Ways Of Comprehension Research Articles

The poetry of Maria Konopnicka in the context of belarusian-polish literary connections.

The purpose of the article is to study the artistic features of the lyrics of Maria Konopnicka, analyze the ideological and aesthetic foundations of her creative method and poetic style, as well as scientific understanding of the place and role of this bright representative of Polish positivism literature within the Belarusian cultural and historical paradigm. The introduction substantiates the novelty and relevance of the study of the poetic heritage of M. Konopnicka in the context of Belarusian-Polish literary ties. In the main part, on the example of individual poems, the ways of artistic comprehension by the poetess of a number of aesthetic, philosophical and socio-political ideas that are relevant both among the Polish and Belarusian creative intelligentsia are shown. This fact led to the emergence of literary followers, translators and interpreters of M. Konopnicka’s work, one of which is Yanka Kupala, the first national poet of Belarus. Also, the genuine interest of Belarusians in the Polish writer is explained by common cultural and historical values and traditions, a similar orientation towards representatives of the previous era (Adam Mitskevich, Juliush Slovatsky and some other Polish-Litvinian romantics). In summary, conclusions are formulated about the ideological and aesthetic searches of M. Konopnicka, as well as about the place of her poetry in the system of realism and the context of Belarusian-Polish literary ties.

Метафизика сердца как мировоззренческий сюжет в русской философии

The paper gives a summary of the views of various researchers on the meta­physics of the heart in Russian philosophy, and an analysis of the concept of the heart in Russian culture. The conceptual difference between the knowl­edge of heart and the knowledge of mind, included in the circle of problems of professional European philosophy only in the second half of 19th century, be­comes of essential character in the works of Russian thinkers. It allows to clear up the fundamental issue of human nature and the position of a human being in the world. Russian philosophers consider the truths of the heart as universal truths. This gives us the opportunity to bring the concept of the heart closer to worldview issues. This allows us to bring the concept of the heart closer to worldview issues, offering a new perspective on the acute dilemma of the rea­son and the heart discussed in contemporary philosophical anthropology and Christian philosophy. In addition to the classical statement of the heart as a cog­nitive alternative to reason, the worldview interpretation of the heart must also reveal the activity aspect of its nature. The peculiarity of a worldview as a cog­nitive phenomenon consists in a person’s constant openness to the Other, which results in a reconciliation of “rational” and “heart” ways of comprehension of the world. Such openness allows a person to regain their personal wholeness and bring it to cosmic completeness in the perception of the world. The cosmic nature of personality is revealed in overcoming the problem of solipsism and substantiating “conciliar consciousness” (sobornoe soznanie) as a special way of supraindividual thinking. Thus, the heart appears as the worldview center of a human being and can be the object of educational practice, hence, the world­view as a matter of the heart serves as the basis for moral guidance in life.

ИСКУССТВО КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЙ В СФЕРЕ ДУХА И СОЦИУМА

The article considers the problem of the sociocultural and spiritual role of art, which reflects the contradictions of human existence. The following tasks are set for the theoretical understanding of this topic. Firstly, it is necessary to identify the content of the concept of “harmonisation of contradictions”, here the typology of ways of artistic comprehension of contradictions is developed and the conclusion about the need for a theoretical research on the harmonising function of art is drawn. Secondly, an attempt is made to reveal the nature and character of the contradictions of being and culture. The contradictions of spiritual culture are passed through artistic consciousness as contradictions between personality and reality. Understanding at a new level the methods and mechanisms of transferring the universal spiritual values of mankind into the subjective personal world of an individual is, according to the authors, an urgent task of modern humanities and culture. Art, with its ability to universalise individual human life and individualise sociocultural values and ideals, occupies a special place in this process. The opposites of universalisation and individualisation as ways of resolving the contradictions between the inner spiritual life of man and sociocultural reality converge in art, when the subject (artist and recipient) lives the life of the phenomenon as his own and thereby rises to universal existence.

Meteorological metaphors of “atmospheric electrical and sound phenomena” in the English and Kazakh languages

Relevance of research stems from the lack of knowledge of pecularities of the meteorological metaphor in the English and Kazakh languages as well as from the present-day trends of the linguistics development on the basis of the modern achievements of philological science and philological research approaches, general tendency of the modern scientific paradigm and its interest in language issues, culture and cognition. It’s common knowledge that metaphorization is one of the essential ways of understanding, comprehension and categorization of reality and its further representation in the language and in the minds of native speakers of a particular language. In the context of globalization striving to standardize and make cultures vanish, this objective solves an issue of preserving the national identity that is in full embodied in linguistic metaphors, metaphoricity of language – “historical memory, spirit of the nation”. In the research work we classify various metaphoric images being part of terms, figurative meanings, idioms, the so-called meteo-phraseological units or lexico-phraseological metaphoric units relating to the meteorological thematic group of words as a meteorological metaphor in a very broad sense. The following methods of research were used with a view to accomplishing the thesis objectives: structuralsemantic analysis, continuous sampling method, word definitions analysis method with the use of the component analysis elements, descriptive method and interpretation method, comparative method. Meteorological metaphor in two languages has phraseo-forming characteristics: meteorological metaphors in the form of prepositional structures prevail in the English corpora while meteorological metaphors in the Kazakh language have a word-forming nature. Verbal, substantival and adjectival metaphorical structures in the English and Kazakh languages showed both similar and different metaphorical values, which confirms the universal nature of perception of the meteorological phenomena having no equivalents or insufficiently meeting the English language requirements. Such meteorological phenomena have specific metaphorical values unified with positive, negative and neutral connotative contents. Key words: metaphor, meteorology, national identity, structure, semantics

Current Issues of Musical Textology

The article is devoted to consideration and characteristics of the ways of formation and development of the theoretical base of musical textology. The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize leading approaches to key concepts in the analytical apparatus of musical textology. The article uses a set of musicological approaches, among which the system-interpretive and comparative ones have a leading role. It is established that the problems of a text and text creation in music are becoming central in an increasing number of works representing original musicological and cultural concepts, and also often become the focus of various discussions. It is emphasized that the concept of the musical text as central receives different interpretations. Each of the researchers, who focuses attention in their works on the text as an object of study, understands this phenomenon differently, highlighting these or those its content and structural features. Emphasizing the views that are represented in the works of Levon Hakobyan, Mark Aranovskij, Alexandra Samojlenko, Andrew Denisov, allows us to study the musical text as a complex, multi-level, systemic phenomenon that has its own semantic structures, an autonomous logic of development, unique properties. Among the latter, musicologists single out fixation, organization, meaning productivity, duality, transitivity, equivalence, linearity of unfolding in time, the possibility of multidimensional organization of sound texture, variability depending on interpretation, etc. It is their understanding that determines the ways of comprehension of the musical text. There are revealed the mechanisms of the generation of the musical text, both external and internal, which allow it to acquire the status of a significant, possibly real space. At the same time, the musical text appears as a combination of the «expressed» (semiotic structure expressed in signs) and what is meant (meaning), caused by the realization of the function of musical- sign and sound subject-creative activity. The special attention in the article is paid to the definition of levels of the musical text, which are important for understanding its structural organization. It is established that the relationship between the linear and vertical aspects of the text through their understanding is the main characteristic of the text as a structure.

Associative Identification of Proper Names: A Cognitive Approach

Mental lexicon is a storage which holds the data about everything we know until it is required to be used. Onyms are stored in the mental lexicon in the form of concepts as individual units of knowlegde which reflect personal experience of the human being. The goal of the research is to explore the common ways of associative comprehension of proper names in order to better understand their essence and meanings they exhibit. The view is substantiated that transition from traditional to cognitive onomastic research will help to settle disputes among onomasticians and language philosophers as to the controversial subject of semantic and referential status of proper names.
 The study is carried out on the material of the English official horse names as they are considered to be one of the proper name classes with the highest degree of arbitrariness of nomination. In this research, the author conducts a free associative experiment with 250 English native speakers. As the experimental material 5 stimuli of official hipponyms were chosen as well as the results of a free associative experiment of total quantity of 1136 reactions. The result of the study was the conclusion that the ways of associative identification of onyms depend not only on our presuppositional knowledge, direct or indirect experience in connection to a certain proper name, but also on a set of proprial and linguistic features peculiar to each name. The specificity of each proper name in this sense will determine the main mechanism of its associative identification.

ЮРИДИЧНА ДОКТРИНА ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛО КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНОГО ПРАВА УКРАЇНИ: ЗАГАЛЬНЕ ГНОСЕОЛОГІЧНЕ (ЕПІСТЕМІОЛОГІЧНЕ) ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ (ЧАСТИНА ПЕРША)

In this scientific article the research of judicial doctrine as a source of criminal procedure law of Ukraine is carried out. This article analyzes the ideas and theories of different jurists of the past and present in the field of judicial doctrine. At the same time, in the analysis of general issues related to judicial doctrine as a source of law, scientific research is carried out on the aspect of judicial doctrine as a source of criminal procedure law of Ukraine in particular. Also, the article states the opinion that it is possible to carry out scientific research in the field of distinguishing between the judicial doctrine of criminal procedure, on the one hand, and the judicial doctrine of criminal procedure law, on the other hand; exploring the common features and distinctive features of each of the above types of judicial doctrine in criminal proceedings. In addition, the article notes the idea that knowledge of judicial doctrine of criminal procedure (in particular), which will be distinguished from judicial doctrine (in general), is a promising area of further research. The article identifies the ways of scientific and educational comprehension of judicial doctrine as a source of criminal procedure law of Ukraine. In particular, the article addresses the possibility of considering and resolving the issue of introducing the teaching of a special training course titled «Criminal Procedure Doctrine» for students (cadets) of law universities (faculties) which carry out training for judicial and law enforcement (administering) public authorities (government agencies) of Ukraine. The gnoseological feature of this part of the scientific work is that it considers and analyzes the theories (concepts) of the scientific approach to the recognition of judicial doctrine as a source of law (including criminal procedure law). Please note that this article is the first part of a more significant amount of scientific work under the above title. The work on epistemological study of the field of judicial doctrine as a source of criminal procedure law of Ukraine continues.

A LINGUOSYNERGIC VECTOR OF THE ANALYSIS OF A CONCEPT: THE DYNAMICS OF MODI

The focal topic of this paper is the discussion of a linguosynergic perspective on the analysis of a concept in modern linguistics. The study is informed by solid research in linguistic synergetics (Dombrovan, 2018), psycholinguistics (Zalevskaya, 2014), a theory of semantic constellations (Hardy, 1998), and a theory of modus models of concepts (Morozova, 2007; Nikitin, 2003). In the focus of attention are logical, identifying, and organizational modi of a concept. It is stated that activation of different modi in cognition occurs simultaneously, depends on the level of knowledge about a particular concept, ideological principles, value orientations, interests, life experience, extralinguistic factors, and is unique to each person. The process of self-organization of modi occurs due to internal factors, without external specific human influence. Will expression of an individual, together with the change of external conditions, can have only a stimulatory or inhibitory effect. As order parameters of the conceptual system leading it to the attractor (internal tendency to a relatively stable existence in discourse), the modi are able to cooperate or compete in the brain. If they compete, one of them prevails. In this case, the concept is quickly visualized in the cognitive system of a man and is easily differentiated in discourse. In the case of cooperation, the conceptual system uses a complex hierarchy of modi at the same time. Logical modus stimulates the emergence of irrational conceptualization – specific images, memories, fantasies, desires, patterns of mood and behavior, fragments of phrases, etc., which constitute identifying modus. At the same time, a person correlates the above-mentioned constituents of the concept with its intentional and implicational, involving organizational modus to work. Transformation of the structure at modi levels does not prevent the possibility of recognizing the concept, but rather contributes to its sustainable functioning as a systemic whole in a discursive environment. The analysis reveals that conceptual modi as system order parameters are forms of representation of different ways of comprehension and verbalization of holistic knowledge about the concept.

On the Ways of Comprehension of the Civil War in Russia: Key Problems and Historical Memory

This article describes the all-Russian scientific conference “International Intervention and Civil War in Russia and the Russian North: key problems, historical memory, and lessons of history”, held in Arkhangelsk, September 10–11, 2020. Co-organizers of the conference were the Russian Military-Historical Society and its Arkhangelsk branch, the Government of the Arkhangelsk Region, the M. V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University , and the Association of the Russian Civil War Scholars. Conference sponsors were the Russian Military- Historical Society and the Government of the Arkhangelsk Region. Established and younger scholars from 14 regions of Russia, as well as from Ukraine and Norway, took part in the conference and its proceedings. Conference participators considered the key problems of genesis, origins, and causes for the Russian Civil War, its modern conceptualization, the role of international intervention in Russia and the Russian North, results, consequences, and historical lessons of this war. Special attention was given to preparing of Volume XII (in two books), Civil War in Russia, 1917–1922, of the 20-volume academic series History of Russia and problems of historical and cultural memory of the Russian Civil War. Four sections and three roundtables considered questions of the dialectical relationship of international intervention and Civil War in Russia and the Russian North; of international, national, regional, and local dimensions of the Civil War; and of the individual at war. Conference participators pointed out the necessity of responsible, competent, and objective historical studies of the Russian Civil War, an attitude of care towards existing monuments and memorials, and strict examination and scientific expertise of new memorial projects devoted to this war.

Crystallisation of meaning as a technique for forming intercultural communicative competence within the real–virtual dichotomy

The article explores the formation of intercultural communicative competence within the framework of the “real – virtual” dichotomy. The principal instrument of formation is the meaning crystallisation technique based on the material of media discourse as well as computer and art-specific types of discourse. The discourse is viewed as a complex structural and semantic formation, an axiological system that has a definite functional perspective; it represents itself as a domain for realisation of specific values or their facets depending on the situational context, as actualisation of interaction between textual structures and extra-linguistic factors. The discourse is based on the system of concepts relevant for intercultural communication. The concept is a totality of meanings representing an axiological category that is important within the space of a particular discourse. Language is social and pragmatic in its core; therefore, the substantive and semantic aspects of linguistic units are connected with socio-cultural factors, the ways of vision and comprehension of objects. The relevance of research in this sphere is determined by: 1) the growing interest in the problems of dialogue of cultures and intercultural communication; 2) the attention of researchers to the structural and semantic organisation of discursive spheres; 3) the specificity of communication types that have a significant impact on the social worldview; 4) the importance of identification and formation of axiological benchmarks in the society; 5) the features related with extension of the virtual interaction sphere. Crystallisation is principally a process in which interpretation is used to trace the semantic content of words that, in the context of thinking or art, becomes independent of the norm fixed by dictionary definitions. The study of crystallisation processes involves the analysis of concepts in terms of dialogue of cultures. Concepts are verbalised in accordance with the nature and uniqueness of material, spiritual and social culture, in close connection with linguistic and pragmatic components. The research results can be used in courses on foreign language teaching methodology, theory and practice of intercultural communication, discourse theory, stylistics, and interpretation of texts.

Transcendentalism, Network Concepts and American Poetry

Introduction. The paper aims at describing the philosophy of transcendentalism as viewed by 19th century American philosopher Ralph Emerson, one of its founders and, above all, the direct application of this framework to the contemporary view of network concepts introduced as a state-of the art paradigm of cultural and social development, often viewed as directly applicable to the study of social processes as well as literary texts.Methodology and sources. The chosen methodology includes the structural semantic study of Emerson’s texts and the analysis of the view of contemporary philosophers of the language and literary critics on the network concept as a basis for state of the art social schemes and internet-communication principles, as well as literary texts analysis.Results and discussion. The results of the research allow to hypothesize that the philosophy of transcendentalism which attempted to give a full-fledged representation of a harmonious and dynamic cosmic principle, seeing ways of moral purification and comprehension of the super-soul has similar principles with the works by outstanding poststructuralist or postmodern philosophers (like G. Deleuze) and is directly applicable to the study of contemporary literary texts if not social processes. These concepts allow to see the development of aesthetic paradigm (a vivid example being the development of the transcendental motive in poetry). One of the possible examples could be seen in the development of poetic paradigm with а) early romantic poetry concentrating on the poet’s emotions, thus rendering the transcendental, with b) modernist writing which used language as a medium, when a poem became a means of expressing the transcendental, with c) poetry combining political views and the transcendental experience, with d) post-colonial poetry, with the transcendental being transferred from the sphere of “eternal” to the sphere of “everyday”. Conclusion. American transcendentalism allows to see common patterns of development and innovation of cultural, literary, philosophical scene, characteristic of the contemporary aesthetic paradigm.

Consolidating role of historical memory in formation the moral foundations of modern Ukrainian society

The article is devoted to the analysis of the consolidating role of historical memory in forming the moral principles of modern Ukrainian society. The significance of historical memory in the development of the collective consciousness of the Ukrainian nation, the translation of all spiritual experience - knowledge of higher moral values: goodness, truth, beauty, love for freedom and justice - to the next generations is highlighted. Man and people in general are considered as the main bearers, actors and creators of historical memory. It is analyzed that the best ethical examples are created in national history as certain ways of comprehension of national interests. They are firmly fixed in historical memory and go to the historical arena in a dialectical progression - in a new form, taking into account the modern conditions of life, new pragmatic knowledge, technologies and ideas that each new generation produces.

The Cinema in Vasyl Herasymiuk’s Poetry

In the poems of Vasyl Herasymiuk, one of the most notable creators of the “Carpathian text” in Ukrainian literature, the interaction of different arts is analyzed. In his poetry and interviews Vasyl Herasymiuk frequently mentions cinema as one of the most important ways of reality comprehension for him. The article explores the role of the cinematography in Vasyl Herasymiuk’s poetry. In particular, I trace the features of cinematic approaches appliance (especially, this article concerns the specific way in which Herasymiuk constructs the composition of the book “The Poet in the Air”). The citations of cinema classics are analyzed (in particular, “Ukrainian poetry cinema”, as well as “Auteur cinematography” of his time (Michelangelo Antonioni, Luchino Visconti, Akira Kurosawa, Federico Fellini, Ingmar Bergman). The significance of Ivan Mykolaichuk figure in the Herasymiuk’s texts is discovered (including the influence of the Mykolaichuk’s death on the basic individual concept of Herasymiuk’s work – “August in Old Style”). The influence of “Ukrainian poetic cinema”, particularly the movie “The Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors”, on the formation of poet’s “Carpathian text” is analyzed. This pattern is demonstrated on the example of the revolution in the thinking of Herasymiuk’s time, as well as on the presentation of the “Ukrainian text” through the “Carpathian text”. In addition, article examines how Herasymiuk designs the Ukrainian history of the 20th century, including the history of his family, as well as his own biography, using the cinema as the instrument of analysis. The role of Herasymiuk’s personal experience in film production is explored as well. In general, the article presents the cinematic correlation with Herasymiuk’s artistic structures.

Psychosemiotic Approach to Comprehension, or a Sense Text Model

As a sign formation, text is fundamentally heterogeneous and heterostructural. Since the times of classical rhetoric, three layers have been identified in the text: the object layer, the logical layer, and the language layer. Each had relative independence, which enabled them to be the subject of analysis in a special section of the rhetorical canon. These layers were characterized by their own descriptive logic and ways of processing the material. Sense configuration could proceed in three directions under the influence of three molecular structures of the text: language, logic, theme. Hence, the possibility of three ways of understanding: literal, conceptual and paralogical. However, writing allowed dialogue with the text (conversation with a book), i.e. interacting with it as with a subject of communication and trying to understand the sense of the text as of the one which carries the sense of its self measure. The three ways of comprehension - the three semantic systems - must be coordinated, correlated to one another in order to appear as a semantic whole - the face of the text.

Метафорические модели коррупции в русском и болгарском медиадискурсе (на материале публикаций СМИ ЗА 2008-2017 гг.)

The article reveals and systematizes ways of metaphorical comprehension of the phenomenon of corruption outside the legal discourse based on the publications of Russian and Bulgarian media in the period from 2008 to 2017. The method of comparative analysis determines the field of coincidence of metaphorical models of political interdiscourse, which demonstrate the similarity of conceptualization of political and social reality. The article defines metaphorical models that are dominant for each of the related languages. It is concluded that formulating the official definition of corruption and state anti-corruption strategy, it is necessary to rely on national features of perception of corruption as a social phenomenon.

Winckelmann e o sem fim

O texto tem por objetivo mostrar o papel decisivo de Winckelmann na história da compreensão moderna da arte. Quer por um viés estético, quer por um viés histórico, vários aspectos de recepção e de compreensão das artes parecem ter em Winckelmann um de seus patronos. Mostrando algumas operações em relação à arte que o autor de "História da arte da antiguidade" faz uso, o texto tenta explorar as possibilidades sem fim inseridas por Winckelmann em um momento seminal das disciplinas da estética, da arqueologia e da história da arte.

Evaluación de la Comprensión Lectora

El presente ensayo se centró en la revisión de la literatura sobre la importancia de las ideas básicas de la teoría cognitiva de la comprensión lectora, puesto que es tan importante leer con exactitud como aportar conocimiento para comprender. En un estudio de la OCDE, España aparecía en los últimos puestos en la comprensión del lenguaje oral y escrito, entre otras disciplinas. Situación que pone de manifiesto la importancia de conocer de qué factores personales (psicológicos) e instrucciones (pedagógicos) depende dicha comprensión. Para contribuir a dar respuesta a este problema, en este trabajo se describen e ilustran tanto las características del proceso de comprensión lectora y los factores motivacionales y cognitivos responsables de las diferencias individuales en la comprensión, como ¿qué formas de entrenar la comprensión lectora pueden contribuir a motivar a los estudiantes para leer tratando de comprender y a mejorar la comprensión lectora de textos? Un problema fundamental a la hora de evaluar la lectura es la ausencia de una definición clara y precisa del concepto de lectura. Se acepta el hecho de que es una capacidad compleja, y diferentes autores señalan que existen cinco niveles o procesos de comprensión que hay que tener en cuenta en dicha evaluación. Se describen las distintas medidas de producto que pueden utilizarse para ello y los problemas más comunes que plantean. Otro aspecto relevante en la evaluación de la comprensión es el tipo de texto, dadas las diferentes características que presentan.

Diagnosing the development of literary competence of future language and literature teachers

Informational and technological dimensions of the society demand new ways of literary phenomena comprehension as every person independently finds, masters and spreads the message in a single informational environment. Therefore, personality self-realization greatly depends on his/her abilities to recognize texts properly, evaluate them objectively and effectively use acquired knowledge, skills and experience under new circumstances. The mentioned qualities are the part of the literary competence, the problem of diagnosing of which this article is devoted to

Paradoxes of Novelty in the Renaissance Culture: the Moral and Spiritual Aspect

The article considers several aspects of spiritual formation of literature in the first stages of the Modern Age’s artistic and literary conception through the analysis of the works of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), and other Renaissance writers. The author notes the existence of a genetic relation between the religious atmosphere of that time and its fiction, defines the forms of interaction of the literature and the religion, and determines the correlation between the spiritual-religious and literary-esthetic world views. The article places special emphasis on the consideration of parallels between the building of life and artistic position of a Renaissance writer and his religious views, parameters of a literary man’s spiritual ideal, ways of comprehension of religious subjects in the artistic and literary format.

Proposition of a Supporting Method for the Generation of Ergonomic Specifications

This research proposes the initial form of a method for industrial design development process. The main goal of this method is to help industrial design student to construct product design requirements considering ergonomic information. The proposed method focused on aspects involving interaction behavior process between human and product. Aspects like body movement, contact and abilities are considered inside the method. The method aims to investigate important information of the relationships between user and product, from two ways of comprehension and analysis. The first point of view considers the user and its way he manipulates and interacts with the product. And, the other is about what the product is demanding from human capabilities and what advantages are offered to the user. The proposal applied a pilot test to improve its possibilities of use and effectiveness comprehension by the students. The methodology applied used two questionnaires. The first questionnaire researches the way the student defines his criteria to select the information to build the requirements of conceptual product. The second questionnaire applied at the end of the process evaluates the scope of the method. In the middle of both questionnaires was exposed the methodology, was observed the product development process made by students, and applied the method. Final, analyzed the results of the method, and compared the results of the questionnaires, was identified some benefits on clearance the objective of the ergonomic information, needed to define the product conceptual requirements. The method provides detailed information allowing the student to identify ergonomic aspects that weren’t considered in previous analyzes. These make corrections to the requirements of the project.