Weak Function Research Articles

Physical function after lung transplantation for late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications (LONIPCs) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are fatal, and lung transplantation is the only curative treatment. Although lung transplantation for LONIPCs may confer good survival rates, it is unclear whether or how impaired physical functioning is restored. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the long-term course and associated changes in physical functions after lung transplantation in patients with LONIPCs after allo-HSCT. This prospective cohort study enrolled 15 patients who received lung transplantation for LONIPCs after allo-HSCT between 2012 and 2018. Dyspnea scores, performance status, physical function, and exercise tolerance were assessed before lung transplantation and up to 2 years after transplantation. Two years after lung transplantation, the dyspnea scores and performance status improved, but did not recover completely. Physical function was assessed using the knee extensor strength (KES) and 6-min walk test (6MWT); the results were poor until 3 months after transplantation but improved over 2 years. The 6MWT distance showed improvement to a nearly healthy level (562.7 m). Recovery of exercise tolerance was associated with recovery in % vital capacity (%VC; r=0.5) and KES (r=0.4) from 3 months to 2 years after lung transplantation. Furthermore, a flat thorax, which is a characteristic of patients with LONIPCs, affected the %VC at 2 years after transplantation (r=0.8). Lung transplantation for LONIPCs may restore impaired physical function. A multifaceted rehabilitation program should be considered, especially to improve muscle weakness and pulmonary function.

Horizontal producers deliverability in SAGD and solvent aided-SAGD processes: Pure and partial solvent injection

The subcool or thermodynamic trapping for solvent applications is inefficient since solvent viscosity is only a weak function of temperature. Another factor that affects the efficiency of the thermodynamic trapping is that the pure solvent injection recovery processes are operated at low pressure, which does not provide a large temperature window for operators to apply large subcools. Such challenges make the pure solvent injection recovery process a perfect case for the deployment of Flow-Control-Devices (FCDs). FCDs have shown great potential for enhancing recovery in SAGD production wells. The application of FCD in SAGD has been primarily positive, and the performance of most producers improved with FCDs. Application of FCDs is even more crucial in pure solvent injection recovery processes due to the large amount of solvent in the liquid pool and the small latent heat of solvent in comparison to water. With FCDs, the drawdown pressure is typically higher, resulting in flashing near the wellbore, and it is correlated to latent heat of the main fluid in the liquid pool.The flashing creates either steam or vapor breakthrough, reducing the relative permeability of the liquid phase. That creates a new equilibrium that stabilizes at lower rates. Such a new equilibrium analysis is conducted by forcing a new temperature gradient to the model. This, in turn, creates an environment leading to extensive solvent-breakthrough, called solvent-coning in this study. The main output of such analysis is the produced solvent gas fraction produced at the sand-face, which is an important input for FCDs analysis.

Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome with Supraclavicular Release: Long-Term Outcome without Rib Resection.

Our aim was to define clinical long-term outcome of surgery for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome without rib resection, and to find factors predicting long-term results. For the 94 patients, the main outcomes were pain, numbness, weakness, and upper-extremity function. The Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) survey, the Cervical-Brachial Symptom Questionnaire (CBSQ), and a numerical rating system served as functional outcome measures. Mean follow-up was 12.9 years. Preoperative pain diminished from 7.8 to 2.2, numbness from 7.4 to 4.0, and weakness from 7.3 to 3.8. Grip strength increased from 25.7 to 31.8 kg. QuickDASH averaged at follow-up 37.1 and CBSQ 51.5. No correlation appeared between smoking and long-term results regarding pain, numbness, weakness, or functioning. Positive TOS provocative tests or intraoperative anatomical findings like consistency of the scaleni muscles showed no correlation with outcome. 82% of female and 57% of male patients reported that aid from this surgery had been excellent or good; 69% reported that surgery helped considerably for at least a mean 9.9 years. The risk for worse self-reported long-term outcome was higher among men, but neither BMI nor age at surgery associated with self-reported outcome. Pain, numbness, and weakness significantly decreased and function improved after supraclavicular release without rib resection. We found no significant preoperative nor per-operative factors predicting long-term results.

Properties of Compact Faint Radio Sources as a Function of Angular Size from Stacking

Abstract The polarization properties of radio sources powered by an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) have attracted considerable attention because of the significance of magnetic fields in the physics of these sources, their use as probes of plasma along the line of sight, and as a possible contaminant of polarization measurements of the cosmic microwave background. For each of these applications, a better understanding of the statistics of polarization in relation to source characteristics is crucial. In this paper, we derive the median fractional polarization, Π0,med, of large samples of radio sources with 1.4 GHz flux density 6.6 < S 1.4 < 70 mJy, by stacking 1.4 GHz NVSS polarized intensity as a function of angular size derived from the FIRST survey. Five samples with deconvolved mean angular size 1.″8 to 8.″2 and two samples of symmetric double sources are analyzed. These samples represent most sources smaller than or near the median angular size of the mJy radio source population We find that the median fractional polarization Π0,med at 1.4 GHz is a strong function of source angular size ≲5″ and a weak function of angular size for larger sources up to ∼8″. We interpret our results as depolarization inside the AGN host galaxy and its circumgalactic medium. The curvature of the low-frequency radio spectrum is found to anticorrelate with Π0,med, a further sign that depolarization is related to the source.

A mussel-inspired supramolecular hydrogel with robust tissue anchor for rapid hemostasis of arterial and visceral bleedings

In recent years, the developed hemostatic technologies are still difficult to be applied to the hemostasis of massive arterial and visceral hemorrhage, owing to their weak hemostatic function, inferior wet tissue adhesion, and low mechanical properties. Herein, a mussel-inspired supramolecular interaction-cross-linked hydrogel with robust mechanical property (308.47 ± 29.20 kPa) and excellent hemostatic efficiency (96.5% ± 2.1%) was constructed as a hemostatic sealant. Typically, we combined chitosan (CS) with silk fibroin (SF) by cross-linking them through tannic acid (TA) to maintain the structural stability of the hydrogel, especially for wet tissue adhesion ability (shear adhesive strength = 29.66 ± 0.36 kPa). Compared with other materials reported previously, the obtained CS/TA/SF hydrogel yielded a lower amount of blood loss and shorter time to hemostasis in various arterial and visceral bleeding models, which could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of wound closure under wet state as well as intrinsic hemostatic activity of CS. As a superior hemostatic sealant, the unique hydrogel proposed in this work can be exploited to offer significant advantages in the acute wound and massive hemorrhage with the restrictive access of therapeutic moieties.

Early events in hepatitis B infection: the role of inoculum dose.

The relationship between the inoculum dose and the ability of the pathogen to invade the host is poorly understood. Experimental studies in non-human primates infected with different inoculum doses of hepatitis B virus have shown a non-monotonic relationship between dose magnitude and infection outcome, with high and low doses leading to 100% liver infection and intermediate doses leading to less than 0.1% liver infection, corresponding to CD4 T-cell priming. Since hepatitis B clearance is CD8 T-cell mediated, the question of whether the inoculum dose influences CD8 T-cell dynamics arises. To help answer this question, we developed a mathematical model of virus-host interaction following hepatitis B virus infection. Our model explains the experimental data well, and predicts that the inoculum dose affects both the timing of the CD8 T-cell expansion and the quality of its response, especially the non-cytotoxic function. We find that a low-dose challenge leads to slow CD8 T-cell expansion, weak non-cytotoxic functions, and virus persistence; high- and medium-dose challenges lead to fast CD8 T-cell expansion, strong cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic function, and virus clearance; while a super-low-dose challenge leads to delayed CD8 T-cell expansion, strong cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic function, and virus clearance. These results are useful for designing immune cell-based interventions.

Evaluasi Implementasi Kebijakan Transaksi Non-Tunai dalam Konteks Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah: Studi Kasus di Kota Solok-Sumatera Barat

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of non-cash transactions in regional financial management. This research method is a qualitative method with a approach multicase studies. Data collection through interviews, observation and documentation is then processed through data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Data analysis through the Government Internal Control System approach. The informants of this study consisted of regional financial managers. The results showed that the implementation of non-cash transactions was carried out in stages, there was diversity in implementation, had an impact on the efficiency of administration time, budget, accountability and transparency of cash management and decreased the number of audit findings, but the implementation of non-cash transactions had not had an impact on the recording process of financial statement transactions. accrual-based, efficient audit process time, unorganized administration of financial management accountability, weak control function of OPD Heads, lack of stakeholder commitment, financial management regulations and audits have not been updated, there are no strict sanctions for violations. The obstacles faced are incomplete banking services, making requests if the transfer is different from the bank and the length of time for handling the problem.

Strategy Motivation and Strategy Use: Role of Student Appraisals of Utility and Cost

There is substantial evidence that students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies is directly related to their motivation to achieve desired learning outcomes (designated outcome motivation: OM). Further, motivational beliefs about the strategies themselves (designated strategy motivation: SM) may also influence strategy use. In the absence of systematic analyses of SM, we examined beginning U.S. high school students’ (n = 253) appraisals of the utility and cost of using cognitive, metacognitive and resource management strategies and their reported use of those strategies in mathematics classes. Students who appraised a strategy as higher in utility reported greater frequency of use, but perceived cost was only a weak inverse function of reported use. Mixed effects modeling used to examine relations across strategies within students also verified that strategy use was positively related to its perceived utility for most students. However, relations between reported strategy use and perceived cost varied considerably: inversely related, unrelated, and for a sizable proportion of students even positively related. We discuss the necessity of developing a model of SRL that includes SM as well as OM influences on learning strategy use and learning outcomes, and the importance of within-person in addition to between-person analytic approaches to understand self-regulated learning.

Characteristics of Saline Soil in Extremely Arid Regions: A Case Study Using GF-3 and ALOS-2 Quad-Pol SAR Data in Qinghai, China

Soil salinization is a global problem, which seriously damages the ecological environment and considerably reduces agricultural productivity, especially in arid regions. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been widely used in remote sensing due to its weather and sunlight independence. Polarimetric SAR has great potential for large-scale mapping and monitoring salt-affected soils. In this study, we investigate the characteristics of saline soil in extremely arid regions using dual-band quadrature-polarimetric (quad-pol) SAR images acquired by GF-3 (C-band) and ALOS-2 (L-band). Firstly, the effectiveness of the modified dielectric mixing model and integral equation model (IEM) in describing saline soil is evaluated. Secondly, the potential relationships between polarimetric parameters and salinity are discussed in both the C- and L-band, respectively, such as co-polarization ratio, scattering entropy H, and scattering angle α. Finally, a linear regression model for monitoring salt content is established. The main contributions of this article are as follows: (1) Simulation results suggest that the radar backscattering coefficient is a weak function of salinity at low water content, but our experimental data show that soil salinity significantly contributes to the radar backscattering coefficient, which indicates the modified dielectric mixing model and IEM model is not applicable in extremely arid areas. (2) A negative correlation between the co-polarization ratio and salinity is observed, and the correlation coefficients are 0.64 (C-band) and 0.71 (L-band). Besides, scattering entropy and scattering angle exhibit a positive correlation with salinity in the C-band with correlation coefficients 0.686 and 0.669, respectively, whereas a negative correlation is found in the L-band with correlation coefficients 0.682 and 0.680, respectively. This can be attributed to the different penetration depths and sensitivity to the surface roughness of the electromagnetic waves at two frequencies. (3) A regression model for salinity estimating based on radar backscattering coefficient, co-polarization ratio, and scattering entropy is established, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.79 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.56%, allowing us to determine soil salinity from quad-pol SAR images without using backscattering models. Therefore, our results can be a reference for future soil salinity monitoring and inversion.

Determination of size and complex index of refraction of single particles with elastic light scattering.

We show that for spherical particles greater than ca. 5 µm, the differential scattering cross section is only weakly dependent on the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index (m=n+iκ) when integrated over angle ranges near 37±5∘ and 115±5∘, respectively. With this knowledge, we set up an arrangement that collects scattered light in the ranges 37±5∘, 115±5∘, and 80±5∘. The weak functionality on refractive index for the first two angle ranges simplifies the inversion of scattering to the particle properties of diameter and the real and imaginary refractive indices. Our setup also uses a diamond-shaped incident beam profile that allows us to determine when a particle went through the exact center of the beam. Application of our setup to droplets of an absorbing liquid successfully determined the diameter and complex refractive index to accuracies ranging from a few to ten percent. Comparisons to simulated data derived from the Mie equations yielded similar results.

How to quantify and avoid finite size effects in computational studies of crystal nucleation: The case of heterogeneous ice nucleation.

Computational studies of crystal nucleation can be impacted by finite size effects, primarily due to unphysical interactions between crystalline nuclei and their periodic images. It is, however, not always feasible to systematically investigate the sensitivity of nucleation kinetics and mechanism to system size due to large computational costs of nucleation studies. Here, we use jumpy forward flux sampling to accurately compute the rates of heterogeneous ice nucleation in the vicinity of square-shaped model structureless ice nucleating particles (INPs) of different sizes and identify three distinct regimes for the dependence of rate on the INP dimension, L. For small INPs, the rate is a strong function of L due to the artificial spanning of critical nuclei across the periodic boundary. Intermediate-sized INPs, however, give rise to the emergence of non-spanning "proximal" nuclei that are close enough to their periodic images to fully structure the intermediary liquid. While such proximity can facilitate nucleation, its effect is offset by the higher density of the intermediary liquid, leading to artificially small nucleation rates overall. The critical nuclei formed at large INPs are neither spanning nor proximal. Yet, the rate is a weak function of L, with its logarithm scaling linearly with 1/L. The key heuristic emerging from these observations is that finite size effects will be minimal if critical nuclei are neither spanning nor proximal and if the intermediary liquid has a region that is structurally indistinguishable from the supercooled liquid under the same conditions.

New topologies from obtained operators via weak semi-local function and some comparisons

In this paper, the local function, the weak semi-local function and the local closure function are compared with each other according to the inclusion relation. We define a new operator by using the weak semi-local function and investigate its properties. Thanks to this operator, we obtain two new topologies which are finer than some previously defined topologies.

Robust strong duality for nonconvex optimization problem under data uncertainty in constraint

<abstract><p>This paper deals with the robust strong duality for nonconvex optimization problem with the data uncertainty in constraint. A new weak conjugate function which is abstract convex, is introduced and three kinds of robust dual problems are constructed to the primal optimization problem by employing this weak conjugate function: the robust augmented Lagrange dual, the robust weak Fenchel dual and the robust weak Fenchel-Lagrange dual problem. Characterizations of inequality (1.1) according to robust abstract perturbation weak conjugate duality are established by using the abstract convexity. The results are used to obtain robust strong duality between noncovex uncertain optimization problem and its robust dual problems mentioned above, the optimality conditions for this noncovex uncertain optimization problem are also investigated.</p></abstract>

Bifurcation phenomena in a single-species reaction-diffusion model with spatiotemporal delay

In this paper we investigate bifurcation phenomena in a single-species reaction-diffusion model with spatiotemporal delay under the conditions of the weak and strong kernel functions. We have found that when the weak kernel function is introduced there is Hopf bifurcation but no Turing bifurcation and wave bifurcation to occur, but when the strong kernel function is introduced there exist Hopf bifurcation and wave bifurcation but no Turing bifurcation to occur. Especially, taking the inverse of the average time delay as a bifurcation parameter, we investigate influences of the time delay on the formation of spatiotemporal patterns through the numerical method. Some spatiotemporal patterns induced by Hopf bifurcation and wave bifurcation are respectively shown to illustrate the mechanism of the complexity of spatiotemporal dynamics.

CMAP Scan Examination of the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle After Spinal Cord Injury.

The study assessed motor unit loss in muscles paralyzed by spinal cord injury (SCI) using a novel compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scan examination. The CMAP scan of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle was applied in tetraplegia (n = 13) and neurologically intact (n=13) subjects. MScanFit was used for estimating motor unit numbers in each subject. The D50 value of the CMAP scan was also calculated. We observed a significant decrease in both CMAP amplitude and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in paralyzed FDI muscles, as compared with neurologically intact muscles. Across all subjects, the CMAP (negative peak) amplitude was 8.01 ± 3.97 mV for the paralyzed muscles and 16.75 ± 3.55 mV for the neurologically intact muscles (p < 0.001). The CMAP scan resulted in a MUNE of 59 ± 37 for the paralyzed muscles, much lower than 108 ± 21 for the neurologically intact muscles (p < 0.001). No significant difference in D50 was observed between the two groups (p= 0.2). For the SCI subjects, there was no significant correlation between MUNE and CMAP amplitude, or any of the clinical assessments including pinch force, grip force, the Graded Redefined Assessment of Strength, Sensibility and Prehension (GRASSP) score, and SCI duration (p > 0.05). The findings provide an evidence of motor unit loss in the FDI muscles of individuals with tetraplegia, which may contribute to weakness and other hand function deterioration. The CMAP scan offers several practical benefits compared with the traditional MUNE techniques because it is noninvasive, automated and can be performed within several minutes.

Transition in Smoking Stages and Its Relationship with Family Psychological Function and Perceived Social Support in Adolescents of Tabriz, Iran.

Background:There is limited information on the relationship between family psychological functions and perceived social support with progress in cigarette smoking stages in adolescents. This study was aimed to determine the relationship between family psychological function and perceived social support through a transition in different stages of cigarette smoking in adolescents of Tabriz, Iran.Methods:In this study, 4,216 students (14–19 years old) from high schools were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Initially, we used valid and reliable questionnaires for demographic characteristics, risk factors, Iranian family psychological function, and perceived social support. The smoking status questionnaire was administered twice, with an interval of 6 months. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:Overall, 3,968 students with the mean (standard deviation) age of 15.96 (0.75) years completed the questionnaire in the first phase of the study. The results showed that lower levels of family psychosocial function (P < 0.001) and perceived social support (P < 0.001) in the univariate state were significantly associated with progress in cigarette smoking stages. By controlling the potential confounding factors, the weak and moderate family psychological function compared to the strong function increased the chance of progress in the cigarette smoking stages by almost 11 and 4 times, respectively (P < 0.001). The low and moderate level of perceived social support compared to the high level increased the chance of progress in cigarette smoking stages by almost 7 and 2 times, respectively (P < 0.001).Conclusions:It is suggested to perform an organized, precise, and operational planning for strengthening the family psychological functions and providing an appropriate social support condition among adolescents to prevent the tendency toward cigarette smoking and its more advanced phases.

The Circadian Clock Gene, Bmal1, Regulates Intestinal Stem Cell Signaling and Represses Tumor Initiation

Background & AimsCircadian rhythms are daily physiological oscillations driven by the circadian clock: a 24-hour transcriptional timekeeper that regulates hormones, inflammation, and metabolism. Circadian rhythms are known to be important for health, but whether their loss contributes to colorectal cancer is not known. We tested the nonredundant clock gene Bmal1 in intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis, using the Apcmin model of colorectal cancer.MethodsBmal1 mutant, epithelium-conditional Bmal1 mutant, and photoperiod (day/night cycle) disrupted mice bearing the Apcmin allele were assessed for tumorigenesis. Tumors and normal nontransformed tissue were characterized. Intestinal organoids were assessed for circadian transcription rhythms by RNA sequencing, and in vivo and organoid assays were used to test Bmal1-dependent proliferation and self-renewal.ResultsLoss of Bmal1 or circadian photoperiod increases tumor initiation. In the intestinal epithelium the clock regulates transcripts involved in regeneration and intestinal stem cell signaling. Tumors have no self-autonomous clock function and only weak clock function in vivo. Apcmin clock-disrupted tumors show high Yes-associated protein 1 (Hippo signaling) activity but show low Wnt (Wingless and Int-1) activity. Intestinal organoid assays show that loss of Bmal1 increases self-renewal in a Yes-associated protein 1–dependent manner.ConclusionsBmal1 regulates intestinal stem cell pathways, including Hippo signaling, and the loss of circadian rhythms potentiates tumor initiation. Transcript profiling: GEO accession number: GSE157357.

南水北调中线工程途经区生态服务价值的时空变化

南水北调中线工程是我国迄今为止最重要的跨流域调水工程，为沿线二十四个大中城市提供了紧缺的生产和生活用水。但是，迄今为止人们对调水影响下南水北调中线工程途径区生态服务价值的动态变化过程所知甚少，阻碍了人们对该工程生态效益的科学评估与沿线土地资源的合理利用。南水北调中线工程建成前后的生态服务价值变化研究有助于沿线土地的合理规划和科学利用。为此，首先基于改进的当量因子法分析了2000、2005、2010、2015、2018年研究区生态服务的静态价值时空变化，然后利用优先指数重构了研究区生态服务的动态价值并探讨了其时空演变的特征。结果表明：① 2000—2018年，研究区生态服务的总价值先减后增，2018年达到峰值。研究区生态服务价值的增长在一定程度上归因于南水北调中线工程的影响。② 研究区水文调节功能价值占总价值的比例最高，约占30%，养分循环功能的价值占比最低，约为1%；各年份林地、草地、耕地和水体均为研究区生态服务总价值的主要构成部分。③ 2000—2018年，研究区生态服务价值空间分布存在明显差异，自西部向东部递减，调水后北京市和天津市的高值区增加。④ 研究区生态服务的动态总价值（1.38×10¹²元）只有静态总价值（2.58×10¹²元）的一半，主要是由于动态与静态生态服务的价值系数差别较大。因此，应重视土地利用类型变化和薄弱生态服务功能对生态服务总价值的影响，优化土地利用结构，对南水北调中线工程沿线周边开展针对性保护，以稳步提升整个区域生态服务的总价值。;The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRSNWDP) is the most important inter-basin water diversion project in China so far, and provides the scarce production and domestic water for 24 large and medium-sized cities along the route. However, the dynamic change process of the ecosystem service value of the project was studied so inadequate that hindered the scientific evaluation of the project ecological benefits and the rational use of land resources. The study on changes in the value of ecological services before and after the completion of the MRSNWDP is helpful to the rational planning and scientific use of land along the route. This paper analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of the static value of ecological services of the project in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018 based on the improved equivalent factor method, and then reconstructed the dynamic value of its ecological services with the priority index, and discussed its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics. The results showed that:① from 2000 to 2018, the total value of ecological services in the study area first decreased and then increased, and reaching its peak in 2018. The increase in the value of ecological services in the study area can be attributed to the impact of the MRSNWDP to a certain extent. ② The value of the hydrological regulation function was the highest, accounting for 30% of the total value, and that of the nutrient cycle function was the lowest, accounting for only 1%. The forest land, grassland, cultivated land and water body were the main components of the total value of ecological services in the study area in each year. ③ The spatial distribution of ecological service values in the study area was significantly different from 2000 to 2018, which decreased from the west to the east. The high-value areas in Beijing and Tianjin increased after water diversion. ④ The total dynamic value of ecological services in the study area was 1.38×10¹² Yuan, which was lower than the static total value of 2.58×10¹² Yuan, due to the value coefficient of dynamic and static ecological services is quite different. Therefore, we should pay attention to the impact of changes in land use types and weak ecological service functions on the total value of ecological services, optimize the structure of land use, and carry out targeted protections along the MRSNWDP to steadily improve the total value of ecological services in the entire region.

Analysis of the Public Health Functions of the Chinese Government in the Prevention and Control of COVID-19.

BackgroundThe focus of the study is to assess the defects of the public health functions of the Chinese government in the prevention and control of COVID-19 and to explore ways to improve the public health functions of the Chinese government.MethodsThis study adopted a qualitative design. A logical framework based on the theoretical underpinning of public health functions of the government in the prevention and control of a major public health crisis was constructed. We compared the public health functions of the Chinese government and the effectiveness of these functions for COVID-19.ResultsThe defects of the public health functions of the Chinese government in the prevention and control of COVID-19 include a lack of crisis prediction, initiative and timeliness in crisis early warning functions; weak crisis security functions; and a lack of functions for handling the aftermath. The Chinese government should improve its crisis early warning functions, strengthen its crisis security functions, and establish functions for handling the aftermath.ConclusionThe defects of the public health functions of the Chinese government in the prevention and control of COVID-19 can provide referential value for other countries. Especially, by continuously improving the construction of standard pandemic early warning procedures and regulations, optimizing the pandemic treatment system, and strengthening the fairness and accessibility of medical services, countries with severe pandemic situations may be able to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on public health more efficiently.

Several generalizations of Is*g -Continuous Functions in Ideal Topological Spaces

Khan and Noiri( Khan M. and Noiri T., On Is*g -continuous functions in the Ideal Topological spaces, Eur. J. Pure Appl. Math., 4(3)(2011), 237 – 243.) have initiated the notion of Is*g -continuous functions in ideal Topological spaces. In addition to this, they have also defined the strong and weak versions of Is*g -continuous functions along with their mutual relationships and studied certain properties of these functions. By considering the definition of β-open sets, the authors have proposed the generalization of Is*g -continuous functions viz. Is*g -β-continuous functions in the present paper. Moreover, the generalization of weak I-continuous functions and weakly Is*g -continuous functions have been defined in the context of β-open and regular open sets. The relationships amongst these continuities have been also established and the generalization has been justified by several illustrative examples.