Wearing Experience Research Articles

Preliminary Clinical Exploration of Scleral Lens Performance on Normal Eyes

Abstract
 Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance (i.e. vision, comfort and fit) of spherical and front-surface toric scleral lenses in subjects with regular, healthy corneas.
 Methods: Scleral lenses were fitin the eyes (n = 16) of healthy subjects (n = 9) with regular corneas, absent of pathology, and studied using an observational, multi-visit design. Lens fit was objectively evaluatedby an experienced practitioner.Following 1 month of successful lens wear, participants completedsubjective satisfaction surveys regarding the scleral lens wearing experience.
 Results: According to participant surveys, scleral lenses were subjectively preferred over soft toric or gas permeable contact lenses in 88% of eyes, including in all eyes fit with a front-surface toric scleral lens (n = 3). Seventy-five percent (75%) of eyes achieved visual acuity of 0.1 logMAR or better, while all eyes with prior spectacle wear achieved visual acuity with a scleral lens within 1 Snellen line of spectacle correction. Seventy-five percent (75%) of eyes achieved good subjective comfort with a scleral lens. No participants reported poor subjective vision and/or comfort.
 Conclusions: Our findings suggest that subjects preferred the performance of a scleral lens (spherical or front-surface toric) compared to a soft toric or gas permeable contact lens. Moreover, scleral lenses may provide a viable, alternative contact lens modality option for patients considering discontinuation of traditional soft toric and/or rigid contact lens wear; so long as the factors associated with hypoxia remain minimized.
 Key Words: scleral lens; scleral contact lens; front-surface toric scleral lens; lens performance; normal eyes; healthy eyes

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running.

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

Patient-Reported Wearing Experience From Hydrogel Daily Disposable Wearers Older Than 40 Years From the TEMPO Registry.

To describe the patient-reported wearing experience over time among wearers of hydrogel daily disposable (HydDD) contact lenses (CLs) in the TruEye and Moist Performance Overview (TEMPO) Registry (NCT01467557). Registered wearers older than 40 years who were recently fit with 1-DAY ACUVUE MOIST HydDDs completed self-administered questionnaires four times during a year-long Registry. Overall opinion of CLs, replacement schedules, Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire (CLDEQ-8), and compliance were queried. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and signed rank tests. A total of 86 subjects (24% men, age 50.2±7.1 years) completed the Registry. Approximately 76% were new to daily disposable lenses, and 8% were neophytes. Overall opinion of CLs improved significantly after refitting with HydDDs (baseline 57% excellent/very good vs. 69%-79% at follow-ups, P<0.05 all vs. baseline). Changing to HydDDs maintained average and comfortable wear time (P>0.05), and it did significantly improve CLDEQ-8 scores at all follow-ups (baseline, 11.2±7.3 vs. 2 weeks, 7.8±5.8, P<0.0001; 4 months, 8.6±6.5, P=0.0006; 12 months, 9.3±6.5, P=0.01). Self-assessment of compliance was excellent/very good for 80% at baseline, and improved to 92% to 98% at follow-ups (P<0.0001). More than 90% never slept in their HydDDs, although compliance to daily replacement diminished from 2-week to 4-month surveys (93% vs. 84%, P=0.007). After refitting with HydDDs, older wearers reported significantly higher overall opinions of their lenses, better CLDEQ-8 symptom scores, and most were compliant with proper daily disposable lens use. Diminishing daily replacement rates from 2 weeks to 4 months indicate a need to reinforce that recommendation. Wearers of HydDD CLs older than 40 years experienced many benefits from refitting with these daily disposable lenses.

Development and initial validation of the Respirator Comfort, Wearing Experience, and Function Instrument [R-COMFI

ABSTRACTFiltering face-piece respirators (FFRs) are worn to protect health care personnel from airborne particles; however, clinical studies have demonstrated that FFR adherence is relatively low in some settings, in part, due to discomfort and intolerance. The objective of this study was to develop and initially evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure the comfort and tolerability of FFRs.Instrument items were developed through literature reviews, focus groups, and several iterations of ranking and refining by experts. Psychometric evaluation of the instrument was conducted using Rasch partial credit model (PCM) analysis. Pivot anchoring was used to specify the threshold defining item difficulty; in our analyses, this was the point that participants moved from possessing none of the trait to some of the trait.The final instrument was completed by 165 health care personnel from 3 Veterans Health Administration facilities, and data were analyzed using Rasch PCM. Seven items were removed because they: (1) violated the assumption of independence; (2) were mis-fitting; and/or (3) were deemed not relevant. Category function analysis demonstrated that all categories progressed monotonically. Principal components analysis demonstrated the existence of three subscales (Discomfort, General Wearing Experience, and Function). Final reliability analyses showed that the scale had moderate to high person reliability and high item reliability. The final instrument contained 21 items.Until now, to our knowledge no instrument with evidence supporting its reliability and validity to assess discomfort and tolerance of FFRs among health care personnel has been published. A 21-item psychometrically sound measure of comfort and tolerability of FFRs, Respirator Comfort, Wearing Experience, and Function Instrument (R-COMFI), was developed. The significance of developing such an instrument is that it will help identify respirators that are likely to have better adherence in practice settings. The R-COMFI may be used within and beyond the VA healthcare system as a psychometrically sound instrument to evaluate the comfort and tolerability of respirators, including developmental prototypes.

Assessing Scleral Contact Lens Satisfaction in a Keratoconus Population.

To assess perceived comfort and related experiences of adapted keratoconic scleral contact lens (17-18.2 mm) wearers with a history of wearing other contact lens modalities and to compare these subjective clinical effects with previous experiences. Twenty-four keratocones were recruited, signed an informed consent approved by the University Internal Review Board, and were asked to complete a survey and a dry eye questionnaire. Previous lens wearing experience included soft, piggy back, and hybrid lenses but predominantly was corneal gas permeable. An overwhelming majority strongly preferred the comfort and vision with the scleral contact lenses. This cohort of keratoconus patients were on average dry eye suspects according to a dry eye questionnaire but contained individuals with either normal or significantly dry eye scores. However, patients stated that they experienced less dryness with their scleral lenses, but slightly more than half of these patients experienced, at least occasionally, midday fogging. The scleral contact lenses are extremely well accepted by keratoconic patients because of comfort and vision these devices provide. For many patients, they offer further relief from dryness symptoms. However, midday fogging remains a limitation for many wearers.

Implementation of a wireless sensor network for heart rate monitoring in a senior center.

Wearable sensor systems are widely used to monitor vital sign in hospitals and in recent years have also been used at home. In this article we present a system that includes a ring probe, sensor, radio, and receiver, designed for use as a long-term heart rate monitoring system in a senior center. The primary contribution of this article is successfully implementing a cheap, large-scale wireless heart rate monitoring system that is stable and comfortable to use 24 h a day. We developed new finger ring sensors for comfortable continuous wearing experience and used dynamic power adjustment on the ring so the sensor can detect pulses at different strength levels. Our system has been deployed in a senior center since May 2012, and 63 seniors have used this system in this period. During the 54-h system observation period, 10 alarms were set off. Eight of them were due to abnormal heart rate, and two of them were due to loose probes. The monitoring system runs stably with the senior center's existing WiFi network, and achieves 99.48% system availability. The managers and caregivers use our system as a reliable warning system for clinical deterioration. The results of the year-long deployment show that the wireless group heart rate monitoring system developed in this work is viable for use within a designated area.

Daily disposable contact lenses versus spectacles in teenagers.

To compare clinical and subjective quality-of-life (QoL) data for teenagers wearing daily disposable contact lenses or spectacles. This open-label study randomized subjects (aged 13 to 19 years) with no previous contact lens wear experience to nelfilcon A (DAILIES AquaComfort Plus) contact lenses or spectacles for 6 months. A full clinical workup, as well as subjective QoL measures using the Pediatric Refractive Error Profile and Quality of Life Impact of Refractive Correction questionnaires, was conducted at baseline and at week 4 and months 3 and 6, with an additional study visit at week 2 for subjects randomized to wear contact lenses. A total of 110 teenagers were enrolled in the study; 13 discontinued before study completion, 10 (17.5%) from the contact lens group and 3 (5.7%) from the spectacle group (p = 0.04). Visual acuity was good for both groups at all study visits. Biomicroscopy assessments were similar at baseline for both groups. Significant differences in Pediatric Refractive Error Profile responses were noted between vision correction groups across visits for appearance (p < 0.001), satisfaction (p < 0.001), activities (p < 0.001), peer perception (p = 0.003), and overall score (p < 0.001). For Quality of Life Impact of Refractive Correction, the contact lens group gave more favorable responses than the spectacle group (p = 0.02). After 6 months of wearing contact lenses, teenagers had a more positive attitude toward comfort, vision, and safety with contact lenses. No serious adverse events were reported during the study. The daily disposable lenses used in this study are suitable for vision correction for teenagers, offering improvements in QoL measures during the first month of wear, including appearance, satisfaction, activities, and peer perceptions, without negatively impacting vision or eye health. Teenagers were able to handle contact lenses with the same amount of confidence as spectacles.

High heels on human stability and plantar pressure distribution

Many women wear high heeled shoes (HHS) on a daily basis to increase the femininity and attractiveness, making these shoes remain popular despite the negative effects surrounding HHS. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HHS wearing experience and heel height on human stability and foot plantar pressure distribution. Thirty young healthy women consisted of two groups, inexperienced and experienced high-heel wearers, participated in a standing balance test to measure their foot plantar pressures and stability limits when they wore shoes of four different heel heights: 0cm (flat), 4cm (low), 7cm (medium), and 10cm (high). Experimental results showed that the increased heel height shifted the force and peak pressure from the rear foot and mid foot regions to the forefoot and toe regions and the center-of-pressure location moved towards medial anterior side of the foot. Human stability limits were worsened significantly with the increased heel height, especially when it reached 7cm. HHS wearing experience provided certain advantages to the wearers on plantar pressure distributions and the limits of stability, shown by more appropriate pressure distributions and larger excursions and better directional controls in the forward and back directions.

A Brief View on the Reflection of Pleated Design in the Concept of Low-Carbon Clothing

By defining the concept of low carbon clothing and summarizing the design factors, this paper analyzes the low-carbon characteristics of pleated design in the processes of design, production and wearing. In the concept of low-carbon clothing, pleated design achieves the structure design of “multiple ways of wearing one piece of clothes” and “one-piece style”. It saves the cost of clothing, satisfies people’s diverse needs for clothing, brings a fresh wearing experience to customers, advocates the concept of “green” wearing and consumption, and meets people’s spiritual demand for low-carbon culture and life.

Effects of heel height and wearing experience on human standing balance

Background High heeled shoes (HHS) are no mere accessories of the feet, but an essential part of a woman’s fashion that reflects her personality. Previous studies have shown that HHS are associated with various musculoskeletal disorders and an increased risk of falls [1-3]. As reduced balance control is a primary risk factor for falls, the goal of this study is to examine the effects of heel height and HHS wearing experience on human balance during standing. Materials and methods Thirty young and healthy female participants were sorted into two groups, inexperienced and experienced HHS wearers. They participated in a series of balance tests to measure their postural balance, limits of stability, functional mobility, plantar pressure distribution and muscle activities when they wore women’s dress shoes of four different heel heights: 0cm (flat), 4cm (low), 7cm (medium), and 10cm (high). Results Heel height and wearing experience affect standing balance independently. Increasing shoe heel height decreased an individual’s balance, as shown by worsened postural balance, limits of stability in terms of excursions and directional control, and functional mobility. At the same time, high heels induce more effort on both sides of the calf muscles (gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis), tibialis anterior muscle, and vastus lateralis muscle. Calf muscles play primary roles, while the tibialis anterior and vastus lateralis muscles play secondary roles in maintaining balance. Increased experience in wearing high heeled shoes does not improve overall balance performance, but does provide certain advantages to stability limits in terms of excursions and directional control in the forward and back directions. Experienced wearers used significantly less effort on most muscles at the cost of higher effort from the gastrocnemius medialis muscle. Conclusions The heel elevation induces more effort from lower limb muscles but results in worse human balance regardless of the wearing experience, especially starting at 7cm heel height. Calf muscles play primary roles and the vastus lateralis & tibialis anterior muscles play secondary roles in maintaining standing balance when wearing HHS. Experienced wearers do not show significantly better overall balance performances, even though they have better excursions and directional control in the forward & back directions.

The role of wettability and friction in successful contact lens wear

This presentation will focus on the role that lens surface characteristics play in the overall clinical performance of a contact lens and in particular the comfort of contact lenses. The presentation will focus mainly on these characteristics in soft contact lenses and how they differ in conventional materials and silicone hydrogel materials. The terms ‘wettability’, ‘coefficient of friction’ and ‘deposition’ will be introduced and described in relation to contact lens wear. Following on from this, a discussion on how these surface properties can be measured will be provided–both in the laboratory as well as on the eye and whether or not laboratory measurements can give us meaningful insights into the clinical performance of a contact lens. Finally, the lecture will review how manufacturers have attempted to modify these lens surface properties in order to improve the contact lens wearing experience.

Assessment of the wettability of different silicone hydrogel contact lenses using a novel in vitro method

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine differences between the surface wettability of various lens/solution combinations in terms of the drying-up time measured in vitro using a modified corneal topographer (Non-Invasive Keratograph–DryingUp Time (NIK-DUT)). Methods: Five market-leading silicone hydrogel SCLs underwent a washing procedure and were soaked subsequently in OPTI-FREE® PureMoist® MPDS (OFPM) whereas saline served as reference (10 combinations in total). The NIK-DUT was measured ten times foreverycombinationbyevaluating the reflectedplacidoring image objectively. The focus was on the measurement of the NIKDUT value derived when 25% of the entire measurement segments showed dry-up during the measuring time (NIKDUT S25). Based on an asymptotic, normally distributed mean value an analysis of variance (ANOVA, alpha=0.05) and subsequently a post-hoc analysis (Duncan) was conducted to determine inter-group comparisons. Results: Within and between the 10 combinations the differences were statistically significant (p <0.001). The following NIK-DUT S25 values were achieved in combination with saline and OFPM respectively: Lotrafilcon B with Aqua Technology (129.0±15.1s and 154.1±5.5s); Lotrafilcon A (120.8±20.5s and 140.9±12.8s); Comfilcon A (123.5±7.9s and 149.5±7.6s); Balafilcon A (128.3±16.3s and 131.4±8.0s); Senofilcon A (123.2±5.1s and 191.6±23.4s). Conclusion: There are significant differences between the tested SCL materials and test solutions regarding the wettability. The wettability values were higher for all lenses when they were pre-soaked in OFPM. Increasing lens wettability through use of a lens care solution with a wetting agent designed to interact with silicone material may have a positive impact on the patient’s lens wearing experience.

A multi-country assessment of compliance with daily disposable contact lens wear

To investigate compliance with daily disposable contact lens (DDCL) wear and investigate re-use of lenses according to country and DDCL material worn. Optometrists invited eligible DDCL patients from their practices to participate in a survey on DDCL wear in Australia, Norway, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Eligible participants completed an online or paper version of the survey. 805 participants completed the survey (96% online): Australia 13%, Norway 32%, UK 17%, US 38%. The median age was 38 years; 66% were female. Silicone hydrogel (SiHy) DDCLs were worn by 14%. Overall, 9% were non-compliant with DDCL replacement; Australia 18%, US 12%, UK 7% and Norway 4%. There were no differences with respect to sex, years of contact lens wear experience or DDCL material (SiHy versus hydrogels). The primary reason for re-use was "to save money" (60%). Re-use of DDCLs resulted in inferior comfort at insertion and prior to lens removal (p=0.001). 75% reported occasional napping and 28% reported sleeping overnight for at least one night in the preceding month, while wearing their DDCLs. Non-compliance with replacement of DDCLs occurred in all countries investigated; the rate was highest in Australia and lowest in Norway. Re-use of DDCLs was associated with reduced comfort. DDCL wearers often reported wearing lenses overnight. It is important for optometrists to counsel their patients on the importance of appropriate lens wear and replacement for DDCLs.

Ocular surface assessment in soft contact lens wearers; the contribution of tear osmolarity among other tests

To determine whether tear osmolarity contributes to the assessment of the ocular surface in soft contact lens (CL) wearers. Prospective, case-control series in 44 CL wearers (28 tolerant and 16 intolerant) and 34 healthy subjects. Every patient underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination with a tear osmolarity test (TearLab System), conjunctival impression cytology and meibomian lipid sampling. Symptoms, break-up time (BUT), tear osmolarity, conjunctival expression of HLA-DR and meibomian fatty acid composition were evaluated. Tear osmolarity did not differ between controls and CL wearers (p= 0.23). Flow cytometry results expressed in antibody-binding capacity (ABC) units and percentage of positive cells revealed a significant difference between the intolerant CL wearer group and the control group (p< 0.0001). Comparisons between tolerant and intolerant CL wearers showed only a significant difference for mean fluorescence levels expressed in ABC units (p< 0.0001). The BUT was significantly shorter in intolerant and tolerant CL wearers subjects than in healthy subjects (p< 0.0001), whereas there was no significant difference in meibomian fatty acid composition (p= 0.99) between the two groups. Contact lens wear is responsible for ocular surface alterations whose patterns are very similar to those reported in early dry-eye syndrome. However, tear osmolarity was not modified in these selected CL wearers. The yield of tear osmolarity with TearLab™ in assessing ocular surface disorders in CL wearers deserves further investigation.

16 Thickness of spherical and toric SCLs measured in vitro by Scheimpflug's principal for determination of the Dk transmissibility values

Purpose: The importance of meeting presbyopic patient’s needs grows with the aging population. Satisfaction with the overall contact lens wearing experience can be impacted by material characteristics and optical design. The purpose of this study was to evaluate satisfaction of adapted omafilcon A (Proclear) Multifocal (PM) wearers and balafilcon A (PureVision) Multi-Focal (PVMF) wearers. Method: 150 PVMF and 107 PM wearers who had been wearing their respective lenses for at least three months completed an on-line survey conducted by an independent market research firm. Experiential factors most impactful to multifocal wearers in driving them to speak to their practitioners about switching brands were assessed. Specific lens performance attributes experienced by the wearers were also queried. Results: The top five influencers of switching brands were comfortable throughout the day, clarity of mid-range, near, and far-distance vision, and ease of transition between near and far-distance. PVMF wearers were more satisfied with their complete lens wearing experience, PVMF 91% vs. PM 82% (p<0.05). Composite ratings for vision and comfort also favored PVMF over PM, 81% vs. 68% and 91% vs. 79%, respectively (p<0.05%). Conclusions: While satisfaction with comfort is higher than with vision quality, vision-related attributes are the most common reason patients would ask about switching brands. Most multifocal wearers were satisfied with their lenses; however, PVMF wearers were more satisfied with their complete multifocal experience when compared to PM wearers. With vision and comfort favoring PVMF, differences in material and optical design characteristics likely contributed to greater satisfactionwith the multifocal experience.

Experiential Factors That Influence Multifocal Contact Lens Satisfaction

Purpose: The importance of meeting presbyopic patient’s needs grows with the aging population. Satisfaction with the overall contact lens wearing experience can be impacted by material characteristics and optical design. The purpose of this study was to evaluate satisfaction of adapted omafilcon A (Proclear) Multifocal (PM) wearers and balafilcon A (PureVision) Multi-Focal (PVMF) wearers. Method: 150 PVMF and 107 PM wearers who had been wearing their respective lenses for at least three months completed an on-line survey conducted by an independent market research firm. Experiential factors most impactful to multifocal wearers in driving them to speak to their practitioners about switching brands were assessed. Specific lens performance attributes experienced by the wearers were also queried. Results: The top five influencers of switching brands were comfortable throughout the day, clarity of mid-range, near, and far-distance vision, and ease of transition between near and far-distance. PVMF wearers were more satisfied with their complete lens wearing experience, PVMF 91% vs. PM 82% (p<0.05). Composite ratings for vision and comfort also favored PVMF over PM, 81% vs. 68% and 91% vs. 79%, respectively (p<0.05%). Conclusions: While satisfaction with comfort is higher than with vision quality, vision-related attributes are the most common reason patients would ask about switching brands. Most multifocal wearers were satisfied with their lenses; however, PVMF wearers were more satisfied with their complete multifocal experience when compared to PM wearers. With vision and comfort favoring PVMF, differences in material and optical design characteristics likely contributed to greater satisfactionwith the multifocal experience.

Clinical Assessment of a Customized Free-Form Progressive Add Lens Spectacle

To determine whether there are significant differences in standard clinical measures of vision, progressive addition lens (PAL)-specific vision tests, or subjective ratings and preferences between customized free-form and standard non-free-form PALs in an experienced wearing population. In addition, we aim to determine whether subjective or objective clinical outcomes depend on demographic, PAL usage, spectacle prescription, or frame fitting characteristics. In a randomized, double-masked cross-over trial, 95 experienced wearers wore Zeiss Individual customized free-form PAL spectacles (test) and standard non-free-form PAL spectacles (control) for 1 week each. At dispensing and after 1 week of wear, subjects were tested for distance and near visual acuity under both high and low contrast; in addition, 30° off-axis visual acuity was measured using a novel apparatus, as was the horizontal extent of clear, undistorted vision at reading distance. Subjects also completed a set of questionnaires detailing their satisfaction levels, adaptation times, and preferences for test or control spectacles for different visual tasks. The test spectacles were preferred overall and for distance, midrange, transitional and active vision, and rated higher in overall satisfaction (p = 0.006). There were no clinically important differences between test and control spectacles in standard clinical vision assessments. In the PAL-specific assessments, however, the horizontal extent of clear vision at reading distance was significantly greater with the test spectacles (p = 0.004). There were statistically significant preferences for the optically customized free-form lenses over the non-free-form lenses. Subjects also reported a wider field of undistorted vision when looking through the reading zone of the test spectacles. Although standard clinical vision assessments are not sufficiently refined to detect important objective differences between the spectacle types, customization taking into account back vertex distance, segment height, pantoscopic tilt, and wrap angle can result in a superior subjective wearing experience for many PAL patients.

The Effects of Women's Attitudes, Selection, and Wearing Experience on Purchasing Intention of Underwears Made of Smart Fibers

The purposes of this study were to identify the effects of women's attitudes, selection, and wearing experience on purchasing intention of underwears made of smart fibers. Most women wore brassieres when going out and preferred moulded cup brassieres, but neglected wearing corsets. Age and marital status of women affected on women's attitudes toward underwear. Younger women in 20's preferred underwears made of smart fibers such as high hygroscopic and older women in 40's preferred conservative underwear. Most women had experienced stretchy underwear and wearing experiences of smart fiber underwears were positively related to purchasing intention. Underwear wearing experiences affected positively on purchasing intention of smart fiber underwears but some functions such as design and comfort affected negatively.

Gas Permeable and Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children

To compare children's reports of comfort, vision, and contact lens-related issues in gas permeable (GP) and soft (SCL) contact lens wearers. Subjects were 116 8- to 11-year old children in the Contact Lenses and Myopia Progression Study. Aspects of contact lens wear were compared for children remaining in their original treatment group (either GPs or SCLs) for 3 years. Questionnaires were completed at every visit, as was visual acuity. Comparisons were made between the two groups using logistic regression or mixed linear models analyses as appropriate to examine the contact lens wearing experience. Additionally, children crossing over from GP wear to SCLs were compared with children remaining in GP lenses to determine the potential factors related to GP dissatisfaction. Seventy percent of GP wearers and 93% of SCL wearers wore their assigned lenses every visit. GP wearers wore their lenses significantly fewer hours per week than the SCL wearers (76.2 h/week vs. 86.8 h/week, respectively, p = 0.003). GP wearers had statistically significantly better visual acuity though the difference was not clinically meaningful (p < 0.001). Comfort was poorer among the GP wearers using the Ocular Pain subscale (p < 0.001) but did not differ using a subjective question about comfort. Symptoms were more frequent in GP wearers than SCL wearers (p = 0.002) and were related to reports of discomfort. Significant factors relating to crossing over from GPs to SCLs were lower wearing time with GPs and itching. Children are able to successfully wear GP and soft contact lenses. Long-term adaptation occurred more frequently to SCLs than to GPs. The amount of time GP lens wearers are able to comfortably wear their contact lenses and the amount of itching may help determine whether they will remain in that modality.

신체적합성이 높은 임부복 하의 디자인 개발

This study suggests through an examination of maternity wear sold in domestic markets a design for maternity wear trousers that integrate functionality, aesthetics, and marketability. This study targeted women who had maternity wear experience to obtain basic information for the design of maternity wear trousers. This study conducted questionnaire research on maternity wear and surveyed the growing on-line maternity market. The results are as follows. First, in the questionnaire research on wearers of maternity wear, women 26-35 years old were the main consumers and emphasized comfortableness as the significant reason for buying and using maternity wear. Second, the centering on pants were evaluated to be the most uncomfortable item among maternity wear and confirms the necessity for a maternity wear design whose bodily fitness is high according to the trouser panel. Third, a standard for the specific design was established to solve maternity wear problems based on the analyzed information. This was established by having a concept as a minimal motive in 'new naturalism' that is the aesthetics of slackness for the <TEX>$21^{st}$</TEX> century. A specific design was developed with 6 kinds for skirts and 9 kinds for pants.