Weakness Research Articles

Mechanical and Durable Performance of Lime-Steel Slag-Coal Gangue Mixtures Prepared by a Uniform Design Method for Pavement Base Applications

To reduce the accumulation of coal gangue and steel slag, a mixture of lime-steel slag-coal gangue for pavement base was prepared. Six groups of lime-steel slag-coal gangue mixtures were designed using a uniform design method. The 7 d unconfined compressive strength, 180 d compressive resilience modulus and 180 d splitting tensile strength tests, the freeze-thaw cycles, and the wet and dry cycles were carried out to study the mechanical properties, frost resistance and water stability. The expansion effect of f-CaO in steel slag on the mixtures was investigated by water immersion. SEM was used to explore microscopic changes in the mixtures. The field application of coal gangue mixture was carried out for two years. The results show that the regression equations obtained by the uniform test have high accuracy. With the increase of lime in the mixture, the mechanical strength, frost resistance, and water stability of the mixtures were first enhanced and then decreased. With the increase of steel slag, the unconfined compressive strength increased, the compressive resilience modulus increased at first and then decreased, the splitting tensile strength decreased, the BDR value decreased, and the strength loss of water stability increased gradually. The internal structure of the mixtures is stable and has good frost resistance. There is no obvious microscopical difference before and after freeze-thaw cycles. The immersion expansion rate of the mixtures was far less than 1.5 %.

Effects of zeolite and palm fiber on the weathering resistance and durability characteristic of cement soil

This paper aims to investigate the effects of zeolite and palm fiber on the strength and durability of cement soil. Based on the findings of previous research, optimal proportions of zeolite, palm fiber, and cement, as well as the appropriate curing age, were determined. Subsequently, unconfined compressive strength tests, dry-wet cycle tests, and freeze-thaw tests were conducted, utilizing NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions over the specified curing period. The strength and durability characteristics of the samples were evaluated by assessing mass and strength loss, taking into account the combined effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 solution erosion. The test data also provide a fitting relationship between strength and the number of cycles under the influence of different solutions, thereby offering a basis for theoretical predictions without the need for additional experiments. Finally, the microscopic mechanisms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the cement soil composite of zeolite and palm fiber, when combined in optimal proportions, exhibits the best durability and minimal loss of strength and mass, irrespective of whether exposed to clean water or salt erosion, as well as during dry-wet or freeze-thaw cycles.

Durability and environmental evaluation of rice husk ash sustainable concrete containing carbon nanotubes

The environmental issues in the construction industry have garnered considerable attention in numerous studies. Ecologically sustainable green concrete addresses environmental challenges in the construction industry. This study investigates the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (0–0.20%) in rice husk ash (15%) concrete to replace Portland cement. The mechanical and durability properties of four concrete mixtures were analysed. Adding 0.1% multi-walled carbon nanotubes and 15% rice husk ash yielded satisfactory results, significantly improving durability compared to concrete without multi-walled carbon nanotubes. With the addition of 0.1–0.2% multi-walled carbon nanotubes, the density and elastic modulus increased, the 28-d sorptivity decreased by 4.64–28.76%. The resistance ability of 111-d mass loss and compressive strength loss increased by 50.93–61.71% and 25.28–48.47% under sulphate attack, respectively. The resistance ability of mass loss increased by 3.7–35.97% under acid attack. And 120-d drying shrinkage resistance improved by 3.08–9.23%. The predicted and experimental results were compared using the Sakata, GL 2000, B3, ACI 209, and CEB-FIP models. Sakata and B3 provided the most accurate early-stage and long-term drying shrinkages with variation coefficients of 0.13–0.33 and 0–0.05, respectively. Moreover, the sustainability of rice husk ash concrete containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes was evaluated, and its environmental friendliness was confirmed. Thus, the viability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rice husk ash sustainable concrete significantly contributes to sustainable construction.

Muscle Dysfunction and Physical Recovery After Critical Illness.

During critical illness, patients experience significant and rapid onsets of muscle wasting and dysfunction with loss of strength, mass, and power. These deficits often persist long after the ICU, leading to impairments in physical function including reduced exercise capacity and increased frailty and disability. While there are numerous studies describing the epidemiology of impaired muscle and physical function in the ICU, there are significantly fewer data investigating mechanisms of prolonged and persistent impairments in ICU survivors. Additionally, while several potential clinical risk factors associated with poor physical recovery have been identified, there remains a dearth of interventions that have effectively improved outcomes long-term among survivors. In this article, we aim to provide a thorough, evidence-based review of the current state of knowledge regarding muscle dysfunction and physical function after critical illness with a focus on post-ICU and post-hospitalization phase of recovery.

Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review from Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Approaches

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition linked to sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, affecting a quarter of CKD patients globally. Sarcopenia has multiple paths through which it can worsen morbidity and mortality as well as decrease the quality of life in CKD, including systemic inflammation, hormonal imbalances, metabolic changes, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. There is a regional variation in the criteria set for diagnosis, with two main groups being the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Management regimes such as nutritional optimization, vitamin D, exercise, correction of metabolic acidosis, and modulation of gut microbiota constitute effective intervention strategies. Emerging therapeutic options include anabolic agents, myostatin inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory treatment options. Future advances such as genomics, proteomics, and personalized medicine will open up new avenues for addressing the complex pathophysiology of sarcopenia. Hence, a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach focused on the specific needs of each patient will be vital in reducing the effects of sarcopenia and improving the situation of people with CKD.

Relationship between decreased activities of daily living, decreased physical strength and future weight loss in community-dwelling older adults.

Weight loss is among the diagnostic criteria for frailty and is associated with increased mortality among older people. This study aimed to identify factors associated with future weight loss among community-dwelling older people. A multidimensional questionnaire-based prospective cohort study was carried out. The questionnaire included the Kihon Checklist, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale, Activity Scale for the Elderly, Fall Risk Index-21 and Dietary Variety Score. The associations among the scores of the scales and the 3-year weight change from study entry were assessed. The participants were categorized into the non-weight loss group, <4.5-kg weight loss group and >4.5-kg weight loss group. In total, 982 participants completed the follow up. Their mean age was 73.4 ± 5.1 years, and 545 (55.5%) participants were women. Among the IADL questionnaire subitems, depositing and withdrawing money from the bank, walking, interacting with people, taking medication, and cooking were associated with 3-year weight loss. Furthermore, cooking was strongly associated with weight loss. However, there was no association between eating frequency and weight loss. Finally, low IADL and physical function scores were associated with a doubled risk of future weight loss. An association was found between 3-year weight loss and physical fitness and IADL, such as walking, among community-dwelling older people. Future weight loss in older people can be caused by a decline in IADL and physical fitness before a decline in dietary intake. Furthermore, maintaining IADL and physical fitness can prevent future weight loss and frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; ••: ••-••.

Mitigating strength loss in mortar due to application delay: quantified impact of additional water and cement

This study examines how application (i.e., “casting” another widely used term) delays affect the compressive and shear strengths of mortar in masonry constructions. It also explores the impact of adding supplementary materials like water and cement to the mortar. Mortar mixes were prepared using sand with a fineness modulus (FM) of 1.7 for plaster and 1.9 for brick binder, subjected to casting delays ranging from 0 to 4 h. Three physical conditions were utilized as follows: the 1st case—WAAW (without adding additional water); the 2nd case—AAW (adding additional water), maintaining initial mortar flow; and the 3rd case—AAWC (adding additional water and cement), maintaining initial mortar flow and initial mortar strength. In the 1st case, the fall of strength was greater than in the 2nd case. In the 3rd case, the amounts of additional cement and water were quantified to restore the initial strength of the mortar. This quantification can help avoid material loss in construction sites.

Physical training in a comprehensive program of prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in geriatric patients

Muscles play an important role in daily activities. In a healthy person, skeletal muscles make up about 40% of the total body weight and contain 50-75% of all body proteins. During aging and/or in the presence of concomitant risk factors, there is a loss of strength, mass and function of skeletal muscles. Sarcopenia is widespread among older people and is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, including falls, decreased functionality, frailty and mortality. Lack of physical activity in old age is an important risk factor for sarcopenia. Therefore, physical activity is the main method of preventing and slowing the progression of age-related sarcopenia. Although physical activity cannot completely suppress the process of sarcopenia and age-related deterioration of muscle function, physical training can delay the onset of sarcopenia and reduce its severity. This literature review provides up-to-date information on the physiological, biochemical, and hormonal effects of exercise. The main types of physical activity that can be used for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in geriatric patients, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of physical exercise are considered.

Lipid peroxidation and sarcopenia: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches

Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. With the global aging population, its incidence is rapidly increasing. Lipid peroxidation is a critical biochemical process that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the destruction of muscle cell structure and function. It plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of sarcopenia. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which lipid peroxidation contributes to sarcopenia, with a focus on its regulatory effects on cell membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. In addition, we discuss the protective role of antioxidant factors such as GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4) and antioxidant peptides like SS peptides in mitigating lipid peroxidation and delaying the progression of sarcopenia. Finally, the potential of various strategies, including natural compounds, supplements, natural extracts, and lifestyle interventions, in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and promoting muscle health is explored.

Hypoglycemic drugs and sarcopenia

Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of muscle strength, mass, and skeletal muscle function, and is a common disease with serious adverse consequences. Although the pathophysiology of sarcopenia has not been fully studied, there are common mechanisms between sarcopenia and the phenomenon of accelerated aging observed in diabetes mellitus (DM). Hypoglycemic drugs currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (DM2) may have mechanisms of action that are important for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in both patients with and without DM2. This literature review summarizes the data of modern clinical and preclinical studies on the possible effect of hypoglycemic drugs on muscle mass, strength and function, treatment and prevention of sarcopenia in DM2 and without it. It was found that studies of this relationship in patients with DM2 dominated. The limited amount of research in patients without DM2 does not allow us to develop tactics for the prevention and therapy of sarcopenia in full. In this regard, it is necessary to continue research in this direction.

Effects of Wound Localisation on Balance, Performance, Muscle Strength, and Gait Speed in Individuals with Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Muscle strength, balance, performance, and gait speed of individuals diagnosed with diabetic foot wound are negatively affected. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wound localisation on balance, performance, muscle strength, and gait speed in individuals with diabetic foot wounds. Individuals (n = 48) with a mean age of 59.35 ± 11.28 years and were divided into two groups according to wound localisation as group 1 (n = 24) with forefoot wounds and group 2 (n = 24) with hindfoot wounds. Four Step Square Test was used for dynamic balance assessment, Timed Up and Go Test for performance, Manual Muscle Tests for muscle strength, and 10 Meter Walk Test for gait speed assessment. When compared in terms of muscle strength, there was a difference only between the injured side Gluteus Medius (p = 0.02), Gastrosoleus (p = 0.00), and Tibialis Anterior (p = 0.03) muscles. Other muscle groups strength, balance, performance, and gait speed were similar (p > 0.05). Loss of muscle strength can lead to serious negative consequences such as deformity and new wound formation if not intervened in time. The effects on balance and performance are similar in different wound localizations.

Phosphate removal from hydrogen peroxide solutions using the ion exchange resin IRA-400.

Accurate determination of nutrients in food is becoming increasingly important. Minerals and other trace elements can be determined by a variety of highly sensitive methods, but complete mineralization of the sample is essential for correct quantification. Hydrogen peroxide is a key reagent for destruction of organic matter in conjunction with sulfuric acid. Unfortunately, commercial hydrogen peroxide is often stabilized with phosphate containing substances in amounts that can severely impair downstream phosphate determination. We propose a method to reduce phosphate content of commercial hydrogen peroxide by using the ion exchange resin IRA-400. Results show that hydrogen peroxide treated with the resin has minimal loss in strength but only 10 % of the original phosphate content. Furthermore, scaling up of the method can potentially allow for treatment of higher volumes of hydrogen peroxide and more stringent binding conditions for production of hydrogen peroxide with even lower phosphate content.

Effects of Expiratory Muscle Strength Training on Swallowing in Survivors of Critical Illness: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Post Extubation Dysphagia (PED) is a common consequence of mechanical ventilation. Muscular weakness and atrophy are potential causes. Expiratory Muscle Strength Training (EMST) is a technique whereby a subject exhales against a resistance, strengthening the muscles of expiration. There is evidence that EMST causes activation and hypertrophy of the muscles of swallowing, with clinical evidence that it improves swallowing in certain populations. The aim of this systematic review is to collate the existing literature concerning evaluation of swallowing after extubation, and whether EMST positively affects these measures. We will perform a systematic review of the literature by searching electronic databases (Pubmed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library), for articles where EMST has been performed (alone or in conjunction with inspiratory muscle training), in patients who have been liberated from a period of mechanical ventilation. We will identify studies that evaluate swallowing after extubation, listing the methods used to evaluate swallowing and data will be extracted from studies evaluating the impact EMST has on these measures. We will undertake meta-analysis if data permits. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool or the Newcastle Ottawa Score for randomized and non-randomized trials. We will use The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the quality of evidence. The results of this systematic review will enable us to assess the current literature on the use of EMST in critical care, and whether the intervention improves swallowing and respiratory outcomes. Trial Registration: PROSPERO registration: 42023444479.

Exercises and Brain Stimulation to Preserve Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to the loss of motor function and muscle strength. Nonpharmacologic neuromodulative therapeutic approaches such as active exercise may contribute to preserve motor functions in ALS, but this hypothesis remains debated. The present meta-analysis first aimed to evaluate the effect of active exercise on function and muscle strength preservation. Moreover, since the responsiveness to induced neuroplasticity of patients with ALS is being discussed, the second objective was to review the analogous effects of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed PubMed, CENTRAL, NIH PMC, PEDro, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases from the period between January 10 and July 1, 2023. Criteria limited inclusion to randomized controlled trials comparing active exercise (aerobic or resistance) with usual care or NIBS with sham. The primary outcome was assessed based on functional assessment scores reported on validated clinical scales, and the secondary outcome analysis included muscle strength and neurophysiologic changes. Methodologic quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence-Based (PEDro) scale. Relative risk (RR) and heterogeneity (I2) were calculated with Revman software, and evidence quality was estimated by the GRADE quality scale. Thirteen studies were included. Analysis involved 393 patients among whom 164 underwent active exercise and 155 received usual care, 41 received NIBS and 33 underwent sham stimulations. The nature of active exercise was consistent across studies but varied in frequency. NIBS parameters were consistent for stimulation sites and session frequency. Function was significantly preserved in 5 of 9 studies on active exercise and 2 of 4 NIBS trials. Meta-analysis on functional scales indicated a moderate quality of evidence for the effectiveness of active exercises (RR = 0.61 [0.18, 1.04] with I2 = 69%) compared with usual care and very low quality of evidence for NIBS (RR = -1.41 [-0.44, 3.26] with I2 = 89%). Only 1 NIBS study revealed neuroplastic changes in the brain. Active exercise likely slows functional loss in ALS, but the effects of NIBS need further investigation to support their neuroprotective effectiveness. Moreover, both interventions require further neurophysiologic investigation to elucidate ALS neuroplasticity. This review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023408121).

Antibacterial and Metalloproteinase-Inhibited Zinc-Doped Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles for Enhancing Dentin Adhesion.

Novel zinc-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles (ZnBGNs) were designed for dental adhesive to enable multifunctional properties for dentin bonding durability. ZnBGNs were synthesized via the sol-gel template method and characterized via TEM, SEM and EDS. ZnBGNs were added from 2.5wt% to 10wt% to Adper™ Single Bond 2 adhesive (SB2). The effects of ZnBGNs on the degree of conversion, contact angle and antibacterial activity were measured. Endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, Young's modulus of the hybrid layer, microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage were investigated after 24 hours and 3 months ageing in artificial saliva. ZnBGNs exhibited good monodispersity, bioactivity activity and superior antimicrobial activity. Adding no more than 5 wt% ZnBGNs had no adverse effects on the degree of conversion and contact angle of the SB2 Control (p > 0.05). Incorporating ZnBGNs dramatically reduced the endogenous MMPs activity, facilitated remineralization and increased the Young's modulus of the hybrid layer after 3 months ageing (p < 0.05). Dentin bond strength had 44% loss with increased nanoleakage after 3 months of ageing for SB2 Control. However, SB2+2.5 wt% ZnBGNs showed no loss in bond strength and the least degree of nanoleakage after 3 months ageing (p < 0.05). Incorporating ZnBGNs into dental adhesive systems can provide antimicrobial, anti-metalloproteinase and remineralization microenvironments, which indicates a suitable strategy to prevent the degradation of hybrid layers. ZnBGNs with multifunctional properties will likely be used to prevent the degradation of hybrid layers, thereby extending the longevity of resin-dentin bonds.

The prognostic significance of sarcopenia in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy: A systematic review.

Sarcopenia describes the degenerative loss of muscle mass and strength, and is emerging as a pan-cancer prognostic biomarker. It is linked with increased treatment toxicity, decreased survival and significant healthcare financial burden. Systematic analyses of sarcopenia studies have focused on outcomes in patients treated surgically or with systemic therapies. There are few publications concerning patients treated with radiotherapy. This manuscript presents a pan-cancer systematic review of the association between sarcopenia and survival outcomes in patients treated with definitive (chemo-)radiotherapy. A literature search was performed, with 26 studies identified, including a total of 5,784 patients. The prognostic significance of sarcopenia was mixed. This may reflect lack of consensus in methods used to measure skeletal muscle mass and define sarcopenia. Many papers analyse small samples and present sarcopenia cutoffs optimised on the local population, which may not generalise to external populations. Recent advances in artificial intelligence allow for automatic measurement of body composition by segmenting the muscle compartment on routinely collected imaging. This provides opportunity for standardisation of measurement methods and definitions across populations. Adopting sarcopenia diagnosis into clinical workflows could reduce futile treatments and associated financial burden, by reducing treatment toxicities, and improving treatment completion, patient survival, and quality-of-life after cancer.

Comparative study of imputation strategies to improve the sarcopenia prediction task.

Sarcopenia, a condition characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, poses significant challenges in research due to missing data. Incomplete datasets undermine the accuracy and reliability of studies, necessitating effective imputation techniques. This study conducts a comparative analysis of three advanced methods-multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE), support vector regression, and K-nearest neighbors (KNN)-to address data completeness issues in sarcopenia research. Following imputation, we utilized machine learning models, including logistic regression, gradient boosting, support vector machine, and random forest, to classify sarcopenia. The methodology encompassed rigorous data preprocessing, normalization, and the synthetic minority oversampling technique to address class imbalance and ensure unbiased model performance. The results revealed substantial variations in model accuracy based on the imputation method employed. The gradient boosting model consistently exhibited superior performance across all imputation strategies, demonstrating its robustness with imputed datasets. Additionally, KNN and MICE emerged as effective imputation techniques, preserving the original data distribution and enabling more accurate classification outcomes. This study underscores the pivotal role of imputation methods in maintaining data integrity and enhancing predictive accuracy in sarcopenia research. The gradient boosting model's reliability across all strategies highlights its potential as a robust classifier, while the suitability of KNN and MICE for preserving data distribution supports their application in similar research contexts. These findings contribute to more reliable and valid insights in sarcopenia studies, ultimately supporting improved clinical outcomes.

3D mapping of the stiffness evolution of SAP concrete through elastic wave tomography

ABSTRACT Early-stage phenomena during concrete curing greatly influence its final mechanical properties, making hydration monitoring crucial. Non-destructive techniques have, therefore, gained great attention for early-age concrete assessment. This study examines the elastic wave velocity and stiffness development of hardening concrete cubes using elastic wave tomography (EWT) at different curing stages. Simultaneously, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements with a pseudorandom noise (PRN) pulse are performed and compared to a standardized UPV device. Monitoring begins 7 hours after mixing and continues until 70 hours. A three-dimensional (3D) velocity map compares conventional concrete with concrete containing superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), a shrinkage-reducing admixture. SAPs reduce the compressive strength of concrete by increasing the porosity, affecting the elastic wave velocity evolution. However, internal curing by SAPs promotes hydration product formation, partially offsetting strength loss. EWT provides global insights into SAP uniformity across specimens, contrasting with traditional single-path UPV measurements. Furthermore, early-age stiffness evolution, linked to UPV, is a good indicator of final mechanical properties. Results show that SAP concrete exhibits slower 3D stiffness development than conventional concrete but supports hydration over a longer period. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis of PRN signals shows prolonged signal transmission development, indicating a more thorough hydration evolution in SAP concrete.

Biodegradable twine for trawl fishing: Seawater ageing and net modelling.

Fishing gears are designed to catch marine species, but when lost at sea, they can continue to trap and kill aquatic life, a phenomenon known as ghost fishing. This study evaluated the use of a biodegradable twine made from poly(butylene succinate)/poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBS/PBAT) in trawl fishing. The assessment included mechanical testing, trawl modelling, and seawater ageing simulations to explore potential loss scenarios. Mechanical tests indicated that the PBS/PBAT braid was about half as strong as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) but was suitable for braiding and netting. After 3years in seawater, PBS/PBAT monofilaments showed biotic degradation, with strength losses of 20% at 15°C and 80% at 25°C. This suggests that gear made from this polymer would degrade faster than conventional gear if lost. Trawl modelling further demonstrated that trawl performance was only slightly affected by material change and ageing, highlighting the potential for reducing ghost fishing with less persistent twine.

Danshensu sodium salt alleviates muscle atrophy via CaMKII-PGC1α-FoxO3a signaling pathway in D-galactose-induced models.

Sarcopenia is an age-related muscle atrophy syndrome characterized by the loss of muscle strength and mass. Although many agents have been used to treat sarcopenia, there are no successful treatments to date. In this study, we identified Danshensu sodium salt (DSS) as a substantial suppressive agent of muscle atrophy. We used a D-galactose (DG)-induced aging-acceleration model, both invivo and invitro, to confirm the effect of DSS on sarcopenia. DSS inhibits the expression of muscle atrophy-related factors (MuRF1, MAFbx, myostatin, and FoxO3a) in DG-induced mouse C2C12 and human skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, DSS restored the diameter of reduced C2C12 myotubes. Next, we demonstrated that DSS stimulates AMPK and PGC1α through CaMKII. DSS inhibits the translocation of FoxO3a into the nucleus, thus inhibiting muscle atrophy in a calcium-dependent manner. DSS initiated the protein-protein interaction between FoxO3a and PGC1α. The reduction of the PGC1α-FoxO3a interaction by DG was restored by DSS. Also, DSS suppressed increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DG. In animal models, DSS administration improved mouse muscle mass and physical performance (grip strength and hanging test) under DG-induced accelerated aging conditions. These findings demonstrated that DSS attenuates muscle atrophy by inhibiting the expression of muscle atrophy-related factors. Therefore, DSS may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of sarcopenia.