Weak Trigger Research Articles

A Dual Stealthy Backdoor: From Both Spatial and Frequency Perspectives

Backdoor attacks pose serious security threats to deep neural networks (DNNs). Backdoored models make arbitrarily (targeted) incorrect predictions on inputs containing well-designed triggers, while behaving normally on clean inputs. Prior researches have explored the invisibility of backdoor triggers to enhance attack stealthiness. However, most of them only focus on the invisibility in the spatial domain, neglecting the generation of invisible triggers in the frequency domain. This limitation renders the generated poisoned images easily detectable by recent defense methods. To address this issue, we propose a DUal stealthy BAckdoor attack method named DUBA, which simultaneously considers the invisibility of triggers in both the spatial and frequency domains, to achieve desirable attack performance, while ensuring strong stealthiness. Specifically, we first use Wavelet Transform to embed the high-frequency information of the trigger image into the clean image to ensure attack effectiveness. Then, to attain strong stealthiness, we incorporate Fourier Transform and Cosine Transform to mix the poisoned image and clean image in the frequency domain. Moreover, DUBA adopts a novel attack strategy, training the model with weak triggers and attacking with strong triggers to further enhance attack performance and stealthiness. DUBA is evaluated extensively on four datasets against popular image classifiers, showing significant superiority over state-of-the-art backdoor attacks in attack success rate and stealthiness.

Triggered Superradiance and Spin Inversion Storage in a Hybrid Quantum System.

We study the superradiant emission of an inverted spin ensemble strongly coupled to a superconducting cavity. After fast inversion, we detune the spins from the cavity and store the inversion for tens of milliseconds, during which the remaining transverse spin components disappear. Switching back on resonance enables us to study the onset of superradiance. A weak trigger pulse of a few hundred photons shifts the superradiant burst to earlier times and imprints its phase onto the emitted radiation. For long hold times, the inversion decreases below the threshold for spontaneous superradiance. There, the energy stored in the ensemble can be used to amplify microwave pulses passing through the cavity.

Low-light-level spin–orbit splitting via structured light cross-Kerr interaction in coherent atomic media

We explore the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) mechanism for structured light in coherent atomic media with low-light-level cross-Kerr nonlinearity. Using the five-level M-type electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) system as a prototype, we show that spin–orbit splitting for a weak spinor image can be generated by a weak trigger field carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) at low-light intensity. By quantum-optical analogy, the paraxial focusing and defocusing of the two pseudo-spin states in the spinor image can be governed by a Pauli-like equation. More importantly, by changing the EIT parameters, especially the topological charge of the weak trigger field, the SOC-induced radial quantization of the spinor image can be rather significant, giving rise to positive or negative OAM-OAM mode separation in free space. This suggests that the separation can be flexibly controlled due to strong image-vortex interaction based on few-photon cross-Kerr modulation. Our findings may have the potential for all-optical OAM multiplexing and demultiplexing of structured light fields toward few-photon quantum control and multimode communication.

Predicting the evolution of the mid-infrared supercontinuum in the near-zero dispersion region under weak triggering using LSTM neural networks

To enable active control of rogue waves after pumping a pulse into an optical fiber, adding a weak trigger is necessary. However, this process typically involves numerous numerical simulations based on the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which can be computationally intensive. Using neural networks to predict complex nonlinear propagation in optical fibers avoids the need for numerical solutions during research. We show a neural network using long short-term memory to predict the temporal and spectral evolutions of the mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in the near-zero dispersion region under weak triggering, simply by determining the input pulse strength in the time and frequency domains.

High-resolution Bayesian mapping of landslide hazard with unobserved trigger event

Statistical models for landslide hazard enable mapping of risk factors and landslide occurrence intensity by using geomorphological covariates available at high spatial resolution. However, the spatial distribution of the triggering event (e.g., precipitation or earthquakes) is often not directly observed. In this paper we develop Bayesian spatial hierarchical models for point patterns of landslide occurrences using different types of log-Gaussian Cox processes. Starting from a competitive baseline model that captures the unobserved precipitation trigger through a spatial random effect at slope unit resolution, we explore novel complex model structures that take clusters of events arising at small spatial scales into account as well as nonlinear or spatially-varying covariate effects. For a 2009 event of around 5000 precipitation-triggered landslides in Sicily, Italy, we show how to fit our proposed models efficiently, using the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA), and rigorously compare the performance of our models both from a statistical and applied perspective. In this context we argue that model comparison should not be based on a single criterion and that different models of various complexity may provide insights into complementary aspects of the same applied problem. In our application our models are found to have mostly the same spatial predictive performance, implying that key to successful prediction is the inclusion of a slope-unit resolved random effect capturing the precipitation trigger. Interestingly, a parsimonious formulation of space-varying slope effects reflects a physical interpretation of the precipitation trigger: in subareas with weak trigger, the slope steepness is shown to be mostly irrelevant.

Understanding Explosive Sensitivity with Effective Trigger Linkage Kinetics.

We present a simple linear model for ranking the drop weight impact sensitivity of organic explosives that is based explicitly on chemical kinetics. The model is parameterized to specific heats of explosion, Q, and Arrhenius kinetics for the onset of chemical reactions that are obtained from gas-phase Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations for a chemically diverse set of 24 molecules. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations sample all possible decomposition pathways of the molecules with the appropriate probabilities to provide an effective reaction barrier. In addition, the calculations of effective trigger linkage kinetics can be accomplished without prior physical intuition of the most likely decomposition pathways. We found that the specific heat of explosion tends to reduce the effective barrier for decomposition in accordance with the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle, which accounts naturally for the well-known correlations between explosive performance and sensitivity. Our model indicates that sensitive explosives derive their properties from a combination of weak trigger linkages that react at relatively low temperatures and large specific heats of explosion that further reduce the effective activation energy.

Control of Long Pulse Pumped Supercontinuum Generation Using Weak Trigger Signal

Through numerical simulations, we study the effects of weak continuous wave (CW) or weak pulse triggering on the picosecond (ps) pulse pumped supercontinuum (SC) generation. To actively improve the spectral broadening and control both phase and intensity stability of the SC generation, we fix the frequency shift of the trigger pulse (with respect to the pump signal) with different durations and then tune the peak power. Detailed simulation results show that either a weak CW or weak pulse trigger can greatly improve the spectral broadening of SC spectrum generated by a ps pulse pump. Compared to weak CW trigger, a weak femtosecond (fs) pulse or ps pulse trigger can assist the generation of SC with much better coherence and SNR, but precise control of the time delay between the pump and trigger is required.

Satisfaction with virtual nature tour: the roles of the need for emotional arousal and pro-ecological motivations

ABSTRACTInteractive multimedia enables a mediated nature experience in ecologically vulnerable areas. The aim of this study is to clarify the social and individual motivational factors governing satisfaction with virtual nature tours. After visiting the Piusa Caves Nature Reserve in Estonia, and participating in its virtual tourism (VT), 299 tourists responded to a questionnaire regarding their natural and VT experiences. We use a general linear model to explore the effectiveness of predicting satisfaction with VT based on values, beliefs about treating nature, pro-ecological norms, and need for emotional arousal from virtual experiences. Compared to people with a high need for arousal, people with a low need are more easily satisfied with VT, regardless of its weak emotional triggers, e.g. lack of lively impressions, feeling of place change, and connection to real nature. Pro-ecological beliefs augment satisfaction with VT in people with a high need for arousal. Mediated nature experiences offer ways of engaging with nature more conveniently to hedonistic travellers and would likely be rejected by people who seek social interaction and physical challenges when travelling. As VT is better received among women, lower educated people, and 50–70-year-olds, these may be ideal target groups for promotion of mediated nature experiences.

Investigating the nature of the INTEGRAL gamma-ray bursts and sub-threshold triggers with Swift follow-up

We explore the potential of INTEGRAL to improve our understanding of the low fluence regime for explosive transients, such as GRBs. We probe the nature of the so-called "WEAK" INTEGRAL triggers, when the gamma-ray instruments record intensity spikes that are below the usual STRONG significance thresholds. In a targeted Swift follow-up campaign, we observed 15 WEAK triggers. We find six of these can be classified as GRBs. This includes GRB150305A, a GRB discovered from our campaign alone. We also identified a source coincident with one trigger, IGRW151019, as a candidate AGN. We show that real events such as GRBs exist within the IBAS WEAK trigger population. A comparison of the fluence distributions of the full INTEGRAL IBAS and Swift BAT GRB samples showed that the two are similar. We also find correlations between the prompt gamma-ray and X-ray properties of the two samples, supporting previous investigations. We find that both satellites reach similar, low fluence levels regularly, although Swift is more sensitive to short, low fluence GRBs.

Chytridiomycosis of Marine Diatoms-The Role of Stress Physiology and Resistance in Parasite-Host Recognition and Accumulation of Defense Molecules.

Little is known about the role of chemotaxis in the location and attachment of chytrid zoospores to potential diatom hosts. Hypothesizing that environmental stress parameters affect parasite-host recognition, four chytrid-diatom tandem cultures (Chytridium sp./Navicula sp., Rhizophydium type I/Nitzschia sp., Rhizophydium type IIa/Rhizosolenia sp., Rhizophydium type IIb/Chaetoceros sp.) were used to test the chemotaxis of chytrid zoospores and the presence of potential defense molecules in a non-contact-co-culturing approach. As potential triggers in the chemotaxis experiments, standards of eight carbohydrates, six amino acids, five fatty acids, and three compounds known as compatible solutes were used in individual and mixed solutions, respectively. In all tested cases, the whole-cell extracts of the light-stressed (continuous light exposure combined with 6 h UV radiation) hosts attracted the highest numbers of zoospores (86%), followed by the combined carbohydrate standard solution (76%), while all other compounds acted as weak triggers only. The results of the phytochemical screening, using biomass and supernatant extracts of susceptible and resistant host-diatom cultures, indicated in most of the tested extracts the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenols, and aldehydes, whereas the bioactivity screenings showed that the zoospores of the chytrid parasites were only significantly affected by the ethanolic supernatant extract of the resistant hosts.

Testing for Electrogravitational Flux Quantum Circuitry in Biological Photon-phonon Transduction Systems yields basis for Inertial Electromagnetic Induction and the New Particle-Wave Equation of Jacobson Resonance: Mc2=BvLq

Einstein was convinced that solutions to the epistemological problems of quantum theory could be found in a grand unified field theory. Hidden variable theory considers the behavior of a system in terms of parameters that have been inaccessible to experiment, while such variables later become manifest through applications of new experimental technologies. Jacobson Resonance theory may satisfy Einstein’s conclusory belief that an attempt must be made to find a purely algebraic theory for the description of reality. The hidden variable required to explain the disparate elements in both general relativity and quantum theory may well be the biological model. Only a biological system can amplify the weak triggers of gravitons by a factor of 1040; to reveal the effect of a single system on a coordinated multifactorial complex array of total systems, through electrophysiological changes, e.g., from nonionizing radiant energy in the PicoTesla range and even weaker, down to an attogauss. The equation, Mc2=BvLq has yielded basis for inertial electromagnetic induction, connecting the phonon field and photons, and space and matter. It explains the associated conjunction of natural phenomena through a string theory analog, wherein the plethora of subatomic particles are but different vibrational states of strings. Unification comes simply from the harmonies and grand orchestrations of nature, and may well include spin-2 gravitons (gravity waves). It appears logical to extrapolate the generic formulation as: 2 2 2 . . 1 → → → − − ∂ ∂ = ∇ i£« i£¶ i£¬i£¬ − i£·i£· i£­ i£¸ ∮ x∮ J c mcL dL j S L v r q v c Selected experimental outcomes are referenced for empirical support of said hypothesis.

Malignant hyperthermia: a runaway heat production futile cycle via the sodium channel (893.2)

MHis a runaway heat production futile cycle mediated via the sodium channel at the myoneural receptor site. Non depolarizing muscle relaxants do not trigger MH episodes. Depolarizing muscle relaxants, i.e. succinylcholine, are potent triggers of MH. Acetycholine, a natural depolarizer, is capable of triggering MH during transport stress, fighting activity, breeding activity and other stressors. Halothane apparently destabilizes the myoneural sodium channel which results in a rapid induction of MH. The heat released by this activity drives the further release of heat accelerating MH.The MHS pig has an increased action potential amplitude at the myoneural junction that lasts longer than normal. This is thought to induce hypertrophy of muscle mass, increased metabolic rate, and other effects. The increased metabolic activity in muscle causes the post mortem release of heat in muscle, accumulation of low acidity, which denatures the muscle proteins, resulting in pale, soft, exudative, pork.Inhalation anesthetics trigger MH by degree. Sevoflurane is a very weak trigger of MH and requires several hours of exposure to initiate an episode of MH. The transition from Halothane to Sevo lead to a 11 fold decrease in the incidence of MH in the Greater Kansas City Area from 1:50,000 to 1:550,000.Organon 9426, is a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant that prevents MH when MHS pigs are challenged with halothane or succinylcholine.

Importance of alcohol-related expectations and emotional expressivity for prediction of motivation to refuse alcohol in alcohol-dependent patients

Background and objectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of alcohol-dependent patients’ emotional expressivity, alcohol-related expectations and socio-demographic factors for prediction of motivation to refuse alcohol consumption. Materials and methodsThe study sample consisted of 136 alcohol-dependent patients (100 men and 36 women) undergoing treatment in Kaunas center for addictive disorders. ResultsOnly higher expression of negative alcohol-related expectations (std. beta=0.192, P=0.023), higher emotional impulse intensity (std. beta=0.229, P=0.021) and higher expression of positive emotional expressiveness (std. beta=0.021, P=0.020) as well as gender (std. beta=0.180, P=0.049), education (std. beta=–0.137, P=0.038) and alcohol dependency treatment conditions (members of support group after rehabilitation program) (std. beta=0.288, P=0.001; std. beta=0.608, P=0.001) were significant factors for predicting the different level of alcohol-dependent patients motivation to refuse alcohol consumption. ConclusionsNegative alcohol-related expectations, emotional impulse intensity and positive emotional expressiveness were significant even though quite weak triggers for alcohol-dependent patients’ different level of motivation to refuse alcohol consumption. An assumption could be made that by changing these triggers it is possible to change addictive behavior.

Malignant hyperthermia: A runaway thermogenic futile cycle at the sodium channel level

Malignant Hyperthermia (“MH”)—the rapid onset of extremely high fever with muscle rigidity—is caused by a runaway heat production futile cycle mediated via the sodium channels at the myoneural receptor sites. MH is not triggered by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants; however, depolarizing muscle relaxants may trigger it [1]. Here we present a de novo hypothesis of how MH is triggered and develops. We believe that the acetylcholine receptor/sodium channels in the muscles of MH susceptible pigs initiate MH by allowing an increased flux of sodium ions when it is depolarized by acetylcholine or other depolarizing agents, such as succinylcholine and Halothane. Our theory is consistent with our observations of the effects of general anesthetics over twenty years. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing agent that is a potent MH trigger. Acetylcholine, the natural depolarizing muscle activator, may trigger MH if the susceptible patient or animal is exposed to sufficient stress, i.e., during strenuous activity, such as transport, fighting, breeding, etc. Halothane apparently destabilizes the myoneural sodium channels, which rapidly induces MH. The increased sodium channel activity releases heat with cascades that further releases of heat which results in the rapid onset of MH. MH susceptible pigs have increased action potential amplitudes at their myoneural junctions that are abnormally long in duration. This increased activity is thought to induce hypertrophy of muscle mass, increase metabolic rate, and cause other physical manifestations. When slaughtered, this increased metabolic activity causes the rapid post mortem release of heat in the muscles of MH susceptible pigs and, at the same time, the accumulation of low acidity, all of which denatures the muscle proteins to result in a pale, soft, exudative, pork meat considered to be of lesser quality for human consumption. The potency of inhalation anesthetics as a MH triggers varies widely. The inhalation anesthetic Halothane is a strong trigger of MH, causing MH within minutes of exposure. In contrast, the anesthetic Sevoflurane is a very weak trigger of MH, requiring several hours of inhalation exposure to trigger MH. Because of this, changing from Halothane to Sevoflurane as the general anesthetic of choice for surgeries in hospitals in the Greater Kansas City area during 1994 to 2006 led to an 11-fold decrease in the incidence of MH, from 1:50,000 to 1:550,000 [11]. One non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, Organon 9426 (“Rocuronium”) temporarily prevents MH in MH susceptible pigs when they are given sufficient dosages of it before being challenged with either Halothane or succinylcholine. Binding Rocuronium to the myoneural receptor sites apparently stabilizes them, thereby preventing increased sodium channel activity, and resulting MH. However, other non-depolarizing muscle relaxants do not have this protective effect— for examples Vecuronium, Arduan, and Organon 9616 do not. Uncoupling of mitochondria is not the source of accelerated heat production in MH susceptible pigs, as heart, liver, and skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from MH susceptible pigs are all competent.

I-Umlaut in Old English: A Weak Trigger Effect

This study investigates i-umlaut which occurred in the period of pre Old English (OE) in two aspects: what motivates i-umlaut in OE and how the phenomenon can be analyzed within the framework of OT. Unlike root-controlled vowel harmony, i-umlaut in OE is triggered by the suffixal i or j in the unstressed syllable whereby a stressed root vowel becomes fronted or raised. In this study, it is proposed that i-umlaut in OE is driven by the weak trigger i or j to improve its poor perception: I-umlaut improves the poor perceptibility of the weak trigger by extending its feature-either [-back] or [-low]-onto the vowel in the stressed syllable. This study provides an OT-theoretic analysis utilizing the licensing account to vowel harmony proposed by Walker (2004, 2005). The licensing constraints, IDENT-IO(F) and the locally conjoined constraints are proposed and their interaction correctly captures the pattern of i-umlaut in OE. Also, it is shown that the licensing account proposed in this paper is superior to the previous analyses as well as the nonlicensing approaches in that it can provide a perceptual motivation couched in i-umlaut in OE.

The Depoliticisation and ‘Aseanisation’ of Counter-Terrorism Policies in South-East Asia: A Weak Trigger for a Fragmented Version of Human Security

This article applies a modified version of the theoretical approach of the Copenhagen School to demonstrate that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has since 2001 reacted in a twofold way to the complex political obstacles to closer counter-terrorism co-operation: First, it has responded with securitising terrorism as a transnational crime and, second, with a depoliticisation and ‘ASEANisation’ of its counter-terrorism policies. Depoliticisation and ‘ASEANisation’, i.e. the framing of a security threat under the ASEAN Way values, are both deliberate political actions. They enable politicians to base co-operation among the ASEAN members and with outside powers on a non-political, technical basis. Contradicting an assumption of the Copenhagen School, this study argues that in South-East Asia where sovereignty and non-interference are still core principles this approach can offer better political opportunities to resolve a security threat than a ‘classic’ securitisation. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that ASEAN’s anti-terrorism policies reflect its fragmented version of human security, which is based on national and regime rather than individual security. As counter-terrorism does not enjoy political priority in the region, these policies can only be a weak trigger for the implementation of ASEAN’s notion of human security.

The Depoliticisation and ‘ASEANisation’ of Counter-Terrorism Policies in South-East Asia: A Weak Trigger for a Fragmented Version of Human Security

This article applies a modified version of the theoretical approach of the Copenhagen School to demonstrate that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has since 2001 reacted in a twofold way to the complex political obstacles to closer counter-terrorism co-operation: First, it has responded with securitising terrorism as a transnational crime and, second, with a depoliticisation and ‘ASEANisation’ of its counter-terrorism policies. Depoliticisation and ‘ASEANisation’, i.e. the framing of a security threat under the ASEAN Way values, are both deliberate political actions. They enable politicians to base co-operation among the ASEAN members and with outside powers on a non-political, technical basis. Contradicting an assumption of the Copenhagen School, this study argues that in South-East Asia where sovereignty and non-interference are still core principles this approach can offer better political opportunities to resolve a security threat than a ‘classic’ securitisation. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that ASEAN’s anti-terrorism policies reflect its fragmented version of human security, which is based on national and regime rather than individual security. As counter-terrorism does not enjoy political priority in the region, these policies can only be a weak trigger for the implementation of ASEAN’s notion of human security.

Malignant Hyperthermia during Desflurane - Succinylcholine Anesthesia for Neurosurgery: A case report

Desflurane has been known as a weak triggering anesthetic of malignant hyperthermia (MH). It may produce a delayed onset of symptoms. In addition the use of succinylcholine may aggravate occurrence of MH. The prolonged interval after exposure may occur more than 3 h after the induction of anesthesia. Although, the treatment of MH with Dantrolene is gold standard, it is not available in most countries. Because, MH has been rarely reported all over the world. So we present the first MH suspected case in our hospital.

Effects of high food-demand fish removal in groups of juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

In self-feeding conditions, a few individual sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax (L., 1758)) display strong activity in striking the food dispenser, whereas the remaining individuals of the group actuate the feeder weakly or never. Here, we investigated the effects of removal of the individuals showing dominant activity on the social and feeding behaviours in groups of juvenile sea bass. Following removal, new fish showing a dominant self-feeding activity quickly appear. They always come from the group of fish that have a low number of triggering actuations. This observation shows that it takes less time, about 5 days after the removal of dominant triggerers vs. 14 days at the beginning, for the re-establishment of the behavioural structure, suggesting the possibility of social transmission between individuals. The fish that show weak triggering activity seem to reach the high-food triggering level without obvious signs of competition. This experiment reveals the importance of the food-demand behavioural structure: the fish displaying the highest activity lead to a general food distribution and play a dominant role in feeding the entire group. Functional plasticity in this role within individuals is also demonstrated, indicating that the high-triggering function is essential for the group and not for the individual themselves.

A yEGFP‐based reporter system for high‐throughput yeast two‐hybrid assay by flow cytometry

The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay is a widely used method to study protein-protein interactions, a major objective in postgenome research. Despite the tremendous utility of the Y2H assay, several issues including accuracy, speed, automation, and cost-effectiveness limit its application in high-throughput analysis. We have created an improved Y2H assay reporter system by integrating the codon-optimized yeast enhanced green fluorescent protein (yEGFP) gene into the ADE2 locus of the AH109 yeast strain and evaluated reporter expression using the strong and weak triggers via flow cytometry. We also performed flow cytometry-based Y2H assays in liquid cultures as well as in a cDNA library screening. We have shown that yEGFP, but not EGFP, is a sensitive Y2H reporter for flow cytometric detection. We also show that this yEGFP-based Y2H could be easily adapted to high-throughput format without conventional agar plating. Moreover, our data demonstrate that this system can be used for cDNA library screening. We have developed sensitive and efficient flow cytometry-based Y2H assay system that is well suited for large-scale protein-protein interaction identification and characterization. When compared with the conventional plate and filter membrane-based nutrient and colorimetric analysis, our flow cytometric assay offers convenient, quantitative, and faster reporter analysis compatible with existing liquid handling robots.