Weak Ones Research Articles

A Província de Santa Catarina na primeira metade do século XIX: ensaio sobre opressão econômica e suas repercussões

A história moderna exibe ações de poder em que estados se impõem a outros e partes de uma unidade política fazem o mesmo a outras, provocando-lhes adversidades. O artigo explora esse assunto, abordando as relações entre Portugal e Brasil do final do século XVIII a meados do século XIX, com realce para a situação da Província de Santa Catarina. Examinam-se os efeitos do Alvará português de 1785, que proibiu a produção têxtil no Brasil, e da abertura dos portos em 1808, quando um novo Alvará revogou o anterior e se firmou um tratado comercial com a Grã-Bretanha. Salientam-se os reflexos em Santa Catarina, falando de atividades industriais e pesca da baleia, e se contextualizam as ações sobre imigração, destacando a Colônia do Saí, inicialmente saudada com entusiasmo por conta das adversidades.

A general framework for endowment effects in combinatorial markets

The endowment effect , coined by Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler, posits that people tend to inflate the value of items they own. Recently, Babaioff, Dobzinski and Oren [EC'18] introduced the notion of endowed valuations --- valuations that capture the endowment effect --- and studied the stability and efficiency of combinatorial markets with endowed valuations. They showed that under a specific formulation of the endowment effect, an endowed equilibrium --- market equilibrium with respect to endowed valuations --- is guaranteed to exist in markets with submodular valuations, but fails to exist under XOS valuations. We harness the endowment effect further by introducing a general framework that captures a wide range of different formulations of the endowment effect. The different formulations are (partially) ranked from weak to strong, based on a stability-preserving order. We then provide algorithms for computing endowment equilibria with high welfare for sufficiently strong endowment effects, and non-existence results for weaker ones. Among other results, we prove the existence of endowment equilibria under XOS valuations, and show that if one can pre-pack items into irrevocable bundles then an endowment equilibrium exists for arbitrary markets.

“The Higher Forms Are Also the Weaker Ones”: Technics and Humanism in Max Bense's “Technical Existence”

“The Higher Forms Are Also the Weaker Ones”: Technics and Humanism in Max Bense's “Technical Existence”

The Tripartite Regulation Game of Carbon Financial Products Based on the Prospect Theory

Because of the high information asymmetry of carbon financial products (CFPs), financial institutions infringing on the rights of investors occurred worldwide. However, few studies focused on how to protect investors effectively. In this paper, from the perspective of regulation, we analyze the game relationships among governments, financial institutions, and investors. Following this, the tripartite regulation game of CFPs is further constructed. Meanwhile, centered on heterogeneity and bounded rationality, we divide participants in this game into two types: tough or weak ones, and the strategies for different types of game players are compared based on the prospect theory. Moreover, through discussion of the deterrence equilibrium, challenge equilibrium, and separation equilibrium, the crucial influencing factors of the behavioral strategy are explored separately. Finally, some countermeasures of CFPs are put forward for governments to design appropriate regulation policies.

Quatro teses de subdeterminação de teorias pelas observações: significados, plausibilidades e implicações

Este artigo mostra que não há uma tese de subdeterminação de teorias científicas pelos indícios observacionais, mas várias. Identificamos quatro, com significados, plausibilidades e implicações distintos. Mostra-se que as mais fortes não passam de conjeturas, e que as mais fracas são mais plausíveis, mas não possuem implicações filosóficas robustas – em particular, não implicam o antirrealismo científico –, embora forneçam indícios de alternativas teóricas sistematicamente ignoradas na ciência, bem como do emprego de critérios em parte valorativos de escolha de teorias.

The effect of news labels on perceived credibility

Two online experiments examined whether news labels attract reader attention and affect news story credibility. Both studies showed that labels garner little attention from newsreaders and do not influence perceptions of news story credibility. However, Study 2 demonstrated that a label that explained the type of news story produced better recall of labels and more accurate recommendations of what the label should be. Findings suggest that if labels act as cognitive heuristics, they are weak ones.

Exploring the Factors Influencing the Strength and Variability of Convectively Coupled Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves

AbstractThe three-dimensional structure, horizontal and vertical propagation characteristics, and convection–circulation coupling of the convectively coupled westward-propagating mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves are examined by classifying the waves based on their amplitude. Convective signals of the MRG waves were identified and isolated using empirical orthogonal function analysis of wavenumber–frequency-filtered outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. It was found that about 50% of the MRG waves occur during the August–November months, and this strong seasonality was considered while characterizing the MRG waves. Five strong and five weak MRG wave seasons were identified during 1979–2019, based on seasonal wave amplitude, and through this classification, significant differences in the strength of convection–circulation coupling, zonal scale of circulation, vertical structure, and propagation characteristics of MRG waves were brought out. It was also found that the seasonal mean background state is significantly different during strong and weak MRG wave seasons. While a La Niña–like background state was found to favor enhanced MRG wave activity, the MRG wave activity is mostly suppressed during an El Niño–like background state. The presence of extratropical wave intrusions is another factor that distinguishes the strong MRG wave seasons from the weak ones. Eastward- and northeastward-propagating extratropical wave trains from the South Atlantic to the east Indian Ocean were observed during strong MRG wave seasons.

أبو بكر الدمياطي الشافعي التعريف به وبيان منهجه الحديثي في كتابه (إعانة الطالبين)

The book I'aanatu ath-thaalibin 'alaa halli al-faazhi fathi al-mu'iin by Abu Bakr al-Dimyāthi al-Syāfi'i is one of the most important books of fiqh in the Shafi'i school, the proof is that the book is a reference in local Islamic boarding schools and the main reference for muftis as well as a scientific reference for students in our country, Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify Abu Bakr al-Dimyathti al-Syafi'i, one of the Shafi'i scholars, and reveal his scientific personality in the science of hadith by studying his method of hadith, particularly in his book I'aanatu ath-thaalibin. This study employed an inductive deductive approach. The results of the research reveal that Abu Bakr al-Dimyathti al-Syafi'i is one of the phenomenal contemporary scholars of the Shafi'i school. In his book, he uses a lot of hadiths and atsar as arguments in establishing a law of fiqh without requiring the validity of these propositions, so that there are arguments that are authentic, fine, and weak. The depth of his knowledge in the field of hadith is evident in his book I'aanatu ath-thaalibin on the following points: the number of hadith cited that he used as the proposition, the number reached approximately one thousand three hundred and eighty-three (1383) hadith marfu' without repetition. His book also shows the depth of his understanding of the science of musthalah al-hadith. Among his method of inference in the hadiths is his excessive attention to the two sahih books in postulating until the number - according to my estimation - reaches around five hundred and sixty-three (563) hadiths, this is a fantastic number, besides he does not postulate weak hadiths and ones that are munkar.

Dynamo Saturation through the Latitudinal Variation of Bipolar Magnetic Regions in the Sun

Abstract Observations of the solar magnetic cycle showed that the amplitude of the cycle did not grow all the time in the past. Thus, there must be a mechanism to halt the growth of the magnetic field in the Sun. We demonstrate a recently proposed mechanism for this under the Babcock–Leighton dynamo framework, which is believed to be the most promising paradigm for the generation of the solar magnetic field at present. This mechanism is based on the observational fact that the stronger solar cycles produce bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) at higher latitudes and thus have higher mean latitudes than the weaker ones. We capture this effect in our three-dimensional Babcock–Leighton solar dynamo model and show that when the toroidal magnetic field tries to grow, it produce BMRs at higher latitudes. The BMRs at higher latitudes generate a less poloidal field, which consequently limits the overall growth of the magnetic field in our model. Thus, our study suggests that the latitudinal variation of BMRs is a potential mechanism for limiting the magnetic field growth in the Sun.

HED-ID: An Affective Adaptation Model Explaining the Intensity-Duration Relationship of Emotion

Intensity and duration are both pertinent aspects of an emotional experience, yet how they are related is unclear. Though stronger emotions usually last longer, sometimes they abate faster than the weaker ones. We present a quantitative model of affective adaptation, the process by which emotional responses to unchanging affective stimuli weaken with time, that addresses this intensity-duration problem. The model, described by three simple linear algebraic equations, assumes that the relationship between an affective stimulus and its experiencer can be broken down into three parameters. Self-relevance and explanation level combine multiplicatively to determine emotion intensity whereas the interaction of these with explanatory ease determines its duration. The model makes predictions, consistent with available empirical data, about emotion intensity, its duration, and adaptation speed for different scenarios. It predicts when the intensity-duration correlation is positive, negative or even absent, thus offering a solution to the intensity-duration problem. The model also addresses the shortcomings of past models of affective adaptation with its enhanced predictive power and by offering a more complete explanation to empirical observations that earlier models explain inadequately or fail to explain altogether. The model has potential applications in areas such as virtual reality training, games, human-computer interactions, and robotics.

Вплив валютної лібералізації на економіку України

Examining the transformation of financial relations in Ukraine, in the previous article the authors analyzed the impact of foreign capital on the economic development of this country’s economy and found that its concentration in certain economic activities contributed to consolidating its raw material orientation. The authors conclude that due to the distorted model of Ukraine's economic development, successful practices of developed countries to attract foreign investment and reform the financial sector are ineffective in this country’s economy. Continuing the study of the transformations of financial relations in Ukraine, which are taking place under the influence of the approximation of domestic legislation to European standards, the authors could not leave aside the question of impact of the liberalization of currency legislation on the economy. Given that currency liberalization significantly affects the behavior of foreign investors, the authors conducted an in-depth analysis of legislative changes in the financial sector, and described the main results of their implementation. The positive and negative consequences of currency liberalization in Ukraine for business entities and the economy in general are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the risks associated with the liberalization of operations related to the movement of capital and the behavior of non-residents in the financial market of Ukraine. It is concluded that Ukraine’s economy with its distorted development model belongs to the financially and institutionally weak ones, hence is not presently ready to liberalize its monetary relations, which could only deepen the deformations and reduce resilience to macroeconomic imbalances.

Consequences of Bullying in Schools: The Viewpoint of School Directors. Suggestions for Mitigating the Phenomenon - A Case Study of the District of Tirana

One of the most important institutions which affects the development and education of individuals in society is the school. The territory of schools needs to be safe from any form of violence, including bullying. Bullying in itself is a phenomenon that is defined as a behavior which occurs when an individual or a certain group of individuals, taking advantage of their power or authority, seek to impose, persecute, abuse, or intimidate the weaker ones repeatedly (Dema, 2007). Given that various studies consider bullying to be quite widespread (Haka & Pervizi, 2007 and Boyle, 2003), central and local institutions in Albania but also school leaders, are committed to prevent and fight this phenomenon. The main purpose of this study is to identify the most typical cases and to give suggestions on how to cope with and avoid bullying at school. The selected research method is the qualitative one, using data triangulation, such as literature review, interviews with the directors and focus groups with schools in Tirana district which has about 40 percent of the population at the national level, with a total of 997,380 inhabitants (General Directorate of Status Civil, Ministry of Interior, March 2011). In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 directors from 81 schools in the region of Tirana, including public and private schools, as well as a focus group with 5 directors and 5 security officers from schools with the highest number of students in the district of Tirana. The results of the study show that bullying is widespread in 80 percent of schools and the most present form of bullying is verbal and social, but the physical and cyber forms cannot be neglected. Bullying occurs in the form of student to student in 87 percent of cases, student to teacher in 47 percent of cases and teacher to student in 33 percent of cases. One of the most frequent variables of bullying is the educational level of parents with 33 percent and the family economic situation which accounts for 40 percent. The given results were generated from the analysis of data where 6 of the respondents answered that the family and its economic situation are both considered as determining factor in the emergence of bullying. How can such a phenomenon be prevented? The given study suggests: teachers training should be conducted, open hours with students, parents should be involved in these issues as part of the solution, building a close partnership with the school, meetings and awareness campaigns should be carried out between teachers, parents and students, also including other actors such as the psychologist and the security officer of the school.

On the rotational velocity of Sirius A

ABSTRACT With an aim of getting information on the equatorial rotation velocity (ve) of Sirius A separated from the inclination effect (sin i), a detailed profile analysis based on the Fourier transform technique was carried out for a large number of spectral lines, while explicitly taking into account the line-by-line differences in the centre–limb behaviours and the gravity darkening effect (which depend on the physical properties of each line) based on model calculations. The simulations showed that how the first-zero frequencies (q1) of Fourier transform amplitudes depends on ve is essentially determined by the temperature-sensitivity parameter (K) differing from line to line, and that Fe i lines (especially those of very weak ones) are more sensitive to ve than Fe ii lines. The following conclusions were drawn by comparing the theoretical and observed q1 values for many Fe i and Fe ii lines: (1) The projected rotational velocity (vesin i) for Sirius A is fairly well established at 16.3(±0.1) km s−1 by requiring that both Fe i and Fe ii lines yield consistent results. (2) Although precise separation of ve and i is difficult, ve is concluded to be in the range of $16 \le v_{\rm e} \lesssim$ 30–40 km s−1, which corresponds to $25^{\circ } \lesssim i \le 90^{\circ }$. Accordingly, Sirius A is an intrinsically slow rotator for an A-type star, being consistent with its surface chemical peculiarity.

All-optical supercontinuum switching

Efficient all-optical switching is a challenging task as photons are bosons and cannot immediately interact with each other. Consequently, one has to resort to nonlinear optical interactions, with the Kerr gate being the classical example. However, the latter requires strong pulses to switch weaker ones. Numerous approaches have been investigated to overcome the resulting lack of fan-out capability of all-optical switches, most of which relied on types of resonant enhancement of light-matter interaction. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel approach that utilizes switching between different portions of soliton fission induced supercontinua, exploiting an optical event horizon. This concept enables a high switching efficiency and contrast in a dissipation free setting. Our approach enables fan-out, does not require critical biasing, and is at least partially cascadable. Controlling complex soliton dynamics paves the way towards building all-optical logic gates with advanced functionalities.

Affirmative action subcontracting regulations in dynamic procurement auctions

I study affirmative action subcontracting regulations in a model where governments use auctions to repeatedly procure goods and services at the lowest possible price. Through using disadvantaged subcontractors, prime contractors build relationships over time, resulting in lower subcontracting costs in future periods. I find that regulation in the form of a minimum subcontracting requirement expands bidder asymmetries, favoring prime contractors with stronger relationships over those with weaker ones. Simulations show that the manner in which relationships evolve determines not only the utilization of disadvantaged subcontractors but also the procurement costs attained under affirmative action.

Institutional Distance, Inter-Country Relationship, and Cross-Border M&A Performance of EMNEs

How do the country-level institutional difference and inter-country relationship influence the value creation of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs)? Drawing on institutional-based view, this study investigates how the regulatory distance between home and host country affects stock market reactions to cross-border M&As announcement by EMNEs, using a sample of 1083 deals from 2003-2018 by Chinese listed firms. Our findings indicate that (1) The announcement of cross-border M&As will generate positive stock market reaction for EMNE acquirers. (2) M&A direction as well as regulatory distance matters, EMNEs are more likely to achieve better stock market reaction when they acquire targets from regulatory similar countries, but will gain less cumulative abnormal returns when the targets are from more institutionally mature countries, comparing to institutionally weaker ones. (3) Inter-country relationship can mitigate the negative influence of regulatory distance. EMNEs’ acquiring targets from ‘One Belt One Road’ (B&R) countries are more likely to bring about better stock market reactions in spite of the regulatory distance.

Critiques on the Tribunals and The Hague Court

This critique is a review of heinous crimes. It assesses to connect with perpetrators, victims, people and institutions and change professed through the works of the Tribunals and The Hague Court and share the feeling with the concerned ones. The objectives of the paper are three-fold: (1) to study the situations of the investigation, prosecution and punishment on accountability; (2) to analyze the preference for justice: victors’ justice or victims’ justice; and (3) to access the critiques on violations of human rights and humanitarian law beyond the borders. Experiences on Transitional Justice, Human Security, and Human Rights among others feel touched, inspired and motivated to the author for this pioneer paper. This state-of-the-art paper is examined based on archival research, exchanging and sharing way forward with over 100 international publications and lessons-learned centric theoretical approach comprising snow-ball techniques. The study theorizes: (1) Retributive Justice Theory: Punishment is justified as perpetrator deserves for penalty, equivalent vengeance; (2) Utilitarian Justice Theory: Punishment is justified to mid-and-junior level perpetrators scooting-free to the top-most policymakers including Emperor Hirohito. Allied powers believed that Hirohito can only fight against the communism; (3) Denunciation Justice Theory: Punishment is justified by pressure of society that sends a clear message: offence is a heinous crime and sentencing a perpetrator is logically just; (4) Restorative Justice Theory: Punishment is justified as crimes of perpetrators hurt everyone and justice repairs the damage satisfying through accountability, reparation, rehabilitation and reconciliation; and (5) Transnational Justice Theory: Punishment is justified to operate outside a nation territory that penalizes the perpetrators as a crime of international concern. The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals had virtually been victor’s justice with self-righteous fraud and lynching bodies. The Tokyo Tribunal never talks about bombings at Chinese cities. The U.S. and its axis powers discourage future aggressions accepting victor’s justice. The UN failed to restore peace and security. Cronyism was/is widespread. All Tribunals seemed pseudo justice bodies. People criticize these for being one-sided, inefficient, ineffectiveness, politicized, lengthy, very costly and unfair bodies. The U.S. and its satellite nations control both Tribunals and The Hague Court providing funds, instruments and staff. The Hague Court is a highly debated body with many flaws, targeting mostly poor and opponent African countries. Most grave crimes committed go unpunished. Thus, justice delivery appears as a sword in a judge's toupee. If The Hague Court is continuously influenced by powerful non-signatories of Statute, the relevance of its functions are hopeless. Justice becomes elusive for the innocent, weak and poor ones.

Stability of efficient solutions to set optimization problems

This article deals with considering stability properties of Pareto minimal solutions to set optimization problems with the set less order relation in real topological Hausdorff vector spaces. We focus on studying the Painleve–Kuratowski convergence of Pareto minimal elements in the image space. Employing convexity properties, we study the external stability of Pareto minimal solutions via weak ones. Then, we use converse properties to investigate external stability conditions to such problems where Pareto minimal solution sets and weak/ideal ones are distinct. For the internal stability, we propose a concept of compact convergence in the sense of Painleve–Kuratowski and use it together with a domination property to analyze stability conditions for the reference problems.

Recuperação cardiopulmonar em atletas de Rugby em Cadeira de Rodas: efeito de nível competitivo e classificação funcional

Introdução: o Rugby em Cadeira de Rodas (RCR) é uma modalidade com grande demanda energética. Objetivo: comparar a recuperação cardiopulmonar de atletas de RCR de elite internacional (EI, n=16) e nacional (EN, n=06), além de investigar a correlação entre a recuperação e a classificação funcional (CF) dos atletas.Métodos: o teste de esforço cardiopulmonar foi realizado em cicloergômetro para membros superiores, com análise dos gases expirados. Consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e ventilação pulmonar (VE) foram avaliados no pico do esforço e na recuperação (primeiro, segundo e terceiro minutos). Resultados: EI apresentou uma maior recuperação do VO2 e da VE. Correlações fortes e muito fortes foram encontradas entre CF e recuperação percentual de VO2 para EN, enquanto que, no EI, as correlações foram fracas e regulares.Conclusão: Atletas com maior volume de prática do RCR (EI) têm maior capacidade de recuperação cardiopulmonar. Sugere-se que o tempo de treinamento pode minimizar a influência da CF na capacidade de recuperação do atleta.

A More General Paradigm for Understanding the Decoupling of Stratocumulus‐Topped Boundary Layers: The Importance of Horizontal Temperature Advection

AbstractMost prior studies on decoupling of a stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer (STBL) are focused on subtropics where cold air advection with moderate strength is dominant. This study expands across a wider spectrum of temperature advection spanning from moderately strong warm air advection to extremely strong cold air advection. A STBL undergoing warm advection is found to be more mixed than a STBL undergoing cold advection. This finding is consistent with the cold advection facilitating turbulent mixing in the boundary layer. When cold advection becomes sufficiently strong (<−5 K/day), the STBL becomes more stably stratified again because of emergence of the cumulus‐coupled STBL regime induced by the “deepening‐warming” mechanism. Such a “deepening‐warming” induced STBL decoupling, however, is still much weaker than that caused by warm advection flows (even weak ones), suggesting that the direction and strength of temperature advection must be considered for any STBL decoupling studies.