Wavelength Of Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Electromagnetic tomographic cerebral angiography

World Health Organization stated that “Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Angiography is an important method in diagnostic of CVD. Standard-of-Care methods of angiography, such as X-Ray or CT- or MRI- angiography methods, being accurate and widely adopted in clinical practice, are bulky, expensive and energy in-efficient. X-ray and CT- angiography methods are also potentially hazardous as techniques require the use of ionizing contrast agents. Electromagnetic tomography (EMT) is an emerging medical imaging modality. EMT is applicable for safe functional imaging but suffers from a limited spatial resolution because of relatively large wavelength of electromagnetic radiation as compared to sizes of biological targets of particular interest, such as, for example blood vessels. Novel approach and method, presented in the study is capable to overcome such limitations and provide a mean for a dynamic, on-line EMT angiography. New method of EMT angiography was presented in application to cerebral angiography. Achieved imaging results clearly demonstrate applicability of the method for detecting small cerebral vessels of the diameter as small as 1.3 mm and to distinguish vessels with different dimensions. The technical challenges in the development of angiography capable EMT systems are assessed and discussed.

STUDIES ON KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF EFFECTS OF PRIMARY COLOURS ON PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS: PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN Loudetia arundinacea IN FOCUS

Light, especially green light in sunlight, is reflected alongside absorption of other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation by leaf before photosynthesis can take place, with no application of extra external energy and without pollutants. Green being one of the primary colours of white light makes the investigation of effect of irradiation of elephant grass (Loudetia arundinacea) with primary colours. Duration of irradiation with LEDs and sunlight ranged from 300s to 1800s, at 300k. Primary colours were absorbed with 0.01M KMnO4, 0.01M methyl orange 1M CuSO4 and 1M NiSO4. Total carbohydrate formed by L .arundinacea after irradiation obtained using anthrone test became a measure of photosynthesis. Rate of photosynthesis in 30 minutes in L. arundinacea decreased in the order; BLED>WLED>GLED>RLED; also, W-b>W-g>W-br>W-r; and S-b>S-br>S>S-g>S-r. While BLED with TCPR of 15.62±0.001mg/100mg, is most favorable to photosynthesis, W-b had its TCPR reduced to 8.85±0.001mg/100mg, and W-r, as well as S-r had their TCPR as 1.91±0.001 and 5.09±0.001mg/100mg respectively, being higher than pure RLED with 0.26±0.001mg/100mg. Influence of green light over red light in W-b causes higher TCPR than when red light combines with blue light in W-g. Passage of other waves of electromagnetic spectrum causes elevated TCPR for S-b, S-br and S-r compared to those for W-b, W-br and W-r.

STUDIES ON KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF EFFECTS OF PRIMARY COLOURS ON PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS: DEGRADATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN FOCUS

Green as one of the primary colours of white light in sunlight is reflected alongside absorption of other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation by leaf before photosynthesis can take place, with no application of extra external energy and without pollutants. Given that green is one of the primary colours of white light, effect of irradiating H2O2 with primary colours was investigated. [H2O2] used ranged from 0.055Mdm-3to 0.075Mdm-3, duration of irradiation with LEDs and sunlight ranged from 300s to 1800s, while temperature during irradiation ranged from 293k to 313k. Primary colours were absorbed with 0.01M KMnO4, 0.01M methyl orange 1M CuSO4 and 1M NiSO4. Titre of KMnO4 consumed by H2O2 after irradiation was a measure of [H2O2] degraded. It was observed that low [H2O2] had negative Eas, while high [H2O2] had positive Eas, for S-g. For W-r, low [H2O2] had positive Eas while high [H2O2] had negative Eas. Although negative and positive Eas for other LED and sunlight irradiations showed no trend, magnitude of Eas decreased in the order; W-g>GLED>BLED>W-r; and S-g>S. There was increase in ?G as temperature increased for both LED and sunlight irradiations.?Gs for BLED were all positive, while the rest of LED and sunlight irradiation had at most two negative ?Gs. Although irradiations from both LEDs and sunlight showed no degradation trend, the magnitude of ?Gs decreased in the order; BLED>GLED>W-g>W-r; and S-g>S. WLED>RLED>W-b>W-br induced no observable degradation of H2O2. W-g and S-g did not degrade H2O2 at 313k. S-b, S-r and S-br degraded H2O2 in at most two temperatures. W-g and S-g degraded 0.075Mdm-3 H2O2 and 0.070Mdm-3 H2O2, just like all [H2O2] under sunlight irradiation, in second order pattern, while the rest degraded H2O2 in first order pattern. W-r, that is equivalent to combining BLED and GLED in subsequent researches is most favorable to H2O2 degradation and could lead to smearing light absorption materials on surfaces of devices like solar panels.

Evaluating potential of leaf reflectance spectra to monitor plant genetic variation

Remote sensing of vegetation by spectroscopy is increasingly used to characterize trait distributions in plant communities. How leaves interact with electromagnetic radiation is determined by their structure and contents of pigments, water, and abundant dry matter constituents like lignins, phenolics, and proteins. High-resolution (“hyperspectral”) spectroscopy can characterize trait variation at finer scales, and may help to reveal underlying genetic variation—information important for assessing the potential of populations to adapt to global change. Here, we use a set of 360 inbred genotypes of the wild coyote tobacco Nicotiana attenuata: wild accessions, recombinant inbred lines (RILs), and transgenic lines (TLs) with targeted changes to gene expression, to dissect genetic versus non-genetic influences on variation in leaf spectra across three experiments. We calculated leaf reflectance from hand-held field spectroradiometer measurements covering visible to short-wave infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (400–2500 nm) using a standard radiation source and backgrounds, resulting in a small and quantifiable measurement uncertainty. Plants were grown in more controlled (glasshouse) or more natural (field) environments, and leaves were measured both on- and off-plant with the measurement set-up thus also in more to less controlled environmental conditions. Entire spectra varied across genotypes and environments. We found that the greatest variance in leaf reflectance was explained by between-experiment and non-genetic between-sample differences, with subtler and more specific variation distinguishing groups of genotypes. The visible spectral region was most variable, distinguishing experimental settings as well as groups of genotypes within experiments, whereas parts of the short-wave infrared may vary more specifically with genotype. Overall, more genetically variable plant populations also showed more varied leaf spectra. We highlight key considerations for the application of field spectroscopy to assess genetic variation in plant populations.

Physical Aspects of Chemical Carcinogenesis

This study investigated the effects of chemical carcinogenesis induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA) in mice. The respiratory activity of isolated mitochondria in mouse livers was investigated at various times after the subcutaneous administration of DMBA. Our findings indicated that DMBA derivatives did not exhibit damaging effects on mitochondrial membranes. On the contrary, they showed a stimulating effect on the phosphorylation process compared with the control. This paper discusses the possible role of coherent electromagnetic radiation in biological systems. Additionally, data on the non-chemical interactions between isolated mitochondria and the material (plexiglass and quartz) of the incubation cells were considered. Carcinogenesis was previously considered an exclusive process of biochemical and genetic disorders. However, recent studies have increasingly focused on the physical aspects of carcinogenesis, such as the influence of various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation on biological systems, the special energy organization of the intracellular space associated with the architectonics of mitochondria and microtubules, and the generation of coherent electromagnetic waves. It was assumed that the biological features of the malignant cells were due to the violation of the electrodynamic parameters of the intracellular space, and the initiating factor was the intrinsic emission of carcinogenic substances. The results of this study indicated that non-chemical factors influenced the mitochondrial poly-enzyme system and confirmed the importance of the non-chemical effect of a carcinogen on bio-objects by examining respiration and phosphorylation of isolated mouse liver mitochondria at various times after the subcutaneous injection of DMBA.

SOFTWARE FOR MODELING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE WITH THIN CONDUCTING FIBERS INTERACTION

The article is devoted to the development of software for modelling electromagnetic wave with thin conductive fibers interaction in the form of a circular cylinder. The software allows you to adjust such physical parameters as the electrical conductivity of the investigated fiber, the range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, the range of fiber diameters and the complex refractive index. Software calculates the values of the efficiency factors of attenuation, scattering and absorption of the electromagnetic wave by the fiber, followed by their visualization in the form of graphs on the basis of the received data.

Influence of Deposition Voltage on Strontium Sulphide Doped Silver for Optoelectronic Application

In the research electrochemical deposition technique was use in deposition of undoped SrS and doped SrS with silver were 0.01 mol of thioacetamide (C2H5NS), 0.1 mol of strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl2.6H2O), and 0.01 mol of silver nitrate (AgNO3) were utilized as the cationic, anionic, and dopant concentrations. The XRD spectra of the SrS and SrS doped silver showed prominent crystalline peaks at angles of 26.69°, 37.97°, 51.39°, and 65.56° for SrS and 26.42°, 33.42°, 37.98°, and 51.32° for SrS/Ag, respectively, with corresponding diffraction planes (111), (112), (200), and (211). However, the diffraction pattern shows that the peak intensity increases as the deposition voltage increases. The undoped SrS material morphology has a clove-like substance with precipitate; the large nano grain on the substrate's surface exhibits photon absorption but shows no traces of pinholes. When doped SrS is deposited at various precursor voltages, it forms uniform surfaces devoid of pinholes. The cell also penetrates the substrate being used for the deposition, as seen by the elemental makeup of the films. It was observed that SrS/Ag at 10V and 12V had little precipitate on the surfaces; this is because a carbon electrode was utilized, which tends to react with electrolyte at low voltages but does not do so at 14V. The films show that when the deposition voltage increased, the electrical resistivity decreased from 1.42 x 109 to 1.37 x 109 Ω.m and the thickness decreased from 125.02 to 123.025nm. This further led to an increase in conductivity from 7.04 x 108 to 7.29 x 108 S/m. It was discovered that the absorbance decreases as the electromagnetic radiation's wavelength grows and the deposition voltage rises. According to research done on the deposited material, its energy bandgap lies between 1.55 and 2.51 eV.

Быстродействующий двухканальный анализатор оптически плотных выбросов аэрозолей на основе диодных оптопар с длиной волны 0.65 и 3.4 микрона

A two-channel analyzer of optically dense flammable aerosol fluxes based on two parallel diode optocouplers with a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation λ = 0.65 and 3.4 μm, a speed of τ ≤ 0.05 s and the transmission of digitized data to a server up to 1200 m away via the RS-485 interface has been developed. Its design and characteristics in the process of detecting particle streams with a diameter of 0.2 to 5000 μm with an optical density of D ≤ 3.5 are described. It is shown that the values of the ratio of wave attenuation coefficients with λ = 0.65 and 3.4 μm to the droplet size calculated on the basis of the theory of radiation scattering Mi are consistent with the experimental ones. The created aerosol analyzer can be used in the express analysis of technogenic airborne emissions of fuel liquids and for the development of large-scale generators of explosive type when creating pulse barriers from clouds of finely dispersed aerosol in the atmosphere.

The high-speed two-channel analyzer of optically dense aerosol emissions based on diode optocouplers with a wavelength of 0.65 and 3.4 microns

A two-channel analyzer of optically dense flammable aerosol fluxes based on two parallel diode optocouplers with a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation λ=0.65 and 3.4 μm, a speed of tau≤ 0.05 s and the transmission of digitized data to a server up to 1200 m away via the RS-485 interface has been developed. Its design and characteristics in the process of detecting particle streams with a diameter of 0.2 to 5000 μm with an optical density of D≤3.5 are described. It is shown that the values of the ratio of wave attenuation coefficients with λ=0.65 and 3.4 μm to the droplet size calculated on the basis of the theory of radiation scattering Mi are consistent with the experimental ones. The created aerosol analyzer can be used in the express analysis of technogenic airborne emissions of fuel liquids and for the development of large-scale generators of explosive type when creating pulse barriers from clouds of finely dispersed aerosol in the atmosphere. Keywords: aerosol analyzer, speed, diode optocouplers, infrared and visible radiation, attenuation factor, optically dense emissions, Mi scattering theory, fuel liquids.

Annealing-assisted optimization for persistency of afterglow of SrAl2O4:Eu2+/Dy3+ microparticles for forensic detection.

In the present work, Eu2+/Dy3+ ions doped/co-doped into persistent SrAl2O4 microparticles have been developed through solid-state synthesis followed by homogenization and particle size reduction in a ball milling device. These particles have shown a broad and long-persistent afterglow around the 528 nm wavelength of electromagnetic radiation through a broad excitation at around 400 nm. The luminescence intensity was optimized through the selection of different annealing temperatures in the range of 1100 °C to 1500 °C, with intervals of 100 °C. Several structural and optical characterization techniques, such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and photoluminescence, were utilized to judge the preparation and ability of these particles in possible applications in latent fingermark detection on various difficult surfaces. The persistency and stability of these particles were calculated using a digital lux meter.

Оптические свойства ван-дер-ваальсовых гетероструктур на основе 2D-монослоев борофена, нитрида галлия и оксида цинка

In this paper, we consider two new atomic models of van der Waals vertical heterostructures of metal-semiconductor type based on a 2D buckled triangular borophene with metallic conductivity and graphene-like 2D monolayers of gallium nitride GaN and zinc oxide ZnO, which are semiconductors. Using the density functional theory, the equilibrium configurations of supercells of the borophene/GaN and borophene/ZnO heterostructures are found and their thermodynamic stability at room temperature is shown. Within the framework of the nonstationary first-order perturbation theory, the optical characteristics (complex permittivity and absorption coefficient) are calculated in the electromagnetic radiation wavelength range of 0.2–2 μm. The presence of anisotropy in the optical properties of the borophene/GaN and borophene/ZnO heterostructures is established when the direction of light polarization is chosen. This is due to different manifestations of the optical properties of the constituent monolayers of the heterostructure. When light is polarized in the direction of the zigzag edge of the GaN/ZnO (along the X axis), the optical properties of GaN and ZnO semiconductor monolayers are predominantly manifested. When light is polarized in the direction of the zigzag edge of the borophene monolayer (along the Y axis), the optical properties of borophene manifest themselves. A synergistic effect has been found from the combination of borophene and ZnO monolayers in the composition of the borophene/ZnO vertical heterostructure, which manifests itself in the form of a section of the increasing plot of the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity in the infrared region for both directions of light polarization. It is shown that the difference in the values of the absorption coefficient of the borophene/GaN heterostructure between the UV and visible ranges can reach ~ 7 times, between the UV and near IR ranges - ~ 14 times, and for the borophene/ZnO heterostructure this difference can be up to ~ 6 times and up to ~18 times, respectively. It is predicted that borophene/GaN and borophene/ZnO heterostructures can be used to create UV radiation detectors.

Detection of Fungal Infections on the Wood Surface Using LTM Imaging

Wood used in production processes can be infected by various fungi growing on its surface. The presence of fungi on the wood surface results from the method of storage, handling and transport of the wood. However, the presence of fungi on wood carries a high risk to the health of production operators and users. At the same time, it has a negative impact on the quality and durability of manufactured products. Because of the risks indicated, an attempt was made to develop an industrial, automated system for detecting fungal infections. This paper presents a vision method for detecting fungal infections on the wood surface. A description of the vision system using the laser triangulation method (LTM) to build a three-dimensional surface image is shown. The paper consists of an analysis of the imaging resolution and a description of the concept of using laser illuminator power selection for identifying fungal-infested surfaces. Imaging results for the selected wavelength of electromagnetic radiation are presented. Measurements and parameters describing the identified areas are shown. It was found that it is possible to choose imaging method parameters and laser illumination power allowing identification under industrial conditions of a fungus-infected region on a wood surface while using the image to determine product measurement parameters.

Efficacy of Environics Color Slides in Detecting the Color Deficiency and Healing

Chromotherapy, also called Color Therapy or Visible Range Radiation Therapy, is a non-pharmacological therapeutic modality that uses various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from within the visible spectrum (colors).
 Methods & Materials: The study was performed on 65 healthy participants from SGT University, Gurgaon, India. Full, free, and voluntary informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). Colour deficiency was diagnosed with the help of Environics Colour Slides and an Instrument called Lecher Antenna which works on the principle of resonance. The diagnosis results obtained from color slides and Lecher Antenna, (SBJ International, PARIS) were compared with the results obtained from the Es- Teck Complex, (LD Technology™, US) an FDA-approved Medical Software and Machine.
 Results: It was observed that 86.11% of participants showed improvement in their health conditions after using the Environics Colour Slides for the period specified during the diagnosis. It was also observed that there was an 87.69% correlation between the findings of the Environics Colour Slides / Lecher Antenna combination and the ES-Teck Medical Software in identifying the health condition of the participants.
 Conclusion: Chromotherapy will greatly benefit from this evidence base and help propagate this alternative treatment modality for the safe, and non-pharmacological treatment of many diseases [5].

Optical characteristics of ZnO films under different thickness: A MATLAB- based computer calculation for photovoltaic applications

Designing of appropriate thin film is important for controlling the absorbance, reflection and transmission of specific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation and which will ultimately enhance the optoelectronic properties. This paper presents optical analysis of ZnO thin films using transmission spectra derived by Sellmeier model upon different thickness. For that a famous computing language “MATLAB” was employed to generate transmission data. The transmittance profile of ZnO/glass films was examined for diverse thicknesses (600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm). Further, the different parameters such as index of refraction, coefficient of extinction, band gap and constant of dielectric were calculated by different formulas with respect to wavelength in the UV–visible region under different thickness. It is also found that the thickness-based interference on transmission and reflectance characteristics were altered by film thickness. This sort of research work will help us to find out the suitable thin film thickness coating for designing micro/nano optoelectronic devices.

Revealing and Reconstructing Hidden or Lost Features in Art Investigation

In recent decades, cultural heritage research – and in particular art investigation – has been undergoing a digital revolution. This is due both to improvements in the digitization and the acquisition of artefact's images generated using traditional 2D imaging methods as well as the growing adoption of a range of more recently introduced spectroscopic imaging techniques. A number of these imaging modalities use wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate surface layers thus yielding information from hidden features non-invasively. Different techniques are often used in combination to provide evidence of construction, condition and past treatment. These can also be used to characterize the materials used, how they were combined and map their distribution, giving insight into an artist's working method and the means to understand changes that have occurred over time. This wealth of data calls for the development of algorithmic approaches in order to handle and fully explore and interpret it. The questions one seeks to answer are in some cases sufficiently different from those addressed in other fields that no existing off-the-shelf approaches can be applied. In this paper, we discuss a few of the algorithmic challenges that arise in art investigation and conservation using modern imaging techniques.

Hygienic assessment of the impact of 5G/IMT-2020 communication networks on public health (literature review)

The program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” approved the Concept for the creation and development of 5G / IMT-2020 networks. The development of 5G communications will significantly impact the implementation of many innovative projects and initiatives: the Smart City project, Unmanned Transport, etc. Along with significant technical advantages compared to previous generations of communication (2G, 3G, 4G), 5G technology has completely different emitting characteristics: more emitting elements, signal modulation, three-dimensional beam, the ability to control the beam, SHF (ultra-high) and EHF (extremely high) radio frequency ranges and centimetre and millimetre wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, it is becoming an especially urgent problem to ensure exposure to the human body of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range (30 kHz-300 GHz). The authors searched the literature on the biological effects of 5G cellular communications and electromagnetic radiation in the centimetre and millimetre ranges using the appropriate keywords in PubMed search engines, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI and others. There is currently tentative and conflicting evidence on the impact of 5G. The rapidly growing density of wireless devices and antennas (considering future 5G networks) increases the public health risk from exposure to RF EMFs as the penetration depth for 5G EHF radiation is only a few millimetres. At these wavelengths, resonance phenomena are possible at the cellular and molecular levels, particularly concerning stimulating SHF and EHF oxidative processes and damaging DNA. The influence of the millimetre range of RF-EMF is poorly understood; oncological and non-oncological (impact on the reproductive, immune systems, etc.) effects are possible. Using numerical simulation methods of EMF radiation resonances on insects, Thielens A et al., 2018, found a significant overall increase in the absorbed RF power at a frequency of 6 GHz and higher than a frequency below 6 GHz.

The influence of the size of ice–dust particles on the amplitude of the change in the brightness of a comet caused by an outburst

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new approach to analysing the brightness change of a Jupiter family comet. We assume that the coma contains particles composed of water ice, carbonaceous, and silicate dust. Different sizes of dust particles were taken into account following the adopted size distribution. From an analysis of modern space missions, it is clear that the sizes of the dominant coma particles at the time of the outburst are in the order of micrometres to centimetres. However, most of these particles have dimensions that are comparable to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation coming from the Sun. In the case of dust particles, four groups were distinguished depending on their dimensions. The performed calculations show that the particle size significantly influences the change of the cometary brightness, i.e. the scattering efficiency of the incident sunlight that occurs on the particle. The conducted numerical simulations show that the changes in the brightness of the comet oscillate approximately from −8 to −1 mag. This means that we can talk about outbursts, the amplitudes of which are most often observed.

The effect of deformation of absorbing scatterers on Mie-type signatures in infrared microspectroscopy

Mie-type scattering features such as ripples (i.e., sharp shape-resonance peaks) and wiggles (i.e., broad oscillations), are frequently-observed scattering phenomena in infrared microspectroscopy of cells and tissues. They appear in general when the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is of the same order as the size of the scatterer. By use of approximations to the Mie solutions for spheres, iterative algorithms have been developed to retrieve pure absorbance spectra. However, the question remains to what extent the Mie solutions, and approximations thereof, describe the extinction efficiency in practical situations where the shapes of scatterers deviate considerably from spheres. The aim of the current study is to investigate how deviations from a spherical scatterer can change the extinction properties of the scatterer in the context of chaos in wave systems. For this purpose, we investigate a chaotic scatterer and compare it with an elliptically shaped scatterer, which exhibits only regular scattering. We find that chaotic scattering has an accelerating effect on the disappearance of Mie ripples. We further show that the presence of absorption and the high numerical aperture of infrared microscopes does not explain the absence of ripples in most measurements of biological samples.

Design and development of low cost Nano drop UV-Vis spectrometer

The ultimate aim of the project is to develop a low-cost spectrometer that analyses the samples in the Nanoscale range and to minimise the usage of samples for diagnostic application. The reflection, absorption or transmission phenomenon alters the incident light during the interaction with the sample. A spectrometer measures this change over a range of incident wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that has interacted with a sample. The light that acts as a source is passed through the sample. The prepared test sample is analysed in order to validate the developed system. Following the test samples, urine is analysed. 10 volunteers were involved as subjects. The light from the sample passes through a slit and then reflected by a collimating mirror. The wavelength of the light from the sample is analysed by Thermino software in the UV and visible range. The input to this software is provided by the webcam. A 1000 lines/mm diffraction grating is utilized to split the light into its constituent wavelength. This is a low-cost system than the available commercial spectrometers used in the laboratory.

Nanoelectronic Characterization: Using Near-Field Microwave Microscopy for Nanotechnological Research

The optical characterization of nanoscale objects is challenging due to the Abbe diffraction limit. This limit constrains the achievable spatial resolution of a conventional microscope using visible light to a 200 nm . 200 nm. The current era of nanotechnological research has been enabled by a host of experimental techniques that circumvent the diffraction limit. Since the Abbe limit scales proportional to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, the diffraction limit acts even more unfavorably on longer wavelengths. At 10 GHz (l = 30 mm), the best achievable resolution is around 15 mm. Thus, while traditional microwave metrology enables precision broadband measurements, conventional measurement methods are insufficient to address the host of novel and exciting phenomena that arise in nanoscale systems.