Weak Version Research Articles

Ought implies can, asymmetrical freedom, and the practical irrelevance of transcendental freedom

AbstractIn this paper, I demonstrate that Kant's commitment to an asymmetry between the control conditions for praise and blame is explained by his endorsement of the principle Ought Implies Can (OIC). I argue that Kant accepts only a relatively weak version of OIC and that he is hence committed only to a relatively weak requirement of alternate possibilities for moral blame. This suggests that whether we are transcendentally free is irrelevant to questions about moral permissibility and moral blameworthiness.

The alignment of F0 tonal targets under changes in speech rate in Drehu

This study investigates fundamental frequency alignment to segmental landmarks in Drehu, an Oceanic language. The authors present a production experiment that aimed to evaluate the marking of prosodic prominence, and in particular, the tonal marking of prominence, within the autosegmental-metrical phonology, since stress and prominence system of the language has not been phonetically investigated. A rate manipulation paradigm was chosen to test the segmental anchoring hypothesis, namely, to see whether prominence lending tonal movements exhibit a constant slope due to rate manipulation and whether tonal targets can be associated to segmental anchoring points in the speech stream. The authors find that a rising tonal movement, between a word initial low (L), and a word final high (H) tone, is the most frequent tonal pattern. The word initial L tone seeks to align with the left edge whereas the H tone, at the right edge, seeks to anchor to the last full syllable. In fast speech, tonal targets are produced closer together but the slope remains constant in both speech rates. High tones seek to anchor to the word-final syllable, yet not to any specific segment which suggests a weak version of the segmental anchoring hypothesis applies.

The implication of the lexicon contrastive analysis of colors in Persian & English in perception and translation of colors

Color is all around but it is not everywhere treated in the same way. The terms people use to describe colors give another means of exploring the relationship between different languages and cultures. One field we can see the manifestation of this relationship is translation because we sometimes cannot directly translate color words from one language to another without introducing subtle changes in meaning, or the perception of the same colors in different languages may be different due to different cultures (Wardhaugh, 2006). This study aims at investigating the contrastive comparison of color lexicons- in terms of number and variety as well as their perception- in Persian and English and its effect on translation; moreover, by utilizing this cross-cultural study of color perception, want to investigate whether or not this research is in harmony with previous research –specifically the Weak Version of Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis advocating that language influences perception. The findings of this study are the result of a long process of investigating many English and Persian dictionaries, art and graphic books, personal interviews with artists, and some tasks for translators and even native speakers of both languages. After finding the specific types and lexicons of colors, we found some colors with no equivalent in the other language. Therefore, those color terms were the stimulus for our tasks. We provided some tasks and asked 50 English-Persian translators who were Persian native speakers and 50 English native speakers (Because of the limitation of access to English-Persian translators who are also English native speakers) for their perception of those colors in order to find out how perception of the colors with no equivalent in the native language would affect the translation. Results revealed that 98% of translators had difficulty perceiving and translating the two different color lexicons for which Persian had no equivalent, and 99% of translators had difficulty translating 15 different color lexicons, which were chosen among 32 color lexicons of Persian with no English equivalent. Similarly, 97% of English native speakers had difficulty perceiving the translated Persian color lexicons to English, for which they had no certain equivalent. Having compared the results of data collection in Persian and English, the researchers found that there are statistically significant similarities and differences between Persian and English color terms. Comparing the results revealed that the two languages are similar in the number of basic colors; however, color types are more various in Persian while there are more terms for one single color in English; therefore, the marked similarity of color grouping in Persian and English suggests some evidence that color grouping is universal and is inconsistent with the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. However, part of the results, which shows differences in the perception of colors in two languages, is consistent with the Weak Version of Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Consequently, as an implication of the study in EFL/ESL and translation, the study provides some evidence which could be a source in translation of color terms in Persian and English.

A characterization of the weighted weak type Coifman–Fefferman and Fefferman–Stein inequalities

We introduce a variant of the $$C_p$$ condition (denoted by $$SC_p$$ ), and show that it characterizes weighted weak type versions of the classical Coifman–Fefferman and Fefferman–Stein inequalities.

The Physics of Pair-Density Waves: Cuprate Superconductors and Beyond

We review the physics of pair-density wave (PDW) superconductors. We begin with a macroscopic description that emphasizes order induced by PDW states, such as charge-density wave, and discuss related vestigial states that emerge as a consequence of partial melting of the PDW order. We review and critically discuss the mounting experimental evidence for such PDW order in the cuprate superconductors, the status of the theoretical microscopic description of such order, and the current debate on whether the PDW is a mother order or another competing order in the cuprates. In addition, we give an overview of the weak coupling version of PDW order, Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov states, in the context of cold atom systems, unconventional superconductors, and noncentrosymmetric and Weyl materials.

ON THE DIAGONAL LEMMA OF GÖDEL AND CARNAP

AbstractA cornerstone of modern mathematical logic is the diagonal lemma of Gödel and Carnap. It is used in, for example, the classical proofs of the theorems of Gödel, Rosser, and Tarski. From its first explication in 1934, just essentially one proof has appeared for the diagonal lemma in the literature; a proof that is so tricky and hard to relate that many authors have tried to avoid the lemma altogether. As a result, some so-called diagonal-free proofs have been given for the above-mentioned fundamental theorems of logic. In this paper, we provide new proofs for the semantic formulation of the diagonal lemma, and for a weak version of the syntactic formulation of it.

On the localized weak Bishop’s property

This note is devoted to a weaker version of Bishop property $$\beta$$ at a given complex number. We show in particular that this notion is a regularity and hence the induced spectrum satisfies all classical properties of the spectrum.

BOLD differences normally attributed to inhibitory control predict symptoms, not task-directed inhibitory control in ADHD

BackgroundAltered brain activity that has been observed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while performing cognitive control tasks like the stop signal task (SST) has generally been interpreted as reflecting either weak (under-active) or compensatory (over-active) versions of the same functions as in healthy controls. If so, then regional activities that correlate with the efficiency of inhibitory control (i.e. stop signal reaction time, SSRT) in healthy subjects should also correlate with SSRT in ADHD. Here we test the alternate hypothesis that BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) differences might instead reflect the redirection of neural processing resources normally used for task-directed inhibitory control, towards actively managing symptomatic behaviour. If so, then activities that correlate with SSRT in TD should instead correlate with inattentive and hyperactive symptoms in ADHD.MethodsWe used fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 14 typically developing (TD) and 14 ADHD adolescents performing the SST, and in a replication sample of 14 healthy adults. First, we identified significant group BOLD differences during all phases of activity in the SST (i.e. warning, response, reactive inhibition, error detection and post-error slowing). Next, we correlated these phases of activity with SSRT in TD and with SSRT, inattentive and hyperactive symptom scores in ADHD. We then identified whole brain significant correlations in regions of significant group difference in activity.ResultsOnly three regions of significant group difference were correlated with SSRT in TD and replication groups (left and right inferior frontal gyri (IFG) during error detection and hypothalamus during post-error slowing). Consistent with regions of altered activity managing symptomatic behaviour instead of task-directed behaviour, left IFG correlated with greater inattentive score, right IFG correlated with lower hyperactive score and hypothalamus correlated with greater inattentive score and oppositely correlated with SSRT compared to TD.ConclusionsStimuli that elicit task-directed integration of neural processing in healthy subjects instead appear to be directing integrated function towards managing symptomatic behaviour in ADHD. The ability of the current approach to determine whether altered neural activities reflect comparable functions in ADHD and control groups has broad implications for the development and monitoring of therapeutic interventions.

Janus-Faced Judging: How the Supreme Court is Radically Weakening Stare Decisis

Drastic changes in Supreme Court doctrine require citizens to reorder their affairs rapidly and undermine trust in the judiciary. Stare decisis has traditionally limited the pace of such change on the Court, acting as a bulwark to wholesale jurisprudential reversals by the Justices. Yet in recent years, the stare decisis doctrine itself has come under threat. With little public or scholarly notice, the Supreme Court has radically weakened stare decisis. The Court has long suggested that a precedent, regardless of the quality of its reasoning, should stand unless there is some special, practical justification to overrule it. But in several recent decisions, the Court has suggested that “poor reasoning” in a prior decision both triggers stare decisis analysis and justifies overruling cases. This presents a grave threat to legal stability. Justices can always find reasoning they believe is “poor” in prior decisions. Stare decisis under this formulation provides little restraint against changing course. It also opens the door to “wave theories” of stare decisis, whereby new Justices seeking rapid change can claim fidelity to a weak version of stare decisis early in their careers, only to suggest a stronger version later to protect their own decisions. This weakened version of stare decisis has deep analytical flaws that would allow perpetual changes to legal doctrine based simply on the current Justices’ policy preferences. The Court must not accept the alarming effects such a weak version of stare decisis would have on legal stability, consistency, and judicial legitimacy.

A graphical category for higher modular operads

We present a homotopy theory for a weak version of modular operads whose compositions and contractions are only defined up to homotopy. This homotopy theory takes the form of a Quillen model structure on the collection of simplicial presheaves for a certain category of undirected graphs. This new category of undirected graphs, denoted U, plays a similar role for modular operads that the dendroidal category Ω plays for operads. We carefully study properties of U, including the existence of certain factorization systems. Related structures, such as cyclic operads and stable modular operads, can be similarly treated using categories derived from U.

Exploring juror evaluations of expert opinions using the Expert Persuasion Expectancy framework

PurposeFactfinders in trials struggle to differentiate witnesses who offer genuinely expert opinions from those who do not. The Expert Persuasion Expectancy (ExPEx) framework proposes eight attributes logically relevant to this assessment: foundation, field, specialty, ability, opinion, support, consistency, and trustworthiness. We present two experiments examining the effects of these attributes on the persuasiveness of a forensic gait analysis opinion.MethodsJury‐eligible participants rated the credibility, value, and weight of an expert report that was either generally strong (Exp. 1; N = 437) or generally weak (Exp. 2; N = 435). The quality of ExPEx attributes varied between participants. Allocation to condition (none, foundation, field, specialty, ability, opinion, support, consistency, trustworthiness) determined which attribute in the report would be weak (cf. strong; Exp. 1), or strong (cf. weak; Exp. 2).ResultsIn Experiment 1, the persuasiveness of a strong report was significantly undermined by weak versions of ability, consistency, and trustworthiness. In Experiment 2, a weak report was significantly improved by strong versions of ability and consistency. Unplanned analyses of subjective ratings also identified effects of foundation, field, specialty, and opinion.ConclusionsWe found evidence that ability (i.e., personal proficiency), consistency (i.e., endorsement by other experts), and trustworthiness (i.e., objectivity) attributes influence opinion persuasiveness in logically appropriate ways. Ensuring that factfinders have information about these attributes may improve their assessments of expert opinion evidence.

Learning/teaching philosophy in sign language as a cultural issue

This paper is about the process of learning/teaching philosophy in a class of deaf stu-dents. It starts with a presentation of Portuguese Sign Language that, as with other sign lan-guages, is recognized as a language on equal terms with vocal languages. However, in spite of the recognition of that identity, sign languages have specifi city related to the quadrimodal way of their production, and iconicity is an exclusive quality. Next, it will be argued that according to linguistic relativism - even in its weak version - language is a mould of thought. The idea of Philosophy is then discussed as an area of knowledge in which the author and the language of its production are always present.Finally, it is argued that learning/teaching Philosophy in Sign Language in a class of deaf students is linked to deaf culture and it is not merely a way of overcoming diffi culties with the spoken language

The Macroeconomic Impact of the Porter Hypothesis: Sustainability and Environmental Policies in a Post-Keynesian Model

ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to propose a post-Keynesian analysis of the Porter Hypothesis (PH) according to which regulation policies can bring about new economic opportunities by generating ‘green’ environmental innovations. Firstly, I illustrate the main features of the PH. Secondly, a Post-Keynesian growth model is developed by focusing on the macroeconomic impact of the PH. Finally, two equations of the model are estimated, an investment function and a green productivity function, by applying the GMM for panel data to European countries, over the period 1999–2012. The theoretical findings concern the potential rebound effect of regulation if its multiplier effect is greater than its innovation effect and the need for a policy mix to achieve environmental and socio-economic goals together. The empirical section verifies both the weak version of the PH, according to which environmental policies can stimulate green productivity, and (indirectly) the strong version of the PH by estimating the positive impact of green productivity dynamics on private investment.

Duality between Ahlfors–Liouville and Khas’minskii properties for non-linear equations

In recent years, the study of the interplay between (fully) non-linear potential theory and geometry received important new impulse. The purpose of this work is to move a step further in this direction by investigating appropriate versions of parabolicity and maximum principles at infinity for large classes of non-linear (sub)equations $F$ on manifolds. The main goal is to show a unifying duality between such properties and the existence of suitable $F$-subharmonic exhaustions, called Khas'minskii potentials, which is new even for most of the "standard" operators arising from geometry, and improves on partial results in the literature. Applications include new characterizations of the classical maximum principles at infinity (Ekeland, Omori-Yau and their weak versions by Pigola-Rigoli-Setti) and of conservation properties for stochastic processes (martingale completeness). Applications to the theory of submanifolds and Riemannian submersions are also discussed.

The Right-Based Criticism of the Doctrine of Double Effect

If people have stringent moral rights, then the doctrine of double effect is false or unimportant, at least when it comes to making acts permissible or wrong. There are strong and weak versions of the doctrine of double effect. The strong version asserts that an act is morally right if and only if the agent does not intentionally infringe a moral norm and the act brings about a desirable result (perhaps the best state of affairs available to the agent or a promotion of the common good). The weak version asserts that, other things being equal, it is deontically worse to intentionally infringe a norm than to foreseeably do so. A person’s intention or mere foresight might still be relevant to his or her blameworthiness or virtue, but this is a separate issue.

Calderón–Zygmund singular integrals in central Morrey–Orlicz spaces

We prove the strong-type and weak-type estimates for the Calderón–Zygmund singular integrals on central Morrey–Orlicz and weak central Morrey–Orlicz spaces defined in our earlier paper [26]. Next part has similar investigations between distinct central Morrey–Orlicz and weak central Morrey–Orlicz spaces. Then we define the $\lambda$-central mean oscillation–Orlicz spaces and its weak version investigating also some estimates for a modified Calderón–Zygmund singular integrals. Also, we show boundedness of a modified Calderón–Zygmund singular integrals from central Morrey–Orlicz spaces to $\lambda$-central mean oscillation–Orlicz spaces, even for different Orlicz functions, and corresponding weak version.

Existence of minimizers for some quasilinear elliptic problems

The aim of this paper is investigating the existence of at least one weak bounded solution of the quasilinear elliptic problem \begin{document}$ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} - {\rm{div}} (a(x,u,\nabla u)) + A_t(x,u,\nabla u)\ = \ f(x,u) &\hbox{in $\Omega$,}\\ u\ = \ 0 & \hbox{on $\partial\Omega$,} \end{array} \right. $\end{document} where $ \Omega \subset \mathbb R^N $ is an open bounded domain and $ A(x,t,\xi) $, $ f(x,t) $ are given real functions, with $ A_t = \frac{\partial A}{\partial t} $, $ a = \nabla_\xi A $.We prove that, even if $ A(x,t,\xi) $ makes the variational approach more difficult, the functional associated to such a problem is bounded from below and attains its infimum when the growth of the nonlinear term $ f(x,t) $ is 'controlled' by $ A(x,t,\xi) $. Moreover, stronger assumptions allow us to find the existence of at least one positive solution.We use a suitable Minimum Principle based on a weak version of the Cerami–Palais–Smale condition.

Weak monotone rearrangement on the line

Weak optimal transport has been recently introduced by Gozlan et al. The original motivation stems from the theory of geometric inequalities; further applications concern numerics of martingale optimal transport and stability in mathematical finance. In this note we provide a complete geometric characterization of the weak version of the classical monotone rearrangement between measures on the real line, complementing earlier results of Alfonsi, Corbetta, and Jourdain.

Short-term Overreaction in American Depository Receipts

In this paper we examine for the first time the short-term predictability of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) in reaction to extreme price movements. Based on an analysis of 2,911 extreme price movements that took place within either normal trading hours or after-hours in the period 2001-2019, we conclude that those extreme returns were on average followed by significant reversals. This response represents an overreaction in prices, which challenges the weak version of the efficient market hypothesis. Price reversals are especially pronounced following extreme returns observed during after-hours, which lends support to the assertion that ADR markets are particularly inefficient during this trading period. These findings carry important implications for both market practitioners and regulators.

The weak circular repetition threshold over large alphabets

The repetition threshold for words on n letters, denoted RT(n), is the infimum of the set of all r such that there are arbitrarily long r-free words over n letters. A repetition threshold for circular words on n letters can be defined in three natural ways, which gives rise to the weak, intermediate, and strong circular repetition thresholds for n letters, denoted CRTW(n), CRTI(n), and CRTS(n), respectively. Currie and the present authors conjectured that CRTI(n) = CRTW(n) = RT(n) for all n ≥ 4. We prove that CRTW(n) = RT(n) for all n ≥ 45, which confirms a weak version of this conjecture for all but finitely many values of n.