Wear Resistance Of Coatings Research Articles

Effect of deposition pressure on friction and wear properties of BWS2 composite coatings

This study investigated the impact of deposition pressure on the microstructure and tribological properties of B/WS2 composite coatings deposited via unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Deposition pressures of 0.6 Pa, 0.8 Pa, 1.0 Pa, 1.2 Pa, and 1.4 Pa were used during the deposition process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the B/WS2 composite coatings were characterized, and friction and wear experiments were conducted. The study found that the microhardness of the B/WS2 composite coatings decreased as the deposition pressure increased. The highest hardness of the coating, reaching 8.1GPa, was observed at a deposition pressure of 0.6 Pa. This was due to the formation of Tungsten tetraborate (WB4) during the deposition process, which had a high hardness and improved the mechanical properties of the coating. The wear life of the B/WS2 composite coatings was at its best, reaching 9.9 × 104 cycles, and the friction coefficient was at its lowest when the deposition pressure was 1.2 Pa. Selecting an appropriate deposition pressure can improve the tribological properties of B/WS2 composite coatings. Doping Boron can improve the hardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings. Abrasive wear and spalling are the two main wear forms of B/WS2 composite coatings.

Polymer-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of cyclohexane precursor

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of a cyclohexane precursor at ambient temperature at varying deposition pressures from 19.73 to 38.00 Pa and varying plasma powers from 20 to 80 W. The deposition rate of the a-C:H films was strongly dependent on the deposition conditions. The films were all optically transparent with extinction coefficient below 0.0042. The refractive index as an indicator of the film's density varied depending on the deposition conditions. Their surfaces were all hydrophobic regardless of the deposition conditions. The a-C:H films had wide optical bandgaps ranging from 3.09 to 3.69 eV. The refractive index and FTIR spectra were consistent with those of polymer-like a-C:H films. As the deposition pressure decreased and plasma power increased, the intensity of a dominant peak of CHx stretching mode in the FTIR spectra decreased. The relative hydrogen content of the a-C:H films was estimated from an FTIR analysis and determined to have an inverse relationship with refractive index. These results indicated that the formation of more energetic plasmas during deposition at lower pressures and higher plasma powers led to the a-C:H films with reduced hydrogen content and increased density. The observed film properties could be advantageous for several applications, particularly as protective, wear-resistant, low-friction, or anti-reflective coatings for optical windows.

Technological support for the durability of metal-cutting tools by the formation of wear-resistant coatings using energy-efficient methods

Technological support for the durability of metal-cutting tools by the formation of wear-resistant coatings using energy-efficient methods

Laser cladding Ni60 @ WC/ Cu encapsulated rough MoS2 self-lubricating wear resistant composite coating and ultrasound-assisted optimization

This research aims to broaden the scope of self-lubricating wear-resistant coatings for applications in diverse industries such as automotive, metallurgy, power, and aerospace. Employing laser cladding technology, we successfully fabricated high-performance self-lubricating ceramic composite coatings. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to understand the inhibitory effect of Cu on the thermal decomposition of MoS2, and the study systematically explored the relationship between powder composition, coating structure, and organizational properties. The mechanisms behind friction reduction and wear resistance were unveiled, shedding light on the formation of the MoS2 self-lubricating protective film. Research findings reveal that during the laser cladding process, Cu and Ni undergo solid solution, resulting in the formation of the Cu–Ni alloy phase and crystal refinement. The MoS2 aggregation area exhibits a fine dendritic structure, while the dispersion area showcases coarse dendritic and cellular crystals. The addition of Cu and MoS2 influences the content of the MxCy phase and the thermal decomposition of MoS2. The incorporation of Cu increases the average coating hardness, whereas MoS2 addition decreases it; nevertheless, the Cu/MoS2 coating hardness is enhanced by at least 6.4 %. Cu significantly improves the coating's wear resistance, with a relatively smaller impact on friction reduction. MoS2 functions as a friction-reducing phase during wear, effectively preventing the peeling of hard phases and reducing the friction coefficient. Cu is uniformly distributed in the coating, experiencing solid solution strengthening, reducing adhesive region areas, and minimizing wear debris generation. MoS2, although unevenly distributed, forms intermittent lubricating films on the surface. The lubricating film of the Cu/MoS2 coating remains stable, preventing mutual contact of the friction surface and concurrently reducing the friction coefficient and wear amount. While the study successfully prepared a self-lubricating ceramic coating with excellent wear resistance, some surface quality defects persist. Further optimization of the preparation method was achieved through ultrasound-assisted technology.

INVESTIGATION OF VARIATION OF SPRAYING CONDITIONS ON VARIATION OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MoCrN COATINGS

Interest in thin-film protective coatings based on nitride compounds of molybdenum and chromium is due to the great prospects for their use as wear-resistant anti-corrosion coatings with high resistance to both external effects in the form of mechanical friction, pressure, and corrosion processes, when exposed to aggressive media, hydrogenation or high temperatures. However, the stability of nitride coatings are primarily determined by the conditions of their obtaining, which not least depend on the power of magnetron sputtering, the variation of which allows you to change the ratio of elements in the composition of coatings. The key objective of this research is to measure the strength characteristics measured by indentation method depending on the conditions of obtaining coatings under variation of sputtering power, as well as to establish the influence of variation of conditions of obtaining thin film coatings on the change of hardness and hardening factors. According to the presented data, changing the conditions of magnetron sputtering by varying the power leads to the formation of stronger stable coatings with high resistance to cracking under changing external load. In the course of research it was determined that changing the conditions of magnetron sputtering coatings, leading to an increase in the concentration of molybdenum in the composition of coatings leads to more than 60–80% hardening, as well as an increase in resistance to cracking under external influences.

Tribological Properties of Laser-Cladded NiCrBSi Coatings Undergoing Friction with Ti6Al4V Alloys

This work aims at reducing abrasion between titanium alloy parts, such as drive shafts and support pairs used in aviation. Three different NiCrBSi coatings, Ni40, Ni50, and Ni60, are prepared on surfaces of Ti6Al4V by laser cladding. The microstructural and mechanical properties of these coatings are analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a microhardness tester. The tribological properties of the NiCrBSi coatings undergoing friction with Ti6Al4V are tested using a wear testing machine. The results show that the Vickers hardnesses of the Ni40, Ni50, and Ni60 coatings are 490 HV0.3, 609 HV0.3, and 708 HV0.3, respectively. For the above NiCrBSi coatings, more hard phases are produced with increases in the amounts of Cr in the powders, resulting in increases in the coatings’ hardnesses. The wear test results show that the NiCrBSi coatings could reduce the friction coefficients, which gradually decreased with increases in the coatings’ hardnesses. Both the coating-specific wear rates and the friction pair wear losses initially decreased and then increased. The Ni50 coating and the Ti6Al4V friction pair undergoing friction with the Ni50 coating showed the best wear performance, with a specific wear rate and wear loss of 0.51 × 10−7 mm3/(N·m) and 7.8 mg, respectively. The specific wear rates for Ni50 were only 8.4%, 35.4%, and 37.0% of the Ti6Al4V, Ni40, and Ni60, respectively. In addition, the friction pair wear loss was only 36.4%, 52.5%, and 55.3% of that while undergoing friction with Ti6Al4V, Ni40, and Ni60, respectively. The NiCrBSi coatings prepared on the surface of Ti6Al4V show excellent antifriction and wear resistance properties, providing a viable solution for the design of wear-resistant coatings on load-bearing and non-load-bearing titanium alloy parts.

Influence of hBN on the abradable performance of AlSi-based coatings: Bridging the gap between tribological assessment and abradability testing

Abradable coatings have been proven to significantly improve the performance of turbomachinery by serving as a protective barrier between rotating blades and stationary casing. However, there is still a pressing need to develop more efficient abradable materials that can withstand the growing energy requirements and prolong the service life of gas turbines, which continues to pose a significant challenge to the aerospace industry. In the present study, two thermally sprayed aluminum‑silicon-based (AlSi) coatings were investigated, the first containing 40 wt% polyester (referred to as AlSi-Poly), and the second containing 6 wt% hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and 20 wt% polyester (referred to as AlSi-hBN-Poly) as filler material. The microstructure, HR15Y hardness, and surface roughness were systematically examined in the fabricated coatings. Tribological studies were conducted using ball-on-flat and ball-on-disk testing conditions against titanium counterballs. In addition, a cost-effective abradable test rig has been developed to assess the abradability performance of both coatings under closer simulated aircraft turbine conditions. The microstructural examination of the coatings revealed that the filler materials were uniformly distributed throughout the coating, with the hBN particles embedded within the matrix. The average hardness of the AlSi-hBN-Poly coating was higher than that of the AlSi-Poly coating, which is consistent with the area fraction of filler materials present in each coating. The tribological assessment of the coatings revealed similar frictional coefficients, no apparent wear on the counterballs and higher wear depth and width for AlSi-hBN-Poly coating. This was attributed to significant third-body abrasion and higher transfer during testing in the case of the AlSi-hBN-Poly coating. Similarly, the abradability evaluation showed no blade wear against both coatings and slightly different transfer film formation. However, the AlSi-Poly coating presented a smoother rubbing wear track than the AlSi-hBN-Poly, which showed deeper rubbing grooves. These findings provide valuable insights into the tribological behaviour of these coatings and can aid in the development of more effective wear-resistant coatings.

Comparison of the microstructure and properties of 19Al–24Cr–19Ti–37Ni–1Y high-entropy alloy fabricated through conventional and ultrahigh-speed laser cladding methods

Compared with conventional laser cladding (CLC), ultrahigh-speed laser cladding (UHSLC) can dramatically increase cladding efficiency. In this study, a new 19Al–24Cr–19Ti–37Ni–1Y eutectic high-entropy alloy coating was prepared through CLC and UHSLC, tested, and characterized. Results showed that the dilution rate of the UHSLC-HEA coating was 20.2 %, which was only half that of the CLC-HEA coating. The UHSLC-HEA coating had a lamellar spacing of 100 nm and an average grain size of 2.2 μm, which was only one-third of the average grain size of the CLC-HEA coating. The microhardness of the UHSLC-HEA coating was 210 HV0.5 higher than that of the CLC-HEA coating. The coefficient of friction and wear rate of the UHSLC-HEA coating had reduced by 43 % and 34 %, respectively, relative to those of the CLC-HEA coating. UHSLC enhances the wear resistance of coatings by reducing dilution rate, refining grain size, and promoting the formation of a second phase.

Probing the Atomic Erosion Wear Characteristics of TiC-Coated Fe in Oil and Gas Drilling Environments.

The titanium carbide (TiC) coating is considered one of the key coating materials to resist erosion wear in oil and gas drilling environments due to its excellent impact and wear resistance. Based on molecular dynamics, the erosion wear resistance of TiC coatings and the pure Fe system in the simulation of nanoindentation, scratch, and particle impact was studied at the microscale. The results indicate that TiC coatings can effectively enhance the load-bearing capacity of the Fe substrate within the critical load range and exhibit low friction characteristics and erosion resistance. However, the protection is lost after the TiC coating cracks, leading to an increase in the tangential force. In addition, when TiC coatings and pure Fe systems exhibit typical erosion characteristics of brittle materials, the TiC coating will significantly reduce the erosion wear of the substrate.

Wear-Resistant Low-friction Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Spray Coatings for Sustainable (Bio-based Recyclable) Materials

Coatings from polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyamide 12 (PA12), molybdenumdisulfide (MoS2), zinc (Zn), and graphite (C) powder mixtures were deposited on PA6, PA12, and PEEK substrates by an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) spray jet system. Several tenth of µm thick coatings on PA6 and PA12 substrates result in an almost halved surface roughness Ra ~8 µm, Rq ~10 µm and Rz ~60 µm, whereas a significant increase of all surface roughness parameters is observed for PEEK substrates (Ra < 1 µm → 4 µm, Rq < 1 µm → 5 µm, Rz < 5 µm → 20 µm). The surface roughness, powder composition, and selected APP process parameter strongly influence the coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate ki of the APP coatings in rotational ball-on-disc tribological testing. The COF of PA12/MoS2/C coatings on PA6 substrates manufactured by selective laser sintering (SLS) is ~0.2 after 628 m sliding distance, resulting in a very low calculated ki of 6.3 × 10−7 mm3/Nm. A similarly low COF and ki was observed for PEEK coatings deposited at a current of 75 A and 60 mm jet–substrate distance on SLS PA12 substrate. Although the COF of Zn/C/MoS2 coatings on PEEK drops down below 0.1 after 1884 m sliding distance under nitrogen atmosphere the corresponding ki of 5.6 × 10−5 mm3/Nm is higher. Still all calculated specific wear rates are significantly lower than the reported values of polyamide-polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)-polyethylene composites (1.9–8.0 × 10−2 mm3/Nm) and partly even outperform PEEK-PTFE composites (1.0 × 10−7–2.5 × 10−6), currently applied in demanding wear regimes.

Thermal shock resistance of WC–Cr3C2–Ni coatings deposited via high-velocity air fuel spraying

In this study, the high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying technique was used to deposit WC–Cr3C2–Ni wear-resistant coatings on the surface of crystallization rollers to overcome the wear problem of the substrate of thin-strip continuous-casting crystallization rollers and thus improve their efficiency. The performance and durability of the WC–Cr3C2–Ni coatings on the surface of the roller body during the actual continuous casting process were investigated by performing thermal shock tests. It was found that the thermal shock resistance of the closed-curved surface coatings increased with their thickness. The coatings exhibited the best thermal shock resistance at a thickness of 300 μm, and the number of cycles they could withstand at 800 °C reached 15. The results of the high-temperature wear tests showed that the WC–Cr3C2–Ni coatings deposited on the surface of the crystallization roller via HVAF reduced the friction coefficient of the surface of the roller body (from 0.425 to 0.362), and greatly reduced the wear loss volume during the wear process (reduced by 83 %). The WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating showed excellent resistance to crack initiation and propagation during wear and can be stabilized in long-cycle production and protect the substrate of the crystallization roller effectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection and preparation of surface coatings for thin-strip continuous-casting crystallization rollers.

Enhanced mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of electro-deposited NiCoP composite coatings with ZrB2 particle addition

This work was initiated with the purpose of expanding the utilization of nickel-based composite coatings, especially in wear and corrosion-related industrial applications. NiCoP coatings have long attracted scientific and engineering interest due to their enhanced mechanical properties reinforced by incorporation with a reinforcement phase. In the present study, NiCoP composite coatings reinforced with ZrB2 ceramic particles were synthesized by direct current deposition using a modified Watt’s type bath. The microstructures of composite coatings were studied by x-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The hardness and tribological properties of the composite coatings were evaluated and compared. The corrosion behaviors of the deposits were investigated using electrochemical spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques in simulated seawater. The effect of ZrB2 content on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the composite coatings was explored and discussed. The present study indicates that there is a progressive enhancement in the hardness, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance of the composite coatings with the increase in ZrB2 loading. The NiCoP-12 g/l-ZrB2 coating possesses the highest microhardness and superior wear performance, while the NiCoP-6 g/l-ZrB2 coating exhibits the best anti-corrosion properties. The present study shows a cost-effective and feasible solution for the preparation of NiCoP protective coatings with enhanced properties, which holds great potential for industrial applications requiring wear and anti-corrosion protection.

The Innovation in Air Plasma Spray for Hardfacing

Thermal spray coating plays a significant role in industry. The wear-resistant deposition helps to provide a longer life cycle for the components. There is an ongoing effort to develop coatings that improve the coefficient of friction. Compared with other deposition techniques, plasma spray coating can be recommended for a wide range of substrate materials to produce a stable, wear-resistant material. The plasma-sprayed deposition not only improves tribological performance but also embeds the desired mechanical and physical properties. In plasma spray technology, the inert gas used is mostly plasma jet. To create the wear-resistant coatings, the engineers apply self-flux or cermet powder, both of which are expensive materials. Some positive results of deposition using the amorphous powder encouraged the engineers and researchers. But in a few of the investigations on the air plasma spray Fe-based powder, the plasma generation gas is ordinary air. This innovation served to save on production costs. The aim of this work is the study of Fe-based spraying, applying the modification of a plasma torch. Both of the innovations help to enhance the hardfacing effect for wear resistance.

ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ ОПЫТ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОИСКРОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

Currently, there are actively developing various additive technologies for printing metal products. Among a fairly large number of technologies, layer-by-layer laser melting of metal powder can be distinguished. Foreign scientists claim that the parts manufactured using this technology have several disadvantages: high surface roughness, high undulation, low durability. Foreign researchers propose to eliminate the shortcomings by the combined use of electric spark processing and surface plastic deformation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the available scientific work and evaluating the possibility of using electric spark processing to reduce the roughness of the surfaces of parts obtained by selective laser melting.(Materials and methods) The paper cited the work of foreign colleagues who conducted research using a selective laser sintering unit. Electric spark treatment was carried out with an electrode made of a nickel superalloy with a diameter of 3.2 millimeters. (Results and discussion) The use of electric spark treatment in combination with surface plastic deformation on samples obtained by selective laser melting of nickel powder makes it possible to reduce their roughness by 82 percent. At the same time, the undulation parameter is reduced by 45 percent. It has been shown that electric spark treatment with a nickel alloy electrode in combination with surface plastic deformation makes it possible to obtain wear-resistant coatings with a roughness of 2.4 micrometers, a waviness of 4.9 and a thickness of 10-85 micrometers on samples made by selective laser melting. (Conclusions) The use of electric spark processing and surface plastic deformation can significantly reduce the roughness and undulation of the working surfaces of parts obtained by selective laser sintering.

Effect of CeO2 Content on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser-Cladded Ni-Based Composite Coating

In order to improve the wear resistance of 45 steel, in this study, WC/Ni60 composite coatings with different CeO2 additions (0, 1, 2, and 3 wt%) were prepared on 45 steel by the laser cladding technique; the experimental analysis was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), a Vickers hardness tester, and a friction and wear tester. The results show that CeO2 had little effect on the phase composition of the coatings; however, with the increase in CeO2 content, the CeO2 played a key role in refining the grains of the coating, thus reducing the generation of cracks. In addition, CeO2 could effectively strengthen the internal structure of the coating and improve its microhardness and wear resistance. Particularly noteworthy is the observed reduction in both the friction coefficient and mass loss of the coating when the CeO2 addition reached 2%. This suggests an enhancement in the tribological performance of the coating at this concentration.

Microstructure and wear-resistant behaviors of Al2O3-TiO2 reinforced Ni-based composite coating plasma-sprayed on 6061 aluminum alloy

Aluminium alloy is a widely used lightweight alloy in automobile and rail vehicle components, especially in parts such as brake pads and wheels, which require high wear resistance. Herein, to improve the wear resistance of aluminium alloys, Al2O3–13%TiO2 (AT13) reinforced Ni-based composite coatings were prepared by plasma spraying on 6061 aluminium alloy. The impact of AT13 content and heat treatment on the microstructure and wear resistance of Ni-based alloy coatings was systematically investigated. From our analysis, it was demonstrated that, in comparison to the substrate, the average micro-hardness of the composite coating with 10 %AT13 increased by more than 11 times, with a high value of 1250.81 HV0.2. Moreover, the average friction coefficient and wear rate reduced by 66 % and four orders of magnitude, with low values of 0.17 and 8.99 × 10−7 mm3(N−1∙m−1), respectively, which indicated a significant enhancement in wear resistance. In addition, after heat treatment at 450 °C for 2 h, the micro-hardness of the composite coatings was improved, and the wear rate further decreased. This effect could be attributed to the encapsulation of the hard ceramic particles in the nickel-based alloy, which may suppress the dislocation motion in the composite coating. This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the wear resistance of metal-based alloy coatings with ceramic composite coatings.

Effect of laser energy density on cracking susceptibility and wear resistance of laser-clad tribaloy T-800 coatings on DD5 single-crystal alloys

In order to enhance the wear resistance of DD5 single-crystal alloys, Tribaloy T-800 wear-resistant coatings were prepared on their surfaces using laser-cladding technology. This study examines the effect of laser energy density on the cracking susceptibility and wear resistance of laser-clad Tribaloy T-800 coatings on DD5 single-crystal alloys. Three distinct laser energy densities (η1=33 J/mm², η2=50 J/mm², η3=60 J/mm²) were applied to create the coatings. The results show that the microstructures of the T-800 laser-clad coatings mainly consist of primary, coarsened, and spheroidized Laves phases, as well as Co-based solid solution and eutectic structures. The phases include Co3Mo2Si phase (Laves phase) and face-centered cubic Co-based solid solution. However, increasing laser energy density enhanced elemental diffusion at the heterogeneous joining interface of the DD5 substrate/T-800 coating, leading to higher Ni content in the coating. This resulted in a reduction in the tendency and content of Mo-rich Laves phase formation respective contents of 53.2 %, 49.2 %, and 47.5 %. Moreover, the decrease in the difference between laser cladding temperature and initial temperature, ∆T, led to reduced thermal stress at the interface, σ, contributing to a decrease in cracking susceptibility (a), with corresponding values of 0.16184, 0.00034, and 0.00022. Thermal expansion coefficients of materials in the cracked region near the interface, measured according to the CALPHAD method, Jmatpro software, and average EDS elemental content data at the crack edge, surpassed those of the corresponding DD5 substrate. Consequently, cracks in the coatings originated from stretching at the interface, with paths tending to cross Laves phase particles in a cleavage mode. The average microhardness of the coatings decreased due to reduced Laves phase content, with values of 783.4 HV0.5, 741.7 HV0.5, and 708.2 HV0.5, respectively, while the fatigue wear of T-800 coatings increased due to exacerbated wear damage from cracking defects. Specifically, average COFs were 0.659, 0.583, and 0.506, with corresponding mass losses of 7.1 mg, 3.4 mg, and 2.9 mg, respectively. The wear mechanisms observed encompassed fatigue wear, abrasive wear, and oxidative wear.

Influence of Thickness and Ti Interlayer on Scratch and Wear Resistance of CoCrNi Medium Entropy Alloy Coatings

Influence of Thickness and Ti Interlayer on Scratch and Wear Resistance of CoCrNi Medium Entropy Alloy Coatings

The improved mechanical and tribological properties of CrN coatings sealed via electrochemical polarization treatment

In order to seal the void defects in CrN coatings so as to enhance its mechanical and tribological properties, the electrochemical polarization treatment at different over-potentials was employed. The results showed that the maximum content of oxygen was increased by 1.22 at% after electrochemical polarization treatment, but the crystal structure of CrN(111) and Cr2N(002) for CrN coatings remained stable. The formation of a little chromium oxides as expected sealed the CrN coatings pores, and therefore lowered its porosity from 16.79 % to 12.28 %. As a result, the maximum hardness was increased by 20.3 %. Moreover, the wear resistance of CrN coatings was enhanced by 29.9 % whilst the friction coefficient was reduced by 25.2 % at the over-potential of 70 mV.

Study on the Effects of GO on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of CuCrZr Plasma Cladding Coatings

This study investigates the enhancement of wear resistance in CuCrZr rails through the plasma cladding of CuCrZr-GO coatings with a varying graphene oxide (GO) content. The microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of CuCrZr coatings containing 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% GO were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ESD surface scanning, friction and wear tests, and hardness analysis. The findings indicated that increasing the GO content from 0% to 0.6% results in a transition in the coating microstructure from columnar to equiaxed crystals, leading to an improved density. However, at 0.8% GO, numerous porosity defects were observed. The coating containing 0.6% graphene oxide (GO) exhibited a superior performance, with a hardness of 75, a friction coefficient of approximately 0.7, and a wear mass of 2.84 mg under a 10 N load. In comparison to the CuCrZr coating lacking GO, the hardness showed an increase of around 4.8%, the friction coefficient decreased by approximately 5.1%, and the wear mass diminished by 59.4%. These findings hold significant implications for extending the operational lifespan of electromagnetic railguns.