Weak Inflection Research Articles

Within-branch heterogeneity of the light environment and leaf temperature in a Fagus crenata crown and its significance for photosynthesis calculations

On days with clear skies in late August 2002 diurnal changes in the within-branch heterogeneity of photosynthetic photon flux density at the leaf surface (PPFDs) and leaf temperature (T leaf) were measured at natural leaf orientations in the upper and lower layers of a Fagus crenata crown. The PPFDs and T leaf measurements were converted to branch photosynthesis rates (P B; μmol s−1) using a photosynthetic model proposed by Farquhar et al. (Planta 149:78–90, 1980), an empirical stomatal conductance model suggested by Leuning et al. (Plant Cell Environ 18:339–335, 1995), and the total leaf area of the branches. To evaluate the importance of the variation in PPFDs and T leaf on photosynthesis calculations, P B calculated with the observed variation in PPFDs and T leaf was compared with estimates, based on the average (variation-free) values of PPFDs and T leaf, respectively. In both the layers, daily total P B values obtained with T leaf averaging were very close to those obtained with no averaging because of the weak inflection of the net photosynthesis rate (P n) to T leaf curves in the observed T leaf ranges (24.4–36.5 and 21.9–29.1°C in the upper and lower layers, respectively) and relatively small variation in within-branch T leaf at each time of day. This finding applied across potential climate conditions on fine days in August (T leaf range of 19.4–41.5 and 16.9–34.1°C in the upper and lower layers, respectively) and when the spatial scale was increased from branch to leaf layer, which increased the maximum variation in within-branch T leaf from 7.8 to 9.5°C and 4.5 to 5.5°C in the upper and lower layers, respectively. In contrast, averaging PPFDs caused 25–50% and 41–90% overestimation of daily total P B in the upper and lower layers, respectively, due to the sharp curvature in the PPFDs response curve to P n, and relatively large variation in within-branch PPFDs. Further, it led to overestimation of midday depression of P B in the upper layer, possibly because branch structural acclimation to incident light was neglected. Our results indicate that averaged values of T leaf could be used for the estimation of carbon gain at layer scale throughout August, but spatial variations in PPFDs need to be considered in detail for reliable estimates of carbon gain.

Productivity of the Weak Verbs in Romanian

This paper analyzes the productivity of weak verbs (1st conjugation with present in - ez and 4th conjugation with present in - esc ) in Romanian. The weak model originated in two derivational patterns common to all Romance languages, that developed into inflectional mechanisms only in some of them. Among its sister languages Romanian has exploited most intensively the weak inflection. It has been maintained that Modern Romanian has a single fully productive class, namely the 1st conjugation. However, there is no analysis that clearly distinguishes the productivity of the weak vs. the strong model in the 1st conjugation and that determines the domains of competition between the 1st and the 4th conjugation, which is also productive. This paper tries to fill this lacuna by a more accurate analysis of the productivity in the Romanian verb inflection. Based on an analysis of modern and historical data, and using also data from an experiment with nonce words, the conclusion is that Modern Romanian has two fully productive classes: weak verbs of the 1st conjugation and weak verbs of the 4th conjugation. The competition between these two classes seems to be governed by diaphasic and phonological criteria.

Aufbau von markierten Pluralklassen im Deutschen — eine Herausforderung für die Markiertheitstheorie

In addition to the two regular plural markers -en and -e for strong and weak inflection (Banken, Jahr-e) with their morphonological variants -n and -0 (Ranke-n, Fahrer-0) German has employed plurals with umlaut (Wolf-e, Vater-0) and in -er (Huhn-er) since Early New High German and, more recently, plurals in -s which establish a new plural class in German (Uhus, Mullers, Hochs und Tiefs). This formation of a new plural class, however, severely contradicts the assumptions of Markedness Theory, according to which language change should lead to a decline in markedness, to a reduction of the diversity of forms, but not to the formation of an additional class. The paper will show that development and function of the umlaut plural and the -er plural can be explained as substitutions for the -e plural subjected to apocope in Early New High German and as better realizations of the naturalness principle of uniqueness, whereas the -s plural can be accounted for in terms of transparency requirements which, in some word classes, dominate all other naturalness principles including those of optimal word length and implicational paradigm structure. Since the specific word classes that form an -s plural in German share joint features, I will assume a specific 'transparency domain' for these nouns. On the one hand, the phonologically or semiotically special characteristics of these nouns motivate the emergence of a new plural class, on the other hand, they define relatively clear cut boundaries. The motivation for the different plural forms, their development and even their decline will be explained in the framework of Markedness Theory by competing naturalness principles.

The Nonmorphological Isolation of Strong and Irregular Past Participles: Also a Factor in the Formation of Weak Participles?

In German and English, one manifestation of morphological systems in transition is the change of strong and irregular participles to the weak class. Several explanations have already been proposed to account for this migration. This article is an attempt to determine the role of another factor that has yet to receive attention: the nonmorphological isolation of strong and irregular past participles as members of paradigmatic groups. This possibility will be tested by considering a large number of simplex participles which are currently either strong or irregular, or which also have weak variants. Before drawing any final conclusions from the findings, two further issues will be dealt with. The first has to do with the division of labor between the old and new participles, while the second examines the chronology of appearance of weak inflections within strong and irregular verb paradigms

Preparation and infrared spectroscopic characterization of reduced-charge montmorillonite with various Li contents

AbstractA series of reduced-charge montmorillonites (RCMs) was prepared from Li-montmorillonite from Jelšový Potok (Slovakia) by heating at various temperatures (105–210°C for 24 h. The amount of fixed Li, 0.09–0.67 per O20(OH)4, increased with increasing temperature, confirming preparation of a set of samples of variable layer charge from the same parent Li-montmorillonite by varying only the preparation temperature. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that Li was trapped in the hexagonal cavities of the tetrahedral sheet at all temperatures. Partial deprotonation of the samples, reflected in the decrease of the intensities of the OH-bending bands, was observed after treatments above 120°C. Analysis of the OH-stretching region showed Li in the previously vacant octahedra in the samples heated above 150°C. Weak inflections near 660 and 720 cm−1 confirmed development of local trioctahedral character of octahedral cations coordinated with OH groups in the sample heated at 210°C. Gradual decrease of the layer charge due to Li fixation led to a shift of the Si-O stretching band to higher frequencies and to the appearance of new, pyrophyllite-like bands at 1120 and 419 cm−1.

Fractional quantum Hall effect in very-low-density GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures.

We report an experimental study of the quantum Hall effect in very-high-quality GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As heterostructures in an extremely-low-electron-density regime. At a temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}28 mK, the fractional quantum Hall states at Landau-level filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=2/3 and 1/3 are observed at a density as low as 7.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, and the integral quantum Hall states at \ensuremath{\nu}=2 and 1 are observed at a density as low as 4.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. The possibilities of the even-denominator quantization in the lowest (\ensuremath{\nu}2) and second (24) Landau levels in the very-low-density regime have also been investigated. Near the fractional filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=1/2, 3/2, 3/4, and 5/8, we observe weak inflection points in the Hall resistivity which lie on the classical Hall line, but we do not observe an activated temperature dependence for the diagonal resistivity. The previously reported even-denominator quantization at \ensuremath{\nu}=5/2 is observed at a density as low as 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. We also report evidence for the development of new fractional quantum Hall states at \ensuremath{\nu}=8/11 and 8/13. The \ensuremath{\nu}=8/13 state belongs to a new (inner) branch of higher-order hierarchical states emanating from the \ensuremath{\nu}=2/3 parent state.

Analysis of Singular Weak Adjective Inflection in Chaucer's Works

Analysis of Singular Weak Adjective Inflection in Chaucer's Works

Oscillations of a Turbulent Flow

A turbulent boundary layer is assimilated to a laminar layer of large and variable viscosity. This viscosity represents the eddy viscosity. A stability analysis is performed for small perturbations by the use of a digital computer. It is found that a typical turbulent layer is stable, even if the eddy viscosity vanishes at the wall. However, if the mean velocity profile has a weak inflection near the outer edge, instabilities do occur. Various observations of the intermittent part of the layer suggest the existence of such inflections and lead to acceptable values of the wavelengths and phase velocities. It is also found that the laminar sublayer has a negligible effect on this type of oscillation.

Soft X-Rays from a Single Nickel Crystal

AT the suggestion of Prof. O. W. Richardson, an investigation was made on the excitation of soft X-rays from a single crystal of nickel, kindly lent by Dr. H. H. Potter, of the University of Bristol. The face chosen was the [100] face and the range of potential was from 0 to 300 volts. The experiment was conducted with an all-quartz tube similar to the one used by Richardson and Chalklin (Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 110, p. 247; 1926). Curves were drawn between the applied potential and the energy of the soft X-ray excited as measured by the usual photoelectric method. When the bombarding current was maintained at about 1.5 milliamperes, definite and strong inflections appeared at 63.8, 72.2, 106.2, and 116.0 volts. A very weak inflection was also noted at 94.4 volts. No other inflections were obtained. If, however, the thermionic current was increased to about 3 milliamperes, there appeared also, besides the four strong ones noted above, weak inflections at 129.0, 144.8, 155.9, 179.9, 186.0, and 217.7 volts (all of which appear in the results of Thomas for nickel), while the inflection at 94.4 volts became stronger.