Violent Ways Research Articles

COLONIZAÇÃO DO CORPO E DESPERSONIFICAÇÃO DA MULHER NO SISTEMA OBSTÉTRICO

ABSTRACT This research aims to offer a rationale on the subjection of women to the medical-hospital authority during pregnancy and childbirth. The study analyzes the current obstetric system in Brazil from a qualitative approach, based on narratives of twenty-four women who tell stories about how they felt objectified at the time of childbirth. The analysis shows that this system has been constituted in a colonized and violent way. The relationship of these women with the obstetric system is ruled by every form of body objectification, obstetric violence, and non-attendance to the woman’s wishes as the protagonist of childbirth. Professional tutelage prevails to the detriment of the body’s knowledge, of sensitiveness, of what is natural. The alternative to excessive medical/hospital authority in the traditional process has been the search for humanized teams, dismantling the hegemonic procedure from the desire to live childbirth as an experience of protagonism.

Disrupted and Unsettled: An Introduction to Monuments, Memorials, and Italian Migrations

Disrupted and Unsettled: An Introduction to Monuments, Memorials, and Italian Migrations

After the Peace: Performing Placelessness in David Ireland’s Cyprus Avenue

This paper examines how contemporary Northern Irish playwright David Ireland’s Cyprus Avenue (2016) articulates the Northern Irish unionists’ antagonism in tandem with the displacement of Ulster in a world of changing spaces. While post-Troubles Northern Irish dramas have been easily grouped together with a shared sensibility in their attitude towards the processes of truth and reconciliation, Ireland’s drama regards the process of spatial homogenization as a crisis, a sense of placelessness, or the loss of the socio-culturally distinct Northern Irish identity. Cyprus Avenue traces the unionists’ sense of placelessness, fear, and anger for the identity dissolution, as globalization requires the psychological and emotional attachment to Northern Irish place to be erased. The play further shows the burdens of geo-ideologically liminal positioning of Ulster unionism and unionists’ psychogeography by highlighting bizarre and violent ways in which unionism is maintained and reproduced in the post-peace process Brexit era. The dramatic power of Ireland draws on the tension between the placelessness in a world of changing spaces and the quest for the assertion of the primacy of place. Ireland’s drama helps to acknowledge new predicaments and contestations of disintegrating Ulster unionism in shaping the milieu of post-peace process Northern Ireland. Rather than defining or constructing a unique identity, Cyprus Avenue allows us to examine contrasting dramatic focuses for contemporary Northern Irish geography as the play adheres to, yet challenges the Northern Irish identity problems. On a broader scope, this paper aims to demonstrate that Ireland’s drama can significantly contribute to understanding different dimensions of the Northern Irish milieu.

To beat or not to beat? On music, violence, and education

ABSTRACT In this article I venture the hypothesis that music confronts education with the possibility to think violence in ways that are both inherently educational and radically affirmative. Beginning with a reflection on a poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, which emphatically evokes the violence within the genesis of music, I then move in a different direction in the second section, which surveys how extant (music-) educational has thematized violence so far. Concluding that this thematization, notwithstanding many nuances, invariably implies a negative validation of violence, I devote the third section to a search for more affirmative concepts of educational violence. Eventually, this culminates in a return to the issue of a possibly intrinsic, positive relation between violence and music education. I first discuss this possibility more generally, connecting the discussed affirmative concepts of violence to the antipodal music-educational ideas of Plato and Nietzsche. Finally, in the last section, returning to Browning’s poem, I specify it by reclaiming the particular violence of music’s instrumental aspects for music education.

Modeling the Process of School Shooters Radicalization (Russian Case)

Research on radicalization became relevant to the study of terrorism and violent extremism just two decades ago. The accumulated empirical data on terrorism have led researchers and experts to understand that radicalization is a predictor of violent actions by terrorists, violent extremists, and lone actors. Violent incidents committed by school shooters are not terrorist crimes, but there is good reasons for inclusion as terrorist crimes since they have similar mechanisms. The article aims to create a conceptual model of school-shooter radicalization and determine the distinguishing features of the process. The paper presents a theoretical and methodological base of content analysis concepts, political models, and terrorist radicalization on the different levels of study. Based on the content analysis results, we identify the significant gaps in the research field, consider the radicalization phenomenon in detail, substantiated the qualitative aspects of the school shooters radicalization, and propose a conceptual scheme. Psychological, behavioral, cognitive aspects of the school shooters radicalization reflect a holistic picture of the relationship between the process phases and changes in the parameters of the object’s state. The aspects of radicalization and this phenomenon’s qualitative properties are interpreted as the determinants of the conceptual model. The model includes five stages, each of which is considered to be one of the components for the formation and acceptance of the idea of a violent way to solve a problem, but certainly do not act individually as the only component that leads to the actual implementation of the incident of a school shooting. An in-depth study of online social connections and warning signs, mobilization factors, behavioral trajectories, and imitation mechanisms can help scientists understand why school shooters are increasingly motivated to use violent means to achieve personal goals. We have outlined the possibilities and prospects of the model’s application and directions for future research.

Governing the inner “periphery.” Spatial security governance of the Highlands in Papua New Guinea since the colonial period

Specific regions and places are considered particular threatening and dangerous by state authorities. There, the state regularly enacts security in harsh and violent ways. In this article, I develop a pragmatic spatial framework, inspired by and combining elements from post-statist geography and Critical Security Studies, to explain patterns of spatial security governance in regions with competing local authorities and regular violence. I particularly argue for more historical analysis on the emergence and legacies of spatial security governance to understand its persistence and consequences. I illustrate the framework with an empirical investigation of the spatial security governance of the Highland regions in Papua New Guinea, and its role as a dangerous inner “periphery” for the central state since the late colonial period. The patterns of security governance in the Highlands, like the declaration of emergency zones in case of regional warfare, the use of violent punitive expeditions by mobile forces, accompanied by a securitizing discourse, have remained remarkably similar. While the post-colonial state aimed at a break with the colonial past, the spatial security governance of the Highlands has remained an important source for the legitimization of state rule and state formation. Governing the inner “periphery” is constructed as the responsibility of the state, which has been historically entangled in the “violent geographies” in the Highlands.

Террор как неотъемлемый компонент в теории и практике «Сендеро Луминосо». Факторы радикализации сендеристской идеологии

The purpose of the paper is to determine the causes and origins for the use of terrorist fighting methods in the activities of the Maoist left-wing radical organisation “Sendero Luminoso” (“The Shining Path”). In addition to elaborating upon matters and viewpoints related to the issue of the hardening of the organisation’s world outlook, the researcher reveals the significance of the intimidation tactics carried out by this left-wing radical group against state institutions and competitors within the political left. Scientific novelty lies in conducting a comprehensive analysis of studies by foreign authors interpreting the issue pertaining to the use of terrorist methods by Abimael Guzman’s organisation. As a result of the research, it has been found that the willingness to use violent ways of influencing the masses is an inherent feature of the whole Senderist philosophy, formed under the influence of external and internal conditions.

The Concept of Uchitel / Uchenik (Teacher / Pupil): Motivating Signs

The research was based on fifteen etymological and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and featured the motivating signs of the macroconcept uchitel / uchenik ( teacher / pupil ). Conceptual, descriptive, and interpretive analyses revealed 46 motivating signs, which indicates the long history of the macroconcept. The signs constituted thirteen blocks: 1. Results of cognitive activity (expertise, knowledge, skills, views, and experience). 2. The process and result of learning (teach, instruct, hold classes, inculcate, enrich, acquire, preach, train, study, memorize, learn). 3. Methods of teaching (instruction, teaching). 4. Method of memorization (repeat, get used to, get used, be adjusted to). 5. Participants of the educational process (teacher, student, lecturer, learner, mentor, educator), head of teaching, cleric, novice). 6. Mode of behavior (custom) 7. Commitment (admirer, fan, follower). 8. Violent ways of teaching (beat, punish, force). 9. Science (science, scientist, learning). 10. Educational institutions (school, college). 11. Effort (try). 12. Trust (trust). 13. Learning activity (learning, learning activity, studies, curricular, lesson, schooling, textbook). The signs grew less numerous with time: the contemporary Russian linguistic worldview contains only 41 out of the original 46.

Hidden in Plain Sight: Men’s Lived Experiences With Sexual Violence as College Students

Men’s experiences with sexual violence is an understudied topic within sociological literature. Despite the few past research endeavors that have focused on men, little is known regarding the ways that men college students grapple with their lived experiences with sexual violence. Using a sample of 29 active men college students, semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to investigate the ways in which men conceptualize their experiences with sexual violence in their own words. Results indicate that masculinity is intimately connected to sexual violence victimhood, as men can consider themselves victims, but in very distinct ways. Masculinity also acts as a sort of “buffer,” in that many men who were interviewed for this research describe their experiences with sexual violence in ways that are similar to women’s experiences, but they also express difficulty in accurately framing these experiences using linguistic framing mechanisms. Future directions for research are also explored.

SAFE FROM “HARM”: THE GOVERNANCE OF VIOLENCE BY PLATFORMS

Platforms have long been under fire for how they create and enforce policies around hate speech, harmful content, and violence. In this study, we examine how three major platforms (Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube) conceptualize and implement policies around how they moderate “harm,” “violence,” and “danger” on their platforms. Through a feminist discourse analysis of public facing policy documents from official blogs and help pages, we found that platforms are often narrowly defining harm and violence in ways that perpetuate ideological hegemony around what violence is, how it manifests, and who it affects. Through this governance, they continue to control normative notions of harm and violence, denying their culpability, and effectively manage perceptions of their actions and directing users’ understanding of what is “harmful” versus what is not. Rather than changing the mechanisms of their design that enable harm, the platforms reconfigure intentionality and causality to try to stop users from being “harmful,” which, ironically, perpetuates harm.

Violence Against Women in Afganistan: A Case of Nangarhar

This study investigates violence against women in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. It is general consideration that women are more vulnerable towards violence in patriarchal society. The fundamental aim of present study is to find out the major obstacles that women face and creating awareness about various types of violence. To analyze violence, a frame work was developed. Data was collected through interviews from 900 women from urban and rural areas of four districts of Nangarhar Province: Jalalabad, Behsood, Batikot, and Shinwari in the year 2019. Various aspects of Life were interviewed through a well-structured questionnaire, especially the demographics, ways of violence, level of violence and factors which are related to violence. This study provides concise description of the overall scenario of violence against women (VAW) in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. This study is helpful for the policy makers in a way that they understand the nature and severity of violence against women and make

Southern Journey: The Migrations of the American South, 1790-2020 by Edward L. Ayers

Reviewed by: Southern Journey: The Migrations of the American South, 1790-2020 by Edward L. Ayers Chad Berry (bio) Southern Journey: The Migrations of the American South, 1790-2020. By Edward L. Ayers. Maps by Justin Madron and Nathaniel Ayers. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2020. Pp. xii, 153. $39.95 cloth) New ways to tell a story can be revelatory. In Edward L. Ayers's Southern Journey, innovative maps are the essential story, made possible by the intersection of data, computing, and visuality to "reveal patterns that are too complex to reduce to columns and rows," he [End Page 338] writes, "too shifting and simultaneous to convey in words alone" (p. ix). Ayers and his team employ a twenty-first century overlay of hexagons across the country, echoing the eighteenth-century's Cartesian coordinate system onto the Old Northwest, allowing readers "to see complexities and continuities otherwise invisible" (p. ix). The result is fascinating, and the book's coffee-table trim size makes these maps come to life. The first part of three explains how "[m]igration created the anomalies that defined the slave South" (p. 1). And Kentucky, of course, figures prominently in this section, becoming "a frontier for slavery as well as for free people" (p. 4). In the nineteenth century, the Commonwealth would typify the "birthright of white southern men . . . having the right to move when and where" they wanted (p. 37). It would be an enduring ideology, he eloquently writes, "long after the plantations and farms had been plowed under or paved over" (p. 37). And then came war, which transformed a "unique settler-slave society . . . without a blueprint or example to follow" (p. 43). Migration was always a part of the story. New South migrations included white and Black folk moving intraregionally to towns and cities, although some African Americans left the South for northern cities, an indication of migrations to come. For white southerners, 90 percent born there resided there in 1900, but this too would change dramatically (p. 62). In the twentieth-century ebb-and-flow movements, Black, white, and Latinx would leave the South in the millions: eight, twenty-plus, and one, respectively. It would not be the largest internal migration in the U.S., but it would arguably have one of the most significant impacts. The great migration of southerners had begun, and the maps chronicle it in exquisite detail. It is indeed difficult to put the book down. For Black migrants, northern cities marked significant gains between 1910 and 1920. Ayers's maps also show how most Black migration between 1900 and 1920 was to the South's cities. White southerners, however, enjoyed the "passport of skin color" and were much less noticed than Black migrants (p. 71). [End Page 339] After 1920, massive changes shaped the South: global war, infusions of federal dollars, freedom quests, immigrants choosing to call the South home, all centered around migration in different times and places. During the Great Depression, Black rural populations in places like Kentucky declined, as the Midwest and Northeast continued to beckon. The maps representing mid-century population loss for Black and white rural southerners is striking, from Texas to South Carolina for African Americans, and in Texas, Kentucky, and Tennessee for whites. Appalachia hemorrhaged people between 1940 and 1970; eastern Kentucky would lose a third of its population. The maps Ayers's team have produced are striking and poignant, as blue shades representing growth are full of stories, of course, that changed families and communities deeply, offering new political and economic freedoms for people whose ancestors were part of the South's tri-racial beginnings. Equally so are the copper shades representing loss. After 1970, the South moved the population pendulum from loss to gain, due to a mixture of Native people, immigrants from Latin America and Asia, retirees, new professionals (white and Black), and rural folk. The South would acutely notice some of these newcomers, often in sinister and violent ways, while ignoring others. Some southern sub-regions, however, were not a part of this paradigm shift, and by 2016, the familiar places of southern poverty remained: the Delta, the Black Belt, and Appalachia. One manifestation...

Emotions in Aotearoa New Zealand: Reflexive emotionalisation in a colonised context

Reflexive emotionalisation means increased thinking about and acting on emotional experiences in response to major changes to social life, such as those accompanying colonisation. This article explains and develops this novel concept, assessing its usefulness through an exploratory assessment of reflexive emotionalisation in the formation of Aotearoa New Zealand as a colonised settler state. It is argued that as cultures met and sought to coexist, emotions were vital. Focusing on reflexive emotionalisation in Aotearoa reveals how differences in feeling rules were navigated, sometimes in violent ways, as power shifted towards the colonisers. Feelings of belonging are important in that ongoing process of reflexive emotionalisation, the elucidation of which provides a new understanding of social change and settler state formation that avoids casting colonised peoples as passive objects of ‘progress’ brought by colonisers.

Micronations: A lacuna in the law

Abstract Around 100 active micronations exist across the globe. Led by committed and eccentric individuals, these aspirant or wannabe states assert their claims to sovereignty in myriad ways. In dressing in the language of statehood, they challenge understandings of, and approaches to, international legal personality. In this article we provide the first legal survey of micronations. We develop a conceptual framework to understand what it means to be a micronation, explore their various forms, and analyze key public law issues. Our survey reveals that, although public law has not engaged with this phenomenon, states respond to the assertion of sovereignty by micronations in both benign and violent ways.

Exploring the boundaries of the parasocial contact hypothesis: an experimental analysis of the effects of the “bury your gays” media trope on homophobic and sexist attitudes

ABSTRACT Once ignored by the popular media, sexual and gender minority (SGM) characters have become increasingly visible in recent decades. According to the parasocial contact hypothesis, favorable media portrayals of minority communities can reduce prejudicial attitudes, especially among audience members who have limited real-life relationships with minorities. To explore the boundaries of this hypothesis, we designed an experimental vignette study in which we randomly exposed participants to an unfavorable portrayal of SGM characters, the Bury Your Gays (BYG) trope, which involves SGM characters (typically lesbians and bisexual women) dying in violent ways. Findings indicated that, among the women in the sample, exposure to the trope was associated with more favorable attitudes toward SGM individuals and less sexist attitudes. This effect was especially pronounced among women with SGM friends. We argue that these surprising findings have the potential to broaden the scope of the social contact hypothesis by suggesting a variety of portrayals of minority characters may produce favorable attitudes toward minority groups. Future research should seek to refine the parameters of this hypothesis by exploring effects of a range of portrayals of SGM characters on attitudes among individuals with various types of relationships with SGM individuals.

Violation of justice in American police department as reflected in the film Changeling

This undergraduate thesis describe justice theory and propaganda theory. This is aiming at analyzing violation of justice and propaganda police towards the main character and society in American. This undergraduate thesis has two main objectives to portray the violation of justice and the police propaganda in America as reflected in the Changeling film. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. There are two types of data in this study, they are primary and secondary data. The primary data is taken from the film Changeling and secondary data are taken from books, articles, journals, and data from network sources. In this research the, writer uses an interdisciplinary study. In conducting the analysis, researchers used the theory of justice and propaganda theory. To analyze this topic, the researcher uses John Rawls's theory of justice, which is actually contradict with what happens in this film. Then the researchers used propaganda theory from Jowett and O'Donnell, which the theory shows the behavior of the police against the main characters. The result of the study shows that is Los Angeles Police Department does not serve the society wisely. They use their power to be inappropriate. It acts in a violent way, and intimidates its citizens. The evil man are protected and the good is shot dead. Justice is not always run by violating people’s right. This research also finds that people who have been given a great power, they tend to abuse the power. Moreover, in human relationship, the concept of equal treatment must be applied to avoid conflicts. People who get unfair treatment tend to fight against the bad treatment. Everyone has rights to be treated equally. Upholding justice is not always done by violation their rights. This research also finds that fairly equal treatment is valuable. People should be treated equally in any condition.

Cavernous politics: Geopower, territory, and the Kurdish question in Turkey

This article expands upon recent attempts to shift focus to the material and earthly aspects of power to explore territorial politics and state power in Turkey's Kurdish-populated southeast or Turkish Kurdistan. It focuses on the limestone caves scattered along the Upper Tigris Valley as a locus of geopower, examining the sociopolitical life of limestone caves in relation to the environmental geographies of oil extraction, development, and counterinsurgency. Examining three historical segments where the limestone caves of the Upper Tigris Valley have become objects of the Turkish state's attempts to govern Kurds and territorialize Turkish Kurdistan, this paper demonstrates the shifting configurations of geopower in Turkey vis-à-vis the Kurdish Question. As geological formations fundamental to the Turkish state's attempts to exert and secure territorial power, the caves of the Upper Tigris Valley have also been central to the ways in which Kurds in Turkey have attempted to unsettle state power and territorial politics. Surveying the workings of geopower through caves in Turkish Kurdistan, the article reveals the uneven and violent ways in which geological formations are entangled with hegemonic territorial politics and counter-hegemonic politics.

Programa de intervención: juntos contra la violencia de género

This article proposes an intervention program to create consciousness among elementary school students and parents of Basic and Regular Education about gender violence to eventually identify gender’s violence ways of expression and the different aspects where these develop such as their homes, school, and society in general. Given that these attitudes tend to be blinded or normalized when a type of violence is manifested oriented by the gender. Accomplishing this, it will promote a better coexistence generating better opportunities for everyone. In addition, it will allow to strengthen the integral development of students, who not only will be able to identify these types of situations, but will also take a stand and act upon it, thus, becoming an example for their surroundings. From This educational intervention perspective, it puts educators as mobile agents to counter these sexist practices that start rooting from childhood, thus, a new generation will be  formed with directed values based on gender equality.

ПОНЯТИЕ НАСИЛЬСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ, СОВЕРШАЕМЫХ В ОТНОШЕНИИ СОТРУДНИКОВ ОРГАНОВ ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ

The parameters of victimization of employees of internal affairs bodies when various crimes are committed against them have a certain specificity, due primarily to their professional victimization. The performance of functional duties by employees of internal affairs bodies is associated with an increased responsibility of the employee for their actions, as well as an increased risk, primarily for the life and health of the employee. The study of the victimological characteristics of the personality of an employee of the internal affairs bodies — a victim of violent crimes, makes it possible to identify various objective and subjective factors associated with their professional status and official activities, which indicates the validity of separating these crimes into an independent group. The main criterion for distinguishing violent crimes committed against employees of the internal affairs bodies into a separate independent group of crimes, along with the crime victim’s belonging to a specific isolated social group — employees of the internal affairs bodies, is the violent way of committing them. The definition of the concept of violent crimes committed against employees of internal affairs bodies, carried out taking into account the specified system-forming victimological and motivational criteria, will make it possible to determine the immediate range of these crimes, respectively, the subject of preventive action.

The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company by William Dalrymple

Reviewed by: The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company by William Dalrymple Meghna Sapui (bio) The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company by William Dalrymple; p. 522. Bloomsbury, 2019. $35.43 cloth. in the infamous impeachment of Warren Hastings, the then Governor-General of Bengal, Edmund Burke's four-day long address emphasized Hastings's "geographical morality … as if when you have crossed the equatorial line all the virtues die" (qtd. in Dalrymple 310). Hastings's lengthy impeachment trial was an indictment not just of him but also of the increasingly corrupt and despotic activities of the British East India Company (EIC). William Dalrymple's book is a compulsively readable and accessible history of the rise and rise of the East India Company through its deployment of, what Burke suggestively calls, its "geographical morality." Dalrymple shows how the EIC went from a gathering of a motley crew of merchants in a rundown building in London to become "the grandest society of merchants in the Universe," with armies larger than those of almost all nation states, power that encircled the globe, and shares that were, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, a kind of global reserve currency (388). The Anarchy is also, however, a compelling critique of this rise that carries with it a warning for the contemporary state of big corporations. [End Page 159] Dalrymple's chapters chart the EIC's systematic impoverishment of both the Indian nobility and peasantry in its quest to surpass its status in India as a mere trading house to become a territorial and sovereign power. Chapter 1 introduces the less-than-humble origins of the British East India Company and its rise in India against all other trading and political outfits. It demonstrates how the various competing political interests in India—such as the Mughals and, later, other regional empires, as well as trading Companies, including those of the Portuguese, Dutch, and French—folded over time as British interests gradually unfolded across the subcontinent. Chapter 2, in Dalrymple's characteristic narrative fashion, tells the stories of Robert Clive, the first British governor of Bengal; Aliverdi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal; Siraj ud-Daula, Aliverdi's grandson; and Shah Alam, the Mughal emperor. Through these figures, Dalrymple sets up the major players involved in the final struggle between existing subcontinental authority and the newly minted foreign trading power, the British EIC. Chapter 3 describes the rivalry between Siraj ud-Daula, now the Nawab of Bengal, and Robert Clive. The eventual English victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 made the thirty-three-year-old Clive "one of the wealthiest men in Europe" (131). Dalrymple calls this "one of the largest windfalls in history" (133). More importantly, this victory permanently undermined the authority of the Nawabs, and the Company was no longer just a trading interest, "rather, it found that it had become a kingmaker and an autonomous power in its own right" (135). Chapter 4 documents the fragile nature of the relationship between the EIC and the subsequent Nawabs of Bengal. The EIC gave precedence to their commercial profitability and bulldozed any political authority that stood in the way of this, thus also acquiring substantial political power in the region. The Nawabs, on the other hand, formed alliances with the Company, recognizing in particular its superior military capabilities but, at the same time, detested its rapacious and violent ways. The Company, hitherto incomprehensive of "the different world" (139) of Indian authority, gradually came to comprehend the minute workings of a different kind of power—one based on moral authority rather than military or economic dominance. In chapter 5, Dalrymple shows how by defeating the united armies of India's Mughal rulers, "a trading corporation had become both colonial proprietor and corporate state, legally free, for the first time, to do all the things that governments do: control the law, administer justice, assess taxes, mint coins, provide protection, impose punishments, make peace and wage war" (209). The Company negotiated to win the financial rights to the entire northeast of India and benefited greatly from this. The EIC so thoroughly plundered and impoverished Bengal for profitability by exporting its...