than the conventional body armor (p<.05). Total amount of sweat was the least in the case of ventilating body armor. The thermal resistance and vapor resistance of the ventilating body armor were improved remarkably. In addition, the skin temperature of the ventilating body armor with spacers was lower than the tight fitting body armor by at least <TEX>$1^{\circ}C$</TEX> in the CFD result. It is noted that thermal-wet comfort of the 3D body armor with ventilating feature is superior to the conventional body armor, especially when the ventilating channel is not closed due to a backpack.

슬랙스 맞음새 평가 도구 설계에 관한 연구

In this study, fitness tests for slacks were divided into shape fitness test and motion fitness test, and the fitness test conditions for slacks were designed as the first step for standardization of measuring scales. Shape fitness test consisted of analyzing the parameters of appearance sensory tests as described in preceding studies, performing a simulated appearance sensory test, collecting and considering apparel experts' opinions about the test parameters, and establishing test conditions in terms of test regions, descriptions and faces. For the regions of the abdomen, hip, crotch, thighs, and knees, the parameter of unnecessary wrinkle/stretch was observed from the anterior and posterior body, and then evaluated; for waist, hip, crotch, knee and hem circumference, the parameters of ease and horizontality were observed from the anterior body and posterior body followed by evaluation; and, at the levels of waist, hip, crotch, knee and hem circumference, the division of the lateral line were observed from the lateral body followed by evaluation. Motion fitness test was composed of reviewing and analyzing comparatively the methods of motion fitness tests as mentioned in preceding studies, and establishing test conditions in terms of test motions and test regions. For each of the waist, abdomen, hip, crotch, and knees, wear sensation was tested in the positions as follows: upright standing, moderate walking, chairsitting, bending forward to the maximum, and kneeling down, provided that as the measured points of garment pressure, anterior waist, abdominal protrusion, buttock protrusion, crotch, and midpatella were set and tested.

동적자세와 피부분절을 이용한 기능성 밀착의복 제작 프로세스

The primary goal of this study was to provide a systematic methodology of utilizing 3D technology for tight-fit performance sportswear using information of skin deformation in various posture. Technical tools used in this study are Cyberware whole body scanner, RapidForm2004, 2C-AN 3D pattern development program, and YukaCAD. Analysis of the 3D skin deformation while knee joint was bent from 0° to 60° revealed that the length of dermatomes L4 was remained consistent during knee bending. Therefore, L4 was chosen as a major cutting line. To develop a highly ergonomic pattern, replicas of static and dynamic postures were developed and integrated using two methods, one is morphing method (Sqirlz Morph), and the other is AutoCAD. Experimental tight-fit garments called 'Derm-Mov Pattern' was designed using dematomes L4, L2, and inner line under knee and compared with four other patterns. As results, AutoCAD was appropriate as a integrating method of various postures. In wear test, 'Derm-Mov Pattern' was rated high (p < .001), in terms of pressure comfort especially around front crotch area. However, wear sensation was not signipicantly different in other area due to highly extensible property of materials. Pressure distribution was relatively even in these experimental garments.

유방원주와 볼륨에 따른 브래지어 컵 치수 및 유방유형 분류에 관한 연구

To provide the basic data to manufacture superior brassiere, this study was analyzed the evaluation of wear sensation of brassiere and the satisfaction of breast type by breast circumference and volume of 182 twenties-aged women. The results were as follows: First, it was reliable to set up the cup size of brassiere by using the breast circumference. Hemispherical breast was the same as cone-shaped breast in breast classification by breast circumference and volume. Second, the breast sizes were able to classify into under 200cc, 200~300cc, 300~400cc, and over 400cc by volume, but measuring the volume was more difficult than measuring the breast circumference. Last, there were correlations between breast circumference and breast volume by breast type. And there were differences on improvement, brassiere size, and the satisfaction of breast type by breast circumference and volume. This results will give basic informations for brassiere design that reflects breast type according to breast circumference and volume for functional brassiere.

20대 초반의 남성을 위한 다양한 팬츠 패턴 제안 및 착용평가

This investigates the type of pants preferred by Korean men in their 20s through a subjective wear test. Six types of men's pants were developed as experimental garments. The male subjects were university students between the ages of 20 and 24. Subjective wear sensations of the experimental pants were rated using seven Likert scales. A 7-point Likert-type scale was used for the evaluation, with 7 indicating the best fit. As a result, a basic men's sloper for lower body clothing was developed based on SizeKorea 2004 anthropometric measurements surveyed between 2003 and 2004. A basic pattern (A) was manipulated to tight-fit pants (E) and loose-fit pants (D, L, M, and N) by considering the ease at hip level and the style. Among the six pants, pants D and L (4cm ease at hip level) were found to be superior to others in terms of comfort, fitting, and crotch depth. With regard to ease and comfort of the crotch part, pants E and A (0cm ease at hip level) were found to be the least preferred.

한국과 미국 노년 초기 여성의 의복행동과 착용감 비교

The purpose of this study was to better assess and understand current needs and wearing sensation, including clothing behavior for early elderly women in the Korea and USA. The subjects in this study were 135 and 173 early elderly women in the Korea and USA. This research was done by a survey method and chi-square test. The major objectives of this study were as follows; First, it was found that the early elderly women of Korea utilize mostly human information as information source when purchasing clothing, whereas those of USA mostly media information. The women of Korea were found to put most emphasis in esthetic aspects of clothing, whereas those of USA in comfort. The most frequently worn clothes by the early elderly women of Korea were jumper, T-shirt and slacks, whereas jacket, sweater and slacks by those of USA. As for skirt, flare skirt was highly preferred in Korea, whereas A-line skirt in USA. Second, regarding the wearing sensation of ready-made clothing, the wearing sensation of jacket was found to be worst on the shoulder in Korea, whereas on the waist in USA. And the early elderly women of both Korea and USA had poor wearing sensations due to the length of sleeve, of trouser, of skirt and of one-piece dress. The comparison of the clothing behavior and wearing sensation of the early elderly women between Korea and USA showed a greater difference in clothing behavior than in wearing sensation.

시판 야간 안전복의 기능성 및 가시성 평가

To assist the further development of hight-visibility clothing this study compared the visibility and subjective wear sensation of commercial protective vests with retro-reflecting materials or LEDs. Nine subjects compared high-visibility vests to evaluate how easy they were to see when exposed to the headlight of a car at night, and the subjects assessed the wear sensation of the vests also. The intensity and visibility of five different colored LEDs assembled on the five substrates separately were also evaluated to select the suitable LED color for night protective clothing. The intensity of illumination was measured by an illuminometer, and the visibility was evaluated by 11 participants both in a dark room and in front of a car outdoors at night. Results showed, the most effective LEDs were high intensity LEDs which shift blinking red and white were most effective. However, excessively high intensity of illumination could decrease the working efficiency. In subjective wear evaluation, the most favorable vest had a front opening, were adjustable at the sides, and had an electric power switch on the front of the vest.

베이스볼 캡(Baseball cap)의 패턴 개발에 관한 연구

To present a 6-piece baseball cap pattern with good wearing sensation and with good reflection of head shape, this study conducted direct measurement using martin's anthropometer and indirect measurement using surgical tape among women of 20 to 24 years old. For a crown, correlation analysis was carried out between direct measurements and surface shell measurements of each section on the head to set main items for prototype design, along with regression analysis to complete design formula; for a cap pattern, draping design was used on the finished crown to compete cap pattern design formula. The results showed that main measurement items to design a baseball cap included head circumstance and bitragion arc for a crown and the cephalic index for a cap. For the crown pattern reflecting the shape of the head, 6 pieces were designed with different sizes and types of front (F), side (S), and back (B) patterns; hemline was also designed diagonally and completed by reflecting the curve of the head.

Effects of compression legwear on body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure following prolonged standing and sitting in women

The present study was to examine the effects of skin pressures by compression legwear (CL) with different pressure levels on multiple physiological indices and the physical-mechanical stimuli of CLs on psychological comfort perceptions following prolonged standing and sitting period in women. Heart rate (HR), blood pressures (BP), core temperature at deep ear canal (Tear canal), and skin temperatures on the breast (Tbreast), arm (Tarm), thigh (Tthigh), and lower leg (Tlowerleg) regions were measured by using a Polar S810i heart rate monitor, Dynapulse 5000A ambulatory BP monitor, and thermistor sensors based on the Ramanathan method, in twelve healthy female subjects wearing CLs with four kinds of different pressure levels during designed 4-hour wear trials under a controlled environment chamber. No significant differences and variation in HR and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were found among different pressures applied. While HR significantly decreased with time, and constant skin pressures exerted by the CLs appeared to have reduced the activation of sympathetic nervous system, resulting in lower HR compared with that of the control condition. The application of CLs increased core temperatures (Tear canal) and skin temperatures (Tbreast, Tarm, Tthigh, and Tlowerleg) with elevation of pressure levels, but with increasing wearing time, the core and skin temperatures gradually decreased. Decrease in skin heat dissipation might have been responsible for the changes in Tear canal and skin temperatures. CLs with light and mild pressure levels decreased the leg fatigue feeling and maintained a comfortable wearing sensation after wearing for 180 min. The application of CLs did not impose an unacceptable stress on the subjects. Wearing of CLs should be safe in leg health care and treatment of venous disorders. CLs with light and mild pressures enhanced wearing comfort, which would be more suitable for subjects whose work required sitting and standing for prolonged periods.