Violent Ways Research Articles

Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism by Chad Bryant (review)

REVIEWS Bryant, Chad. Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, 2007. xv + 378 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Archival sources. Index. ?32.95: 42.50: $49.95. Twentieth-century Czech historiography is, like that ofmost Central and East European countries, heavily politicized. Some periods have been over studied, others have been neglected and all have been squeezed into ideologically motivated frames. In Communist historiography the Second World War generally was a crucial event: many attributed legitimacy to the Communist alternative by highlighting the fascist aberrations and discrediting Western Europe and the West. Native resistance movements were over represented. Consequendy, the ambivalences of theCzech mindset during the Second World War have escaped or have been refused attention. In recent years the histories of both the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak puppet state have been the subject of a number of excellent con tributions (most recendy Peter Demetz's Prague inDanger, New York, 2008). Berkeley based historian Chad Bryant now presents Prague inBlack that deals with the era as a clash of two contrasting national ideologies. Prague inBlack studies 'the origins, implementation, and ultimate effectsof two grandiose, violent attempts at nation-making inwestern Czechoslovakia: one begun by theNazi regime and one undertaken by Czechoslovak leaders after liberation' (p. 2), as Bryant announces in his introduction. With this startingpoint Bryant successfully underpins the relevance of his contribution among existing literature.The study of national socialist activities in theEast is commonly solely linked to grand narratives of theHolocaust and theDrang nach Osten, but in the Bohemian and Moravian protectorate everyday life in the Second World War was also a clash of two competing national ideologies. Bryant describes how the firstmonths after theMunich agreement and even after the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia was established, offered some relative freedom. The fall of France and later the arrival ofReinhardt Heydrich as Reichsprotektor were turning points. Bryant at length discusses plans and activities to 'make Czechs Germans'. Under Heydrich's rule these plans were increasingly rooted in racial convictions, though these ideas had already been developed under his predecessor von Neurath, forwhich Bryant refers to the work of Nazi social anthropologist Karl Valentin M?ller. Drawing from a number of Czech archives, Bryant provides enlightening examples of how racial and phrenological qualifications were necessary for any Czech-German marriage and how school pupils were categorized. After Heydrich's death relative peace returned to Bohemia and Moravia, at least compared to situations in Poland or further to the East. The competing national socialist and Czech national mindsets at a very early stage paved theway for a radical solution of theGerman problem after thewar. Bryant suggests that the expulsion of theGermans from Bohemia and Moravia was not solely an act of revenge, but more specifically the outcome of two peoples thinking and acting nationallyin an increasingly violent way. In consecutive chapters Bryant makes some insightfullyrelevant counter intuitive observations. There seems to have been a lack of consensus between 572 SEER, 88, 3, JULY 20IO 'Czechoslovak' Germans about themerits of the Protectorate, many felt like 'second-class Germans' (p. 49), not least because of the disadvantages that it brought them: it introduced draft,work duty and ruined parts of the economy. Conversely, some Czechs favoured the Protectorate, since it solved the problem of unemployment, and although most Czechs lost control of their businesses they continued to play leading roles. A related observation is that what was perceived as Germanification was in fact nazjfication:Bryant attempts to free the events from theProtectorate from the straitjacket ofCzech history writing that reduces all events to components of the Czech-German struggle. Bryant does not entirely succeed in showing themutual influence between the two chaotic, violent and ad hoc attempts at nation building. The Czech inclination to obey Nazi rule remains somewhat one-dimensional. Pragmatic attitudes are correcdy presented, but the roots can arguably be found much deeper, perhaps even in nineteenth-century Czech nation-building or in the ambivalences of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Moreover, the domestic move towards rightwing positions during the so-called Second Republic and particularly the propaganda activities in the Protectorate would have provided additional insight. In this respect journalists...

A sedução libertina como arte do equívoco em Crébillon e Laclos

De entre toda a literatura que encena a libertinagem, de Ovídio aos nossos dias, Claude Crébillon e Laclos terão sido daqueles que mais argutamente trataram a questão da linguagem equívoca de Eros. No universo fechado e policiado em que circulam as suas personagens, feira de vaidades tão requintada como cruel, o duplo sentido das palavras, não detectado a tempo ou mal interpretado, pode conduzir a uma mise à mort, mesmo quando apenas moral e social, da incauta vítima. Cerimonial estratégico, a sedução é aqui uma relação dual e agonística que visa a derrota/conquista do objecto do desejo, por vezes de forma violenta, empregando o sedutor todas as armas à sua disposição. Discurso essencialmente estratégico, a sedução utiliza um código linguístico e retórico que dissimula as reais intenções do libertino sob a máscara do discurso amoroso.

Characteristics of Sexual Abuse in a Sample of Turkish Children With and Without Mental Retardation, Referred for Legal Appraisal of the Psychological Repercussions

Between having mental retardation (MR) and typically growing (TG) sexually abused children, we aimed to explore the differential features in terms of sexual abuse history and psychiatric consequences. The 7–16 year-old age and sex matched children (MR, n:20; TG, n:20) who were sexually abused between January 2005 and February 2009 were included. Mental capacity was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). A comprehensive physical examination and where indicated anal-vaginal examination were conducted by a forensic medicine specialist in all children. A child psychiatry specialist investigated the abuse history. Compared to the TG group, significantly more children in the MR group were exposed to vaginal penetration, had more positive signs during anal-vaginal examination, and more were abused by relatives. Among all children who were sexually abused, compared to the typically growing children, children with MR were abused in more violent ways and more by their relatives.

Preparing for the end

Failing to ensure correct disposal (and retention) of information assets has caused significant data leaks for numerous organisations. Increased legal and regulatory powers and attention, media interest and formal compliance regime requirements all mean that this often neglected area deserves the same consideration applied to more in-vogue aspects of security. It should be incorporated into organisational policies and processes as well as specifically considered as part of infrastructure and location projects. Destroying stuff, while occasionally satisfying in a mindlessly violent way, is an important but often neglected aspect of information security. Whether you are considering the physical destruction of defective equipment, the sanitisation of corporate data before publication or how to ensure that your suppliers do not accidentally release your sensitive data to the world and its dog, proper disposal of information assets is both critical and easy to get horribly wrong.

An Investigation of School Violence Through Turkish Children’s Drawings

This study investigates Turkish children's perception of violence in school as represented through drawings and narratives. In all, 66 students (12 to 13 years old) from the middle socioeconomic class participated. To elicit children's perception of violence, they were asked to draw a picture of a violent incident they had heard, experienced, or witnessed. Children mostly drew pictures of violent events among children (33 pictures). Also, there were pictures of violent incidents perpetrated by teachers and directors against children. It was observed that violence influenced children. Violence was mostly depicted in school gardens (38 pictures), but there were violent incidents everywhere, such as in classrooms, corridors, and school stores as well. Moreover, it was found that brute force was the most referred way of violence in the children's depictions (38 pictures). In conclusion, children clearly indicated that there was violence in schools and they were affected by it.

:Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond.Translated by SimonFranklin. (Oxford Studies in Byzantium.)

Sergey A. Ivanov's learned book presents a very peculiar kind of holy man (and a few exceptional holy women) whose lifestyle seems to invert and question social norms: the holy fool who lives in a town or city and acts in unpredictable, provocative, sometimes even violent ways in order to disguise his true character as a deeply pious and repentant sinner. The extreme humility displayed in his paradoxical behavior leaves observers in a state of uncertainty about the potential of the divine to reveal itself in this world. This type of holy man enjoyed great popularity in Orthodox Christianity, first in Byzantium and later in Russia—all the way to the present day. In a book of impressive scope and erudition, Ivanov presents detailed documentation about the tradition of holy foolery in Orthodox Christianity, an immense achievement that alone earns the book a place in every college and university library. There is even a short epilogue about similar practices in the medieval West, in Judaism, and in Islam. Ivanov has studied texts and manuscripts in Byzantine Greek, Old Church Slavonic, and Russian and traced the cult of individual holy fools through the ages. To document holy foolery at the time of its greatest popularity in seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth-century Russia, he consulted court records and the accounts of foreign travelers.

International legal treatment of war

In this paper, the author presents and analyses various attempts made by the factors in the international community to define the rules of behavior in waging war as a means of communication among states in resolving their mutual problems. Presenting first the history (several centuries long) of attempts to restrain war waging the author focuses on the endeavors of the League of Nations in the period between the two world wars as well as on the creation of regulations by the United Nations after World War II. The author points out that the United Nations has built a comprehensive system of waging war restraint that, among other things, not only prohibits aggressive war waging, but also any use of armed force or threat of use of force. Some forms of military interventions could be taken only within the UN corresponding procedure. In spite of the fact that the treatment of war is regulated by the law within UN, it is present in the contemporary world as a result of the existing political and economic relations. As the author concludes, war and force keep on being used in practice, sometimes in a very violent way. Thus, they violate the provisions of international law that regulates the rules and treatment of war in international relations. .

‘I Must Know’: Re-membering Native Women in the CAVNET_IW Community

In both United States and Canadian mainstream news, the disproportionate rate of sexual violence against Native/American Indian, Alaska Native, and First Nations women is consistently underreported. Indeed, as Amnesty International concluded in April 2007, despite centuries of brutalisation of Indigenous women, and even with the recent addition of its own one-hundred-thirteen pages of documentation of “many incidents of sexual violence against American Indian and Alaska native women[,]…the great majority of stories remain[s] untold.” At the same time, Indigenous women have been asserting their own stories around the trauma of violence in ways that work toward making whole what colonialism attempts to systematically dismember. One particularly powerful venue of re-membering the piecemeal and partial representations of violence against Native women in mainstream U.S. news is the U.S.-based internet community CAVNET_IW (Communities Against Violence Network – Indigenous Women), whose formation, intentions, and practices serve as a potent counter-narrative to the mainstream news media's consistent efforts to render Native women's stories invisible and insignificant. As a site that not only disseminates news about violence against Indigenous women but creates a forum for women to tell their own stories, CAVNET_IW has fashioned a potential safe space through which immediate and historical trauma affecting Native women paves pathways to personal healing and political change. At the same time, CAVNET_IW, a carefully monitored discussion space requiring member sign-up and message screening before posting, paradoxically works to end violence and heal trauma by necessarily circulating life stories that keep episodes of traumatic violence constantly present in the consciousness of CAVNET_IW members.

Sung Adornment: Changing Masculinities at Lake Kopiago, Papua New Guinea

In the space of 50 years, ideals of masculinity in the western end of the Southern Highlands have been radically transformed. Gone, for instance, is the bachelor cult where young boys were grown into men. Drawing upon ethnographic research undertaken over the past decade, in the Lake Kopiago sub‐district in the far north‐western corner of Southern Highlands Province, this paper seeks to document these changing masculinities and explore their portrayal by juxtaposing ‘traditional’ and contemporary growth enhancing spells and courting songs—particularly those composed and sung by men. In doing so, this paper also seeks to explore how guns, marijuana, discos and pornographic movies have come to figure centrally in contemporary notions of masculinity. It will also document how the proliferation of marijuana and small arms has transformed young men with otherwise very little standing in the community into self‐promoted leaders who have taken it upon themselves to publicly police the sexuality of women in increasingly violent ways.

" Violencia invisIvel " : as varias formas de exploracao sexual infanto - juvenil em Vitoria da Conquista

This article aims to present research results about the world of children and teenagers exploitation in the town of Vitoria da Conquista, state of Bahia. These are children and teenagers, from lower classes, that experiment in their daily lives several ways of violence, including impossibility of access to basic surviving conditions and denial of the “human condition”. This reality of exploitation and violence is understood by means of reflections of Hannah Arendt, Giorgio Agamben, Francisco de Oliveira, among others. In order to understand such a world, we have examined the log book of the Sentinel Program of the town and interviewed the childhood councilors, NGOs’ coordinators e the victims of this tragic reality

Indonesian Literature After Reformasi: The Tongues of Women

The end of the Suharto regime in May 1998 unleashed a flood of free speech in Indonesian literature and the popular press, which had long been suppressed during the “New Order” period. In literature, this new freedom was signified by the theme of “Sastra Reformasi,” a literature of “Reformation.” This writing was socially committed to changing the regime and promoting new and more democratic values. This paper discusses works by three major writers of this new era, all of them women: Helvi Tiana Rosa, Ayu Utami, and Dewi Lestari. Each of these writers deals with this period of rapid social change, and its impact on social and personal (especially sexual) morality. The paper suggests that the tongues of women are beginning to speak, with an increasing strength in various and sometimes violent ways, to the enormous changes in personal values which are continuing to take place in Indonesian society.

The coming Balkan caliphate: the threat of radical Islam to Europe and the West

The Balkans-the gateway between East and West-are also Europe's soft underbelly, a rough neighborhood where organized crime and terrorism present a constant threat. This eye-opening book details how 15 years of misguided Western interventions, political scheming, and local mafia appeasement, compounded by a massive infusion of Arab cash, fundamentalist Islamic preaching and mosque-building have allowed radical Islamic groups to fill in the cracks between internal ethnic and religious schisms and take root in key areas of the Balkans. With all eyes currently focused on the widening conflict in the Middle East and the terrorist threat coming from the region, the West is in danger of overlooking a potent new battleground in the greater war on terror-the Balkans. This historically volatile region saw some of the worst violence of the late 20th century in the Yugoslav Wars of Secession. During these conflicts, stunningly shortsighted and politically motivated policies of the United States and its allies directly allowed Islamic mujahedin and terrorist-related entities to establish a foothold in the region-just as with the progenitors of the Taliban a decade earlier in Afghanistan. Although the 9/11 attacks caused a partial reassessment of Western policy, it may already be too late for a region still largely ignored. The proliferation of foreign fundamentalist groups has had a cancerous effect on traditional Balkan Islamic communities, challenging their legitimacy in unprecedented and often violent ways. Well-funded groups like the Saudi-backed Wahabbis continue to exploit internal schisms within local communities, while the international administrations in Bosnia and Kosovo have actually strengthened the grip of local mafia groups-business partners of terrorists. Worst of all, the Western peacekeepers' chronic don't rock the boat mentality has allowed extremist groups to operate unchallenged. Nevertheless, regional demographic and cultural trends, coinciding with an increasingly hostile attitude in the larger Muslim world over Western military actions and perceived symbolic provocations, indicate that the lawless Balkans will become increasingly valuable as a strategic base for Islamic radicals over the next two decades. Utilizing the post-al-Qaeda tactics of a decentralized jihad carried out through small, independent cells (leaderless resistance) while seeking to fundamentally and violently remold Muslim societies, such Balkan-based extremists pose a unique and tangible threat to Western security.

The Displacement of Violence: Ute Diplomacy and the Making of New Mexico's Eighteenth-Century Northern Borderlands

Examining shifting diplomatic and military initiatives undertaken by bands of Ute Indians in New Mexico, this article locates forms of colonial violence at the center of the early American West. Through their adaptations to the arrival of new colonial technologies, economies, and motivations, the Ute and other Indian peoples throughout northern New Mexico responded to the arrival of Spanish colonialism in creative and often violent ways. While forms of band consolidation, equestrian adoption, and increased warfare have characterized many studies of the indigenous West, less attention has been paid to the diplomatic strategies initiated by equestrian leaders in their new worlds. Increased diplomacy and alliance formation characterize the earliest recorded Comanche and Ute histories and offer windows into how Europeans influenced indigenous geographies as well as how various Shoshonean speakers responded to such transformations.

The Eleatic Bergson

In her Thinking in Time: Introduction to Henri Bergson Suzanne Guerlac reminds her readers that the metaphysician has indeed been the subject of many hatreds, as the Berg sonist Gilles Deleuze once noted. But from this taut philosophical study one cannot easily make out any possible grounds for enmity; nor were any expressed in the special Bergson issue of Modern Literary Notes edited by Guerlac. In this short review essay I shall voice some ofthat historic criticism, especially in regard to the social and political implications of his thought. Guerlac's study may also win its own opponents for its sharp criticisms of Deleuze's interpretations of Bergson and (in her reading) comically machinic view of life [TT176-87]. This alone makes the book worth reading; it is also exhaustively researched, and I cannot remember learning as much from the footnotes of any other book. Bergson is presented here as a great metaphysician on the nature of time and space, the philosophical father of nonlinear science, and a theorist of concrete and affective in dividuality. Rejecting implicitly Leszek Kolakowski's reading of two Bergsons, Guerlac presents him as neither a cosmologist who opposes life and matter nor an existentialist who retrieves consciousness by opposing time to space. Nor does he emerge as a system atic thinker in this study. In the last chapter Guerlac offers a dizzying defense of Bergson for providing the philosophical basis for cultural studies of the qualitative irreducibility of affectual states, the metaphysics of chaos theory, the critique of artificial intelligence, and the rudiments of an aesthetic theory of digital art and virtual reality. All of this follows from the epochal significance of Bergson's metaphysical distinc tion between time and space as carefully grounded in the most advanced physics of his time. Guerlac does not discuss in any detail Bergson's vitalist critiques of Darwinian biology in Creative Evolution, the work through which the metaphysical arsonist fired the modernist imagination in diverse, contradictory, and at times violent ways.1 Nor does she explore the occult and mystical themes that run throughout Bergson's work and informed his personal and professional associations. In fact, Guerlac writes: An explicit appeal to the social values of mystical experi ence in this study [The Two Sources of Morality and Religion] appeared to vindicate those who had criticized Bergson all along for being simply a mystic. And yet the title of the work, and the basis for the notion of closed and open societies, derive from scientific, not mystical discourse. They refer us to an opposition between closed and open systems in Sadi Carnot's theories of thermodynamics [TT 9]. Yet Bergson bases the opposition

Anti-terrorist prevention of the state

The article considers the significance of the commitment of the state and its factors and forces in preventing the perpetrators of terrorism to manifest themselves in a violent way. The author takes as a starting point the fact that terrorist collectivities make great efforts to take their primary victim (state) by surprise. The response of the state should result in the efficient protection from this danger. The author considers subjective and objective limitations the anti-terrorist forces of the state are facing in the protection of the state from the terrorist surprise. This, among other things, results in porosity of the anti-terrorist prevention in some of its aspects. The volume and character of possible detrimental effects on the security of the state for the occasional porosity of the anti-terrorist prevention is treated within a separate chapter.

Schlegel y los enemigos de la ironía romántica

Schlegel's irony, which is the main author along with Solger, of irony in German romanticism, becomes a reinterpretation of the figure of the ironic Plato's Socrates . Nevertheless, his proposal of a pragmatic irony was rejected in a violent way by Hegel and Kierkegaard, that reread Socrates and his irony in a different sense of Schlegel. For these the proposal of the romantic author was a challenge to the society that would end up destroying it, but, from our perspective such semantic reading of the schlegelian irony is very weak and, rather, the proposal of the German writer can be understood like a way of a constructive critic of the political community and we can learn much of Schlegel today.

Perfil das mulheres atendidas no Programa Municipal de Atendimento à Mulher Vítima de Violência Sexual em Londrina-PR e as circunstâncias da violência sexual sofrida: período de outubro de 2001 a agosto de 2004

Sexual violence is one of the most serious ways of violence that affects women. Considered as hideous crimes, rape and violent assault are characterized by a not-allowed sexual contact. The consequences caused by these acts are: early sexual experience, physical traumas, HIV/STDs infections, unwanted pregnancies to psychic sequels that fit into post-traumatic stress disturb. The purpose of this paper is to bring up the profile of the population treated in the Program of Treatment of Women who are Victims of Sexual Violence – “Rosa Viva” – and the available information that could characterize the incidents in Londrina – PR. This was a descriptive study carried out based on data gathered from 106 records used in the treatments in the Municipal Maternity Ward from October 2001 to August 2004. The characterization points out that: 59,9% are in the age group of 10 to 19 years old; 52,8% look for the service on the first 24 hours after the aggression, when it was necessary to administer the emergency contraception in 54,7% of the women. The isolated rape happened in 50,2% of the cases and the absence of traumas predominated in 56,6%. In general, 58,5% of the aggressors were unknown, although in the age group of 10 to 14 years old, the victim would be able to identify the aggressor. Based on the deficiency of data on the analysis of the records, some important items are suggested to be included in the medical records, considering as fundamental an instrument capable of showing in detail the dimension of the violence against women.

Hard, Dry Eyes and Eyes That Weep: Vision and Ethics in Levinas and Derrida

Hard, Dry Eyes and Eyes That Weep: Vision and Ethics in Levinas and Derrida Chloé Taylor Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between vision and ethics in the writings of Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida. While it begins with an account of the dominant antiocularism of Levinas’s and Derrida’s philosophies, according to which vision subsumes the other into the same, this essay also attends to less frequent moments in their works in which vision is understood as a passive response to the other, as suffering and surprise, and expands upon this more positive view of the ethical potential of vision. In contrast to an ethics of blindness, which this paper argues is present in Derrida’s use of Levinas’s ethical phenomenology to discuss vision and the closed eye, this paper explores the capacity of the eyes not only to see but to cry, and to see through tears, in order to develop an account of a visionary ethics, an ethics of tears. In Totality and Infinity, Emmanuel Levinas opposes the Greek interest in aesthetics, luminosity, and the plastic form to the rejection of the image in Hebraic philosophy and ethics. Christianity, in making the Word flesh, repeats the Greek desire for the visible, the artistically manifested need to see God, in contradistinction to Judaism, in which God is heard rather than seen, manifesting Himself in language, both aural and written, rather than in form. Levinas thus follows the Hebraic tradition in describing the ethical relation as taking place in a face-to-face encounter with the other which is nevertheless a “manifestation of the face over and beyond form,” occurring in language rather than in sight (Totality and Infinity 61 [66]).1 Levinas explains: “Form—incessantly betraying its own manifestation, congealing into plastic form, for it is adequate to the same—alienates the exteriority of the other” (Totality and Infinity 61 [66]). To encounter the other as a face is to encounter her in her absolute alterity from myself, to be faced by her as unthematizable, escaping all my attempts to understand and thus to assimilate her. The face makes it impossible for me to reduce the other to myself, to my ideas of her, to my theories, categories, and knowledge. Since form betrays the other, for Levinas, the face of ethics is not the face whose form we take in with our eyes. On the contrary, the way we look at (and also touch2) faces is said to foreclose ethics: “The face is present in its refusal to be contained. In this sense it cannot be comprehended, that is, encompassed. It is neither seen nor touched—for in visual or tactile sensation the identity of the I envelops the alterity of the object, which becomes precisely a content” (Totality and Infinity 211 [194]). In works such as “Violence and Metaphysics” and “The Principle of Reason: The University in the Eyes of its Pupils,” Jacques Derrida, like Levinas, frequently associates vision with an imposition of sameness on the other, and thus as violent in terms of the philosophy of difference which he shares with Levinas and feminist writers such as Hélène Cixous.3 This essay argues that blindness becomes a trope for Levinasian ethicality in works by Derrida such as Memoirs of the Blind and Specters of Marx. On the one hand, therefore, this essay explores the ways in which Levinas and Derrida take up a similarly negative understanding of the relationship between visuality and ethics, giving rise to an ethics of blindness. On the other hand, it argues that vision is not entirely rejected by either philosopher, but that a recognition of other, less violent ways of seeing, and a more positive conception of the ethical potential of vision, co-exist with Levinas’s and Derrida’s more explicit critiques of vision. Finally, this essay expands upon the latter, more positive conception of vision to be found in the writings of both Levinas and Derrida, or the possibilities of a visionary ethics. The Violence of Vision The “face” of ethics, according to Levinas, occurs in discourse rather than in visual form. While seeing the other entails enveloping her into the same, language “slices...

Socio-cultural factors in decisions related to fertility in remotely located communities: The case of the Suri ethnic group

Abstract Background: Fertility decisions and factors related to fertility decisions in remotely situated communities of Ethiopia are not known. Objective: This study is aimed at describing the socio-cultural factors affecting decisions related to fertility in the Suri ethnic group. Methods: The study applied the qualitative research method. In-depth interviews and observations were used as data collection methods. Analysis was done manually in the field and using computer software. Results: The Suri have an old tradition of practicing child spacing. The reasons for child spacing are related to child welfare, maternal well-being, and the violent way of life in Suri society. Methods of child spacing practiced include the rhythm method, post-partum abstinence, and prolonged breastfeeding. Traditional sexual norms support child spacing practices in Suri community. These traditional fertility norms are likely to be eroded with changes in lifestyle. Conclusion: Trends in fertility need to be monitored regularly and appropriate measures should be taken to introduce and promote family planning and child health services to ensure a healthier life for isolated communities during their integration into the general public. [Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2004;18(3):171-174]

All about PSY DREAM. Psychiatric Drug Registration, Evaluation & All-inclusive Monitoring

In this article the author--board-member of the European Network of (ex-) Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (ENUSP)--explains, what is needed to guarantee a minimal level of involvement of users and survivors of psychiatry into issues relating to psychiatric drugs. He reflects demands of their organisations, and compares these demands with the current involvement level. Considering the concrete circumstances in psychiatry, he reflects the risks and dangers of the administered drugs--especially the widely used neuroleptics--for example enhanced breast cancer risk in women, suicidal effects, receptor changes, tardive dyskinesia and other toxic reactions. Considering the unique situation of psychiatric patients to receive treatment in general without informed consent and in a violent way or through bullying and threat, he argues for to provide their involvement in all aspects of psychiatric drug issues--especially registration and monitoring, for example by their involvement in creating and running a suicide register. And he argues for involvement in ethics committees, licensing processes and providing guidelines and decision making about effectiveness and reimbursement of costs. As first steps towards these aims he proposes independent and user-controlled research, independent and user-controlled education and independent and user-controlled information about the effects of psychiatric drugs.