Waves Of Immigration Research Articles

Poland and the Holocaust in the Polish-American Press, 1926–1945

Poland and the Holocaust in the Polish-American Press, 1926–1945

K. Healan Gaston. Imagining Judeo-Christian America: Religion, Secularism, and the Redefinition of Democracy.

In his famous 1630 sermon on the Arabella, John Winthrop, invoking Hebrew prophets, envisioned an Augustinian model for his New England “city” and located it squarely in the New Testament with a Pauline emphasis, “A Model of Christian Charity,” a community bound by love. While he would cooperate with some Catholics to the North for defense, his venture would remain Anglo-Protestant. Except for African slaves, the colonies, later the United States, would not be changed by any large migration for about two hundred years with the arrival of German Jews, Catholics, and Protestants and by even more Irish Catholics in the first half of the nineteenth century. The largest wave of immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries would radically reshape religious America, as would 1960s immigration law toward the turn of that century and the next. By 1945, American Catholics roughly equaled the number of mainline Protestants combined, K. Healan Gaston notes (47–48).

Cross cultural urbanism: the case of Miami

ABSTRACT The paper provides an overview of the waves of immigrants that have shaped Miami since its founding, while focusing on the decisive effect that the Cuban exile community had in transforming Miami into an emerging global city. Through detailed and illustrative case studies, the paper highlights the stories and constructed physical environments of three Cuban exile families. The chosen examples are notable for their capacity to have withstood the test of time, creating a sense of community through the adaptation and transformation of architectural spaces in support of social customs and rituals characteristic of a displaced homeland. In the end, they are emblematic of a cross-cultural urbanism that overlays Cuban social customs atop existing American urban environments to create new spaces of meaning, memory and community.

Home Planning and Gender in Mandatory Palestine

Abstract The national Jewish awakening and the rise of Zionism set off several waves of Jewish immigration into Mandatory Palestine (1921–48), making housing an urgent issue. This article focuses on housing planning, using the lens of gender to explore the transfer and development of new household ideas from Germany to Palestine and the impact of these ideas on local housing debates. By tracing this process of knowledge transfer and contextualizing the kitchen discourse in Palestine within the context of contemporary European discourse, this study deepens our understanding of the development of Israeli home planning. Drawing on the professional opinions of architect Lotte Cohn and other women who described their own experiences in the home, it explores everyday aspects of the Zionist enterprise and how these intersected with the concept of the “new woman” in the Jewish community in Palestine.

Inventing a Heartland

Inventing a Heartland Eric Arnesen (bio) Over one third of my life has been spent in the Midwest—five years of early childhood in Sioux Falls and seventeen years of my adult life in Chicago. I thought I knew the Midwest well. After all, I had considerable personal experience with the region as a resident—my father worked for the Department of Agriculture's Rural Electrification Administration, which explains how my Brooklyn-based family wound up in South Dakota, and I got my second academic job in the region's largest city—and as an occasional tourist. In my four-plus decades in the academy, I absorbed a healthy dose of the substantial historical literature on race, labor, immigration, politics, and industry in the region. Apparently, though, I don't know the Midwest, for the world that is set forth in the study by anthropologists Britt E. Halvorson and Joshua O. Reno, Imagining the Heartland: White Supremacy and the American West, is one that I hardly recognize. I suspect that that world may also come as something of a surprise to others who have lived in the Midwest or, for that matter, have only encountered it through literature, art, film, or television. But then, Halvorson and Reno are not interested in the "Actual Midwest" (155) of the past or the present. That Midwest, they note in passing, was a complex and heterogeneous region, populated by waves of new migrants and immigrants—African Americans, Germans, Scandinavians, and people of Latin American and Arab descent, among others—working in industries that are rarely depicted, we are told, in art, cinema, and journalism. A vast quantity of scholarly literature—only a miniscule sample of which informs this book—would agree that the populations inhabiting the many states that make up the Midwest were and are extremely diverse. The Midwest of [End Page 91] Imaging the Heartland is one that is embodied in myth and culture, characterized by sturdy, virtuous White farmers productively working the land. That widely held stereotype is not only marked by the erasure of peoples of color but—and this is their key point—the manufacture and deployment of Whiteness, as well. What makes their study about more than just images is the importance they place on how those images function: the region, they explain, is "less a real place or collection of places"—a contention that would probably raise the eyebrows of real human beings who live in "the Midwest"—and "more a screen onto which various conceptions … are projected," rendering it a standard that "allows for normative claims about the state of the nation and fosters projects of structural violence from white supremacy to imperialism and nativism." (2) That's a point that the authors don't allow us to forget. They argue insistently and repetitively that the Midwest has operated as a "screen or stage on which to articulate whiteness and virtue" (4), a "screen or tableau against which" people could "project, test, and reinforce tropes and values of whiteness" (12), a "productive screen and site for the ongoing, dynamic work of white supremacy" (33), a "stage or screen onto which ideas of nation and race are projected and become entwined with imperial and racial projects at a global scale" (34), and a "blank canvas onto which writers, critics, artists, and their far-reaching national audiences struggled over images of Americans and American life." (44) The region also "serves as a stage that facilitates figurations of whiteness and tales of nationhood." (93) The book's core can be reduced to the formula: "The Midwest" → "whiteness" → "White supremacy." Let's look more closely at the three terms. Why the Midwest? And does it deserve the importance Halvorson and Reno attribute to it? Every region of the country has its stories and is vital in its own way; the Midwest is no exception. But does it have a unique and particularly powerful role in reproducing White supremacy at home and abroad, as the authors maintain? Has the Midwest "swept everyone up in its narrative" and does it serve "as a standard … that allows for normative claims about the state of the nation and fosters projects of structural violence from...

The Shaping of Military Nursing in Israel: 1947–1958

Abstract: Unique realities influenced the development of the military nursing profession in Israel. While other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, established military hospitals staffed by separately trained military nurses, conditions in Israel led to the development of interlocking military and civilian healthcare sectors, as the young country responded simultaneously to healthcare needs brought on by war, ongoing attacks on civilians, and massive waves of immigrants, including European Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab countries. Relying on an analysis of documents in multiple archives, contemporaneous newspaper articles and interviews conducted with nurses who served in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1956 Sinai Campaign, this paper describes the development of the nursing profession in Israel through 1958, when military nursing was fully established as part of the civilian health sector, a reality that continues to the present.

The Shaping of Military Nursing in Israel: 1947–1958

Abstract: Unique realities influenced the development of the military nursing profession in Israel. While other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, established military hospitals staffed by separately trained military nurses, conditions in Israel led to the development of interlocking military and civilian healthcare sectors, as the young country responded simultaneously to healthcare needs brought on by war, ongoing attacks on civilians, and massive waves of immigrants, including European Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab countries. Relying on an analysis of documents in multiple archives, contemporaneous newspaper articles and interviews conducted with nurses who served in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1956 Sinai Campaign, this paper describes the development of the nursing profession in Israel through 1958, when military nursing was fully established as part of the civilian health sector, a reality that continues to the present.

THE ROLE OF THE TARGET LANGUAGE IN SOCIAL IMMERSION OF HAITIAN IMMIGRANTS IN CHILE AND EDUCATORS' BELIEFS ABOUT ITS TEACHING AND LEARNING*

Chile has received massive waves of immigration in a relatively short time, notably from Haiti. These migratory movements have highlighted the lack of preparation of Chilean public schools to incorporate young people from Haiti, or other non-Spanish-speaking students, into the educational system. The creation of public policies to address the teaching of Spanish as an additional language in school would help these adolescents achieve a higher level of academic and socio-cultural integration; however, there is resistance among teachers, administrators, and education scholars on this point. In this article, we aim to show how these resistances stem from a lack of consideration regarding what the teaching and learning of an additional language truly implies.

Relationship between social determinants of health and quality of life in low income adults with diabetes in Lebanon

ABSTRACT Background & objective Global rates of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are increasing, with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region having the second highest prevalence in the world. Populations from the MENA region, including Lebanon, are also witnessing massive waves of immigration to the western hemisphere. Limited data exist about how social determinants of health (SDOH) impact outcomes for T2DM in this population. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between SDOH and quality of life (QoL) in Lebanese adults with T2DM. Methods Adults with T2DM (n = 300) were recruited from primary healthcare centers in Lebanon. Demographic characteristics and WHO QoL domains (physical health, psychological wellbeing, social relationships, and environment) were assessed. SDOH included socioeconomic, neighborhood/built environment, and psychosocial variables. Partially and fully adjusted regression models were used to test for associations between SDOH and QoL domains. Results Mean age of the participants was 60.3 years, 48% were women, 73% were married, and 64% had less than high-school education. Results from the fully adjusted regression models showed that psychosocial (i.e. adverse childhood experiences and depression), socioeconomic (i.e. employment, income, family size, insurance, financial status, and financial independence), and neighborhood/built environment (i.e. transportation, number of rooms in the household, and certain household items) variables were independent correlates of different QoL domains. Conclusions This study shows that psychosocial, socioeconomic, and neighborhood/built environment variables are differentially associated with different QoL domains, suggesting that SDOH factors are strongly associated with quality of life in low-income adults with T2DM in Lebanon.

US Immigration from Latin America in Historical Perspective

The share of US residents who were born in Latin America and the Caribbean plateaued recently, after a half century of rapid growth. Our review of the evidence on the US immigration wave from the region suggests that it bears many similarities to the major immigration waves of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, that the demographic and economic forces behind Latin American migrant inflows appear to have weakened across most sending countries, and that a continued slowdown of immigration from Latin America post-pandemic has the potential to disrupt labor-intensive sectors in many US regional labor markets.

Basque Immigrants and Nevada's Sheep Industry: Geopolitics and the Making of an Agricultural Workforce, 1880–1954

For decades, historians of the American West have problematized Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis in myriad ways. Coalescing in a group often labeled New Western historians, these individuals found holes in Turner's interpretation of the American West as a place where hardy pioneers constructed democratic institutions, lived independently, and assimilated into one “American” community. For his part in confronting Turner's view, Iker Saitua “challenges the idea of melting-pot homogeneity in the American West by examining the Basque immigrant experience in Nevada as a complex collectivity in a complex geographical place” (13). In so doing, Saitua examines the relatively unknown story of Basque immigration to and settlement in Nevada to demonstrate that we still have much to learn about the region and those who reside in it.As a native of the Basque country and the Basque Government Postdoctoral Fellow at both the University of the Basque Country and the University of California, Riverside, Saitua is intimately familiar with this story. The author organizes the study by separating it into three distinct parts. Saitua begins by relating the first waves of Basque immigration to the United States in the late nineteenth century, transitions into how the Basque community became a fixture in Nevada before the outbreak of World War II, and closes by looking at how labor shortages compelled American recruitment of Basque workers following the war. Each part explores how they faced distinct challenges to establish themselves in the United States. Nothing proved easy, but perhaps the most daunting issue that Saitua covers is the racialization of Basque immigrants in the aftermath of World War I and following the Johnson-Reid Act of 1924 that constructed quotas for immigrants coming to the United States. As Saitua tells it, the Basque community in the West proved largely successful in finding a niche in the Nevada ranching economy as knowledgeable and dedicated sheepherders. Unfortunately, while their contribution provided opportunities to earn acceptance by and respect from their employers and others in the state, the community became susceptible to the volatile anti-immigrant fervor that erupted in the 1920s and continued into the 1930s.World War II changed that, however. The restriction on Basque immigration left the sheep industry desperate for laborers, and that desperation compelled many Nevadans to fight to reform the restrictive quota acts. Most notably, Senator Patrick McCarran lobbied hard to ease restrictions and open opportunities for Basques to immigrate and resolve labor shortages. The consummate anti-communist, McCarran even met with Spanish dictator Francisco Franco in 1949 and advised him to emphasize Spain's resistance to communism to improve relations between the two nations. His efforts paid off in the end with both the lessening of restrictions in 1951 and the normalization of relations between Spain and the United States with the 1953 Pact of Madrid, an agreement that encouraged economic ties and “indirectly facilitated the recruitment of Basque immigrant labor” that continued beyond 1953 (249).There is much to appreciate in this book. Notably, Saitua engages labor history, conservation and land use, foreign policy, and whiteness, and he clearly ties those distinct bodies of literature back to his study of Basque community. He has taken a relatively unknown group of people and presented an exemplary case study of how the trials and tribulations of a specific community of immigrants in Nevada can help us better understand the ways that monumental shifts—the development of an agricultural industry in the West, anti-immigration trends in the 1920s and 1930s, and the rise of production demands during World War II—impacted peoples in the West. In the process, he achieves his primary goal of using the Basque story to expand the historiography of the New Western History and counter Turner's dated notion of Americanization on the frontier.Two minor issues detract from the study. First, there is no conclusion. Each chapter works well on its own, but a short conclusion that included a summary of main themes as well as the author's contributions, or perhaps even a mention to how the Basque community fared after 1954, would refocus the book. Second, it is sometimes difficult to understand the impact of these shifts on the Basque community itself. It might help had the author grounded some of these developments with a better representation of community numbers, or how they were viewed beyond Nevada, or whether the community remains viable.Minor complaints such as these will do little to detract from the book's contributions. Saitua adeptly weaves together several complicated bodies of literature to shine a light on a largely unknown story of community development and adaptation in the American West.

Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation

Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation

Another model minority? Immigrant scholars from the former Soviet Union in Israeli academia

ABSTRACT Three decades have passed since the start of the largest immigration wave in Israeli history, comprised of around one million Russian-speaking Jews from the FSU. This study examines the professional and personal experiences of individuals from the “1.5 generation” – those who immigrated in childhood – now employed as senior faculty in Israeli academia. Recent studies have examined the integration of immigrants from this “1.5 generation” into Israeli society, and their sense of identity and belonging. However, no study has focused on the integration of this generation within academia. The study uses a narrative approach, emphasising participants’ stories from their own perspectives, focusing on subjective processes of integration and professional identity formation. We employ the notion of cultural, social, and resilience capitals to shed light on integration hurdles faced by immigrants – from a community largely perceived as a model minority within Israeli society – when accessing elite social spaces. Our findings highlight differences in the cultural, social, and resilience capitals required and valued in their new environment. Our participants shared how they creatively forged new forms of capitals, sometimes by assimilating completely, sometimes by rebelling and emphasising their separate identity, as well as developing super resilience capital based on international connections.

Immigration and violent crime: Evidence from the Colombia-Venezuela Border

This paper investigates the link between violent crime and immigration using data from Colombian municipalities during the recent episode of immigration from Venezuela. The key finding is that, following the closing and then re-opening of the border in 2016, which precipitated a massive immigration wave, homicides in Colombia increased in areas close to key border crossings. Using information on the nationality of the victim, we find that this increase was driven by homicides involving Venezuelan victims, who were disproportionately victimized relative to their size of the population. Thus, in contrast to xenophobic fears that migrants might victimize natives, it was migrants, rather than natives, who faced risks associated with immigration. We then investigate possible mechanisms underlying this link between immigration and violent crime.

Characterization of Danube Swabian population samples on a high-resolution genome-wide basis

BackgroundGerman-derived ethnicities are one of the largest ethnic groups in Hungary, dating back to the formation of the Kingdom of Hungary, which took place at the beginning of the 11th century. Germans arrived in Hungary in many waves. The most significant immigration wave took place following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in East-Central Europe which closed the 150 year long Ottoman occupation. To date, there are no comprehensive genome-wide studies investigating the genetic makeup of the Danube Swabians. Here we analyzed 47 Danube Swabian samples collected from elderly Swabian individuals living in the Dunaszekcső-Bár area, in Danube side villages of Southwest Hungary. These Swabians, according to self-declaration, did not admix with other ethnic groups for 3–6 succeeding generations. Using Illumina Infinium 720 K Beadchip genotype data, we applied allele frequency-based and haplotype-based genome-wide marker data analyses to investigate the ancestry and genetic composition of the collected Danube Swabian samples.ResultsHaplotype-based analyses like identity by descent segment analysis show that the investigated Danube Swabians possess significant German and other West European ancestry, but their Hungarian ancestry is also prominent. Our results suggest that their main source of ancestry can be traced back to Western Europe, presumably to the region of Germany.ConclusionThis is the first analysis of Danube Swabian population samples based on genome-wide autosomal data. Our results establish the basis for conducting further comprehensive research on Danube Swabians and on other German ethnicities of the Carpathian basin, which can help reconstruct their origin, and identify their major archaic genomic patterns.

The Use of San in the Lugano Alphabet. A Survey of Cisalpine Celtic Onomastics

The so-called “Lugano alphabet” is a northern Italian script that derives from the Etruscan alphabet. It was used to write Celtic texts belonging to the Lepontic language, uncovered in the centre of the Gallia Transpadana (Lombardy in Italy and Ticino in southern Switzerland), ranging from the 6th c. to the 1st c. BC, and a later variety called Cisalpine Gaulish, again located in the Transpadana (Lombardy and Piedmont in Italy), whose earliest texts date from the 4th c. BC, and which represents a later wave of immigrants or invaders. This dialect is distinguished from the former by a few morphological traits, like the patronymic suffix -ikno vs. Lepontic -alo-. While the Lugano script is deciphered in its entirety, some pending issues remain as to the actual use of some of its letters, its evolution and possible external influence from related alphabets. This work will address the problem of the so-called “butterfly sign,” a letter transliterated as <ś>, which shows different shapes, some of them easily confusable with <m>, and goes back to Greek san. For the “butterfly sign” a high number of synchronic values and etymological origins has been proposed. The article attempts to show that its use overlaps with that of zeta, transliterated as <z>. Both may have had a single value, and the reflected phoneme is in both cases a voiceless affricate that goes back to Indo-European /st/, /ts/ or /ds/, to epenthesis of /t/ in a sequence *-ns#, or to affrication of /d/ in coda position. The author also evaluates the possibility that the occurrence of san and tau gallicum in some contexts, specifically in codas, is due to mere phonemic reallocation not mediated by sound change.

Editorial

Dear colleagues, The year 2022 that passed was, without any doubt, the most difficult and dramatic in the history of modern Ukraine. The country underwent attacks not only on the battlefields, but also on its civilian infrastructure, water and power supplies, resulting in the loss of many lives, inflicting huge migration and immigration waves, and imposing heavy mental pressure on all of its population. Is it possible, and is it sensible to do science in such a situation? Our confident answer is ``yes'', for a couple of reasons. Firstly, scientists contribute to the all-nation defense in their unique way, by helping in solving current problems in: physics and chemistry of new materials and cleaning technologies, aerodynamics and ballistics, as well as in the various applications of the IT technology. Secondly, if there is no science and art in the future, then the question “what people are fighting for?”, attributed to W. Churchill, becomes really topical. At stake is nothing less than a survival and a future rise of the country in a form of normally functioning institution, covering all the relevant aspects and attributes: from the infrastructure and economics all the way to the highly synthetic human activities. Many would imagine that a small-scale journal like ours would not survive in the turbulent times of today. However, despite all the difficulties in financing, intermittent electricity supply, and regular air raid alarms, we, in Condensed Matter Physics journal, continued to work in 2022 and compiled four issues with the research from all over the world. This was achieved with a big help from you all, our colleagues and partners all over the world. During this year we, as never before, felt this support and are eternally grateful for that. You can strongly support our science, our journal, and those Ukrainian scientists who remain in Ukraine, by submitting your research papers to our journal in 2023. Please do so, to ensure the continuity of our scientific traditions and our precious collaboration network! Your CMP team.

THE STUDY ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF WOMEN IN THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD

At the national level, the statistical data related to the natural increase highlight the fact that Romania is in an alarming process of population decline, which will cause a decrease of up to 17.8% by the year 2050. This population decline will also manifest itself in other countries such as Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Estonia, Slovakia while in developed countries such as Austria, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Italy and the United Kingdom of Great Britain statistical data indicate a population growth based on the higher standard of living that determines an increasing number of births but also on the fact that these countries attract every year waves of young immigrants who settle down and want to start families in countries that are much more developed than the ones they come from. Thus we can affirm the fact that an objective evaluation of the entire process that is the basis of the natural increase of the population is necessary, namely the process of conception, the prepartum and postpartum period. The purpose of the research undertaken is primarily to evaluate the quality of life of women in the postpartum period, at the same time as understanding and knowing the phenomenon of practicing physical exercises aimed at improving the quality of life of young mothers, as well as determining the links between the quality of life perceived by women in the postpartum period and their desire to getting back to your pre-pregnancy physical shape and even wanting to have a second or third pregnancy.

Chinese Migration to Britain and the Impact of the Cultural identity on the British East Asian Theatr

Cultural identification has a long history that dates back to colonial times. As globalization increased the frequency of cross-national encounters during the 1950s, researchers became more concerned with the question of cultural identity. Globalization had a significant influence on third-world culture in the late 1990s, therefore most researchers paid increasing attention to the question of national culture and national identity. The topic of cultural identity first arose in Britain in the nineteenth century. As a colonist, Britain improved its native culture, while weakening its foreign culture. The emphasis on British national pride in education for all countries distinguishes between internal and exterior cultures. According to Liu (2021), the issue of accepting mainstream culture while rejecting alien culture has entered the ambit of British cultural identity inquiry due to the increase of Chinese immigration to Britain. The history of the Chinese in Britain, the waves of immigration, their identity transitions over time, and numerous related subjects, including the economic and social position of the Chinese in Britain, have affected the new Chinese identity as being exposed in the British East Asian Theatre (BEAs). The aim of this study is to link the development of the British East Asian Theatre with the impact of the changes that happened to the cultural identity of the Chinese migrants in Britain throughout history since the 1880s. The researchers conclude that the various generations of Chinese migration to Britain from the early nineteenth century to the present have gone through many cultural changes. These changes affected their Chinese identity and resulted in a cultural conflict in terms of acculturation and loss of heritage. This is what the British East Asian playwrights try to expose in their theater.

Poles in Illinois: A Brief Historical Outline

This article presents an outline history of the Polish community in Illinois from the 19th century to the present day. It describes and characterises the various waves of immigration of Poles to this state, during which the Polish community consolidated, Polish organisations were established (Polish Roman Catholic Union, Polish National Alliance, Polish Women’s Alliance) and their integration with the American society unfolded. The main physical and spiritual centres of support were the parishes. The article also presents the activity of the Polish community in Illinois in modern times, its reactions to events in Poland in the 20th century and its current perception of Polish culture.