Weapon Of War Research Articles

Escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict: operation “Home and Garden”

Importance. The escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, which acquired particular attention after the outbreak of war between Israel and the Hamas movement at the end of 2023, is examined. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the Jennine invasion as a prerequisite for the conflict development towards large-scale escalation between Palestine and Israel.Research methods. The research is based on the objectivity, historicism and a systematic approach principles. Along with general scientific methods, such as analysis and comparison, historical-comparative, retrospective, synchronous methods are used, without which it would be impossible to study the events that took place simultaneously in both parts of the Palestinian arena (in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank).Result and Discussion. It is noted that the operation “Home and Garden”, as well as the events around it, clearly demonstrated the significant capabilities that West Bank radicals currently possess in the armed struggle against the Israelis, such as the ability to produce war weapons in large quantities on their own. The radicals have limited resources for military preparations, so the ability to manufacture means of armed struggle is necessary to effectively confront the Israelis. In addition, missile weapons can only be an addition to other, more necessary, means of armed struggle. Nowadays, the priority for operating in the West Bank radicals is the underground infrastructure deployment that can provide them with additional opportunity to maneuver forces and means during the confrontation with Israeli security forces.Conclusion. It is noted that the operation “Home and Garden” is of particular importance due to the forces and means involved in its implementation and its results; it should be considered the main episode of the campaign in the Jenin area. The actions of the Israeli security forces weakened the radicals position, which subsequently simplified the maintenance of armed confrontation in the West Bank of Jordan at a level acceptable to Tel Aviv, while significant Israeli forces were involved in the fight against the radicals of the Gaza Strip and Hezbollah, and the possibility maneuvering of these forces and means was limited due to the synchronicity of the armed confrontation in the Palestinian and Lebanese directions.

Upaya Penyelesaian Kasus Pembunuhan Akibat Sengketa Tanah Ulayat Melalui Mekanisme Hukum Adat di Wilayah Adonara Kabupaten Flores Timur

One of the traditional cultures that is currently still practiced by the Adonara community is the fight war. The story of the battle war in the Adonara Area, East Flores Regency, is the battle between Lewobunga Village and Lewonara Village. This rivalry war was triggered by the ownership of customary land rights between Lewobunga Village and Lewonara Village, where the Lewobunga Village Community inaugurated Riangbunga Hamlet Lewobunga Village heard the inauguration the Lewonara Village people did not agree and began to carry out their act of disacceptance by attacking the Lewobunga Village community. So there was a prolonged war and conflict that caused many casualties. This study found several things: (1) The factors that cause the occurrence of murder cases due to customary land disputes are: unclear land boundaries, differences in historical narratives, lack of recognition of land ownership, war revenge and lack of attention from the local government. (2) Settlement efforts carried out by traditional leaders by gathering the entire community and inviting traditional leaders in neighboring villages in the Kiwangona area to perform the traditional ritual of bau lolon to pray that the fight war will not be repeated by declaring the reket kame lo'oko (weapons of war are released) with this statement the community expresses their hearts by declaring that the war will stop or there will be no more wars and this traditional ritual is sacred.

The Weapon That Cannot Be Silenced:

Among the most frequently utilized weapons in the First World War were naval mines, which have the ability to harm the enemy the most while costing the least. The major grounds for their preference were that they did not require any human involvement other than to prepare the required equipment and release it into the ocean and that they were made to last in the sea for a very long period of time without degrading. Unfortunately, because they could not be recovered immediately after a battle, these weapons, which offered enormous advantages against the enemy during the conflict, often remained to pose a menace after it had finished. As a case study, this essay intends to investigate the post-war situation of the hundreds of mines placed in the BlackSea during the First World War, mine detection and clearance activities, and the issues they raised. The article’s thesis is that conflicts can have long-lasting impacts.

Wound: creativity, the military and a sculpture inspired by faces, minds, and landscapes scarred by the weapons of war

ABSTRACT In reference to Alice Cree’s observation that the words ‘creativity’ and ‘military’ do not seem to ‘fit together comfortably’, the first section of this autoethnographic article critically explores my personal experiences and motivations as an artist working in close proximity to military culture. This creative practice-military relationship is examined in a variety of contexts, including designing war memorials, exhibiting in military museums, and actively participating in military, commemorative rituals. The potential risks – being co-opted by military agendas – and benefits – having a platform to use my creative voice to express the consequences of martial violence – are discussed. Focusing on one of my artworks, Wound (2022), the second section demonstrates the capability of creative practice to interrogate consequences of military (and by implication, state) violence. Wound is a bronze sculpture cast from an original First World War British Brodie helmet and a German Mauser rifle cartridge. By means of moulding, casting, and modelling processes, I reconfigured the original sources of armour and ammunition as a narrative site to metaphorically explore the ‘wounding’ and ‘healing’ of landscapes and human faces and minds. Through the allegorical interpretation of this artwork and by recounting personal experiences related to its research and creation, I discuss my creative practice as a memory artist and explain my motivations for making artworks that explore human violence and warfare. The article surveys other examples of visual art and human violence in war from classical antiquity to the present, with particular emphasis on the First World War.

Legalitas Drone (Pesawat Tanpa Awak) Sebagai Alat Melakukan Mata-Mata Dalam Perang

Introduction: The use of drone technology as a weapon of war raises several problems, both in terms of action and consequences. In terms of action, when drones are used as weapons, participants in armed conflict are no longer just humans fighting each other, but between (non-living) robots against living (humans). Apart from the legality of war and the use of drones as weapons of war, drone attacks can be carried out secretly, at any time and without the knowledge of the enemy.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to examine and find out the use of drones (unmanned aircraft) as a tool for espionage in International Humanitarian Law and more specific rules regarding the use of drones (unmanned aircraft) as a tool for spying in war.Methods of the Research: The type of research used in this paper is normative legal research. As for answering the problems in this study, the authors use three approaches to the problem, namely the statutory approach (statute approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach) and case approach (case approach). The procedure for collecting legal materials carried out by the author is by searching for and collecting laws and regulations related to the legal issues at hand. Legislation in this case includes both legislation and regulation. Analysis of legal material uses qualitative methods, namely studies related to legal norms contained in international law legislation and legal norms that exist in society.Results of the Research: The results of this study indicate that the use of drones (unmanned aircraft) as a tool to carry out espionage in International Humanitarian Law, is contained in Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the 1977 Geneva Convention. Article 36 intends to maintain the development of weapons used both by countries and international organizations to continue to respect, maintain and not cross the boundaries of existing international humanitarian law principles. The current arrangement is too old and cannot be definitively binding. The use of drones as weapons has been carried out in the absence of an adequate legal regulation on this matter, Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977 only contains general matters regarding the development of weapons technology and methods of warfare, but does not specifically and specifically regulate the use of drones. The absence of legal rules that specifically and specifically regulate the use of drones, which relate to their use as weapons, this will open up enormous opportunities for misuse and violations of international humanitarian law.

A Escola de Aviação Militar (EAM):

The article aims to address the early debates and early movements of the military authorities in the face of the evident development of aviation as a weapon of war, and the steps to begin the training of aviators and expert mechanics. The research followed part of the public debates in the military magazine The National Defense and the evening newspaper A Noite, published in the Federal District, the city of Rio de Janeiro, from 1912 to 1922.

THE PHENOMENON OF DRUG AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCE ABUSE - TRADITIONAL AND DIGITAL - CAUSES, EFFECTS, SOLUTIONS

The problem of traditional drug abuse and addiction is one of the most dangerous problems and negative phenomena that contemporary and backward societies suffer from, because it is a source of concern and threat to their children at all social, economic, cultural and security levels. It is also a hidden weapon in wars and one of the methods of black psychological operations that hostile countries use and resort to influence the youth and penetrate their minds and thoughts and change their behavior and attitudes to control them and achieve their goals. In addition to a new and innovative type of drugs, namely digital drugs, which have recently spread in conjunction with scientific progress in the field of information and communications technology, and in which criminals rely on creating applications and programs that lead to a type of anesthesia when heard. The importance of our research comes from the great danger of drug abuse, which negatively affects all aspects of individuals' lives. Combating this negative phenomenon is a necessity to confront the challenges associated with it, which contributes to building a safer and healthier society. The exacerbation of the problem of the spread of drugs in all their forms in the world, especially in recent decades, has constituted one of the most important security challenges facing society, which requires a single and serious stand for work, joint cooperation and coordination of all international efforts. And the national to combat and treat this negative phenomenon.

Supplying the Lithuanian Army with Weapons in War Against Bolsheviks and Bermondt-Avalov Formations in 1919 at the Clash of Interests Between the Entente and Germany

Western political, social and economic support to Ukraine in face of Russian aggression has aroused discussion and actualized historical episodes of weapons supply and military assistance. Historical analysis of weapons supply during military conflicts and wars in the past provides a good opportunity to become more familiar with the problem and may give fruitful insights for understanding this phenomenon in its broader sense. After the collapse of Russian Empire and after the end of the World War I Lithuania fought in wars for independence, and received military assistance consisting of weapons, ammunition, clothes, and food from the two opposing parties and former enemies – Allies and Germany.In the current article, the author analyses the question of the weapons supply to Lithuania through the lens of foreign policy interests of England, France and Germany, and explores to what extent the supply of weapons depends on overlapping foreign policy interests of both appealing and providing country. During the War of Independence, Germany supplied armaments, when it needed to stop Bolsheviks and to counterweigh the influence of Poland in Lithuania, but refused to do that when Lithuania intended to promote its own foreign policy interests to capture Vilnius in 1919. The same happened with Allies, who refused to supply weapons to Lithuania despite its appeals in the first half of 1919, meanwhile, Lithuania received weapons from the Entente when it faced direct threat from the remaining units of German Army, which also became dangerous for the vital interests of France and England in Baltics.

Sexual Violence, Disclosure Pattern, and Abortion and Post-Abortion Care Services in Displaced People's Camps in Africa: A Scoping Review.

Violent social and political conflicts have caused several challenges to internally displaced persons (IDPs), especially girls and young women, among which is sexual violence (SV). Despite extensive records on SV in humanitarian contexts, studies to assess the level, examine the disclosure pattern (DP) and evaluate the availability of abortion care in these settings have received inadequate attention. This scoping review sought to synthesise the current African-based research on SV, DP, and abortion and post-abortion care (APAC) in humanitarian contexts. We conducted a systematic search of five databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar, where the articles retrieved met the criteria for inclusion. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), containing ten questions to help confirm the validity of the research design and the originality of the results in comparison with similar studies. A series of inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied after the search, and 35 eligible articles from ten African countries with evidence of sexual violence, disclosure patterns, and APAC in camp settings were included in the study. Results described situations of SV in humanitarian settings in Africa as "terrible", "bad", "an epidemic", and "severe" as girls were used as sex objects, for profile enhancement and as a weapon of war. We also found that the illegality of APAC in Africa is causing a high occurrence of clandestine abortions in conflict contexts. Disclosing SV among IDPs in Africa did not follow a clear-cut pattern but was generally determined by socio-demographic characteristics. Sexual health is a fundamental right of all, as enshrined in SDG 3, which makes this topic a major public health issue. We therefore conclude that although disclosure may aggravate stigmatisation in some instances due to adverse reactions, it is still crucial to the healing processes.

Peran Pendidikan Terhadap Perubahan Strategi Perjuangan Perempuan pada Masa Penjajahan

The purpose of writing the article is to discuss the role of women in the nation’s struggle during the colonial period before and after the existence of educational institutions. The study uses the library research method with data sources from various existing papers. Data analysis uses descriptive qualitative. Before there was ethical politics in the field of education, women’s struggles were carried out through their involvement in various wars or resistance against colonialists. Women struggle to hold weapons in regional wars. Educational institutions that were founded as a policy of retribution provide women with the opportunity to fight through education and organization. Efforts to spread the spirit of nationalism and struggle are carried out through organizations and writing in the mass media.

TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS: 10TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS OF AMERICAN AID AND PROPAGANDA

The economy of Turkey, which did not actively participate in the Second World War, was negatively affected by the defence measures taken. After the war, the Soviets' demand for Turkish territory and their desire to change the Montreux Convention in their favour prevented Turkey from relaxing politically and economically. America felt that Europe, whose economies had been devastated by the war, should be supported against possible Soviet expansion and reconstruction, and wanted Turkey to be considered along with Greece, which needed military aid. In this regard, Turkey was included in the military aid programme announced by President Truman and benefited from military aid within the framework of the Truman Doctrine. This development, which raised Turkish-American relations to the level of an alliance, marked a turning point in relations between the two countries. After this doctrine, which was an anti-communist propaganda, America continued to provide military and economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe, and Turkey was included in this aid. Propaganda, which was seen as an important weapon in the Second World War, became one of the most important actors in the struggle between the two superpowers with the Cold War. The two superpowers used propaganda to put pressure on their enemies, and it was also used effectively in their own domestic political decisions. The aim of this study is to examine the celebrations that America is planning to hold in Turkey on the 10th anniversary of the Truman Doctrine and to evaluate them in terms of American propaganda.

Cyberattacks on Energy Infrastructures as Modern War Weapons—Part I: Analysis and Motives

Cyberattacks on Energy Infrastructures as Modern War Weapons—Part I: Analysis and Motives

Distinguishing between the “soldier” and the “brute”: engraving hierarchies of masculinity in conflict-related sexual violence discourse

ABSTRACT On the one hand, feminists critique the securitization of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) on various grounds, but, on the other hand, also raise concerns that the Western hyper-fixation on CRSV reproduces colonial narratives about race, gender, and sexuality. However, the productive effects of specifically Western state discourse about CRSV have yet to be fully examined in this context. How do Western states make use of the colonial gaze in constructing CRSV as an issue of grave concern, and to what ends? Further, what are the implications of this for the nexus of feminist critique and praxis? This article utilizes a macro-structural approach to discourse analysis to analyze the 2014 Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, led by the United Kingdom. It argues that Western delegates securitized CRSV by relying on tropes of racialized men as maintaining backwards practices of gender and sexuality, and the construction of CRSV as a “pre-modern” weapon of war. This frame reproduces a racialized hierarchy of masculinity that constructs men from “conflict countries” as potential perpetrators in need of intervention, and men from “safe countries” as role models for gender-conscious militarized manhood. The article concludes by identifying potential practical implications of this discourse.

Israel is using starvation as a weapon of war in Gaza

Israel is using starvation as a weapon of war in Gaza

Artificial Intelligence, data protection and medical device regulations: squaring the circle with a historical perspective in Europe

PurposeThis manuscript presents a parallel among important EU legal frameworks, such as the Medical Device Regulations and General Data Protection Regulation and economic-historical challenges faced by European citizens. This parallel offers a prospective for understanding the direction taken by policymakers for forthcoming regulations, such as the European Health Data Space and the AI-Act.MethodThe paper describes key commonalities and differences among those regulations, which may help scholars working with AI in medicine, navigating this articulated legal framework.ResultsThe European Union journey started with the European Coal and Steel Community, enforced after the WWII for nurturing European physical reconstruction and as a mean for peacekeeping: without coil it was not possible to transform steel, and with shared control of steel it was not possible for individual member states to build war weapons.ConclusionsIn this century, modern coal are data and modern steel is the AI, which is a crucial enabler for European economy growth and competitiveness, and, potentially, a powerful war weapon. Ensuring a fair data-sharing and correct use of AI is crucial for sustainable development, peace, and democracy in Europe and beyond.

The development of nuclear weapons in World War II: The confrontation of scientific schools

The development of nuclear weapons in World War II: The confrontation of scientific schools

Rare Earth and Resource Nationalism: What Happened Before and After China’s Embargo on Japan?

ABSTRACT The ban on the export of rare earth elements (REE) to Japan following the 2010 Senkaku boat collision is a salient case of economic sanctions. Chinese state media’s recent consideration of REE as a weapon in the trade war with the United States has brought China’s rare earth policy back into the limelight. This article discusses China’s REE policy from a theoretical perspective of resource nationalism. After examining how China adopted resource nationalism on REE before 2010, it continued to examine how Japan’s response to the ban on REE exports had an impact on China’s rare earth policy and thus, China’s rare earth resource nationalism has grown more thorough since 2010. On the one hand, Beijing has taken countermeasures against Tokyo’s bid to decrease its dependency on China’s REE supply and deter Beijing from placing export restrictions. On the other hand, lessons from its failure to control REE prices have led to the continuation and acceleration of China’s resource nationalism concerning its REEs.

Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Destruction of Organophosphorous

The organophosphorus class of compounds has several usages nowadays. Some halogenated organophosphorus are used as flame retardants, and others are used as pesticides worldwide. In the last case, those compounds are subject to law regulation. They are now used as chemical weapons in many wars and terrorist attacks. Due to this variety of usages and the high toxicity of such compounds, the study of the proper treatment for residues containing those substances is significant to prevent the degradation of soil, water, and the atmosphere. For these reasons, the present study conducted numeric simulations of the incineration of organophosphorus compounds using kinetic models of combustion and pyrolysis found in the literature. The study of the degradation of this class of substances and the pollutant formation was made by simulating a homogeneous zeroth-order reactor and a continuous stirred tank reactor model. Due to the results of the simulations, the degradation made with the batch mode operation is efficient in the degradation of the substances considered in this work. The stream-containing process products have CO2, CO, HF, HOPO, and HOPO2. The three last cited have no determination about the emission ranges in the legislation, but their concentrations indicate the necessity of treatment for them. Furthermore, it was possible to evaluate the negative influence of the hydrocarbon used as fuel and the presence of CO2 in the degradation of the organophosphate compounds.

Russia’s Denial of Health Care as a Weapon of War in Occupied Ukrainian Territories

This Viewpoint discusses Russia’s mandate that Ukrainian citizens adopt Russian nationality and acquire Russian passports as a precondition for gaining access to health care.

Gender based Political Violence: A Weapon of War?

Gender based Political Violence: A Weapon of War?