Wavelength Scanning Research Articles

Sensitivity Enhancement of Hybrid Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor.

In this work, we designed structures based on copper nanosubstrate with graphene and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) in order to achieve an ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor. This system contains seven components: SF11 triangular prism, BK-7 glass, Chromium (Cr) adhesion layer, thin copper film, layers of one of the types of transition metal dichalcogenides: MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 or WSe2 (defined as MX2), graphene, sensing layer with biomolecular analyte. Copper was chosen as a plasmonic material because it has a higher conductivity than gold which is commonly used in plasmonic sensors. Moreover, copper is a cheap and widespread material that is easy to produce on a large scale. We have carried out both theoretical and numerical sensitivity calculations of these kinds of structures using the Goos–Hänchen (GH) shift method. GH shift is lateral position displacement of the p-polarized reflected beam from a boundary of two media having different indices of refraction under total internal reflection condition and its value can be retrieved from the phase change of the beam. The SPR signal based on the GH shift is much more sensitive compared to other methods, including angular and wavelength scanning, due to much more abrupt phase change of the SPR reflected light than its intensity ones. By optimizing the parameters of the SPR sensing substrate, such as thickness of copper, number of layers of 2D materials and excitation wavelength, we theoretically showed an enhanced sensitivity with a detection limit 10−9 refractive index unit (RIU).

Corrections to “Nonlinearity Reduction In a Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer Interrogated by a Wavelength Scanning Optical Source”

In the above article <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , unfortunately, two colors indicated in the chart legend and two labels in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Figs. 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</xref> were misplaced. These only affect the identification of the liquid samples used in these figures and neither change the shape of the resulting graph or affect the contribution, discussion and conclusion of the article. The corrected plots of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Figs. 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</xref> are given below.

A π-Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating Partial Discharge Sensor toward Power Transformers

Partial discharge (PD) ultrasonic detection is an early sign of the insolation defects of power transformers. The early diagnosis of PD requires the high sensitivity and reliability of ultrasonic sensing systems. For this purpose, a reformative PD ultrasonic sensing system based on phase-shifted FBG (PS-FBG) was demonstrated. By using PS-FBG as the ultrasonic sensing unit, the ultrasonic sensing system improved the response to the ultrasonic signal and overcame the electromagnetic noise. To compensate for the influence of temperature change on the ultrasonic sensing system, an automatic wavelength scanning demodulating method was carried out. The wavelength spanning strategy was optimized based on the principle of cross-correlation, in order to quicken the spanning. A PD detection test in the transformer oil was conducted, and the result shows that PS-FBG was 17.5 times more sensitive than PZT. Because of the better ultrasonic response, the proposed system was able to achieve the early diagnosis of insolation faults in a power transformer.

Wide Measurement Range Distributed Strain Sensing With Phase-Accumulation Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry

In this paper, a wide measurement range strain sensing method based on phase-accumulation optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) is proposed. Different from the traditional phase demodulation method that analyzes the relative phase between the measurement signal and the reference signal, we achieve large measurement range strain sensing by accumulating the relative phases of adjacent scanning cycles. The proposal can break through the limitation of phase unwrapping in the traditional phase method, and realize the low measurement error in the accumulation process. In the experiments, when the wavelength scanning range is only 0.138 nm, we achieve quasi-static strain measurement with a spatial resolution of 1.8 cm, a maximum strain value of about 14000 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μϵ</i> , and the noise level of about 0.601 rad representing the strain resolution of 0.48 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μϵ.</i> We also analyze the influence of random noise on the method, and verify the good robustness of the phase accumulation method. The research of this paper provides a useful reference for the development of low-cost OFDR system for distributed strain/temperature measurement.

Spectroscopic and Kinetic Study of Sucrose Oxidation by Cr(VI) and Its Application in the Quantitative Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon

The percent organic carbon (%OC) is an important soil fertility measure that has important implications in agricultural productivity and food security. In this study, a UV-visible spectrophotometric technique was investigated and applied to quantify %OC from selected soil samples along a river basin that traverses agricultural farmlands, a forest and sewage treatment lagoons for a comparative survey purposes. The study was based on the measurement of absorbance of Cr(III) species that arise from oxidation of sucrose (which is 42.11% carbon) by dichromate ions which contain Cr(VI) species. The uv-visible spectrophotometric double beam wavelength scan measurements elucidated the conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) ions and a calibration plot was developed with r2= 0.99. The analyte peak was identified in the region from 750 nm to 550 nm (the absorbing Cr(iii) species) with a turning point maximum at 576 nm. The kinetic profile of sucrose oxidation by the dichromate ions was studied via absorbance of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) as a function of the reaction time and was used to characterize the reaction model. The absorbance of Cr(III) as a function of reaction time fitted best into the non-linear Belehradek power function equation y=a(x-b)c,, where y = absorbance; x = time(s); a, b, c = are constants (r2 of 0.91). Kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction that leads to the formation of Cr(III) during sucrose oxidation proceeds via pseudo first-order kinetics (r2= 0.83). A comparative quantitative analysis indicated that the sewage treatment lagoons had the highest %OC content at about 5.5-6.6%OC. The soils sampled from the forest regions had about 4.6-5.8%OC whereas the river bank soils had the lowest levels at about 2.0-2.5%OC. A statistical t-test analysis showed that the %OC levels in sub-soils were significantly higher than those of the top-soils (p &gt; 0.05 at 95% CI).

Ultra-wide range and wavelength fixed trace gas detection technology based on single chamber multiplexing

The all-fiber photo-thermal interference (PTI) system based on hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) has the advantages of wide dynamic range, ultra-sensitivity, and small volume, which is of great significance in gas trace analysis. Most of the previous PTI systems obtain the relationship between gas concentration and phase modulation by wavelength scanning and extracting the second harmonic signal absorbed by the gas. However, the residual modulation caused by the asynchronism between wavelength and modulation signal seriously affects the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic detection range of the system. In addition, wavelength scanning has limitations for detecting gas with irregular absorption lines. This paper proposes an all-fiber photo-thermal interference system with pump intensity external modulation. The system is not limited by the gas absorption line and has a high SNR. The factors affecting the dynamic range of the system are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. It is verified that increasing the injection gas pressure can significantly increase the detection limit of the system compared with increasing the pump light power. The redshift of the pump light can dramatically increase the detection limit of the system. A C2H2 gas trace system with the pump wavelength redshifted to 1530.41 nm was demonstrated. The detection lower limit of 9.24 ppm and an extensive dynamic detection range of five orders of magnitude were obtained.

Periarticular calcifications containing giant pseudo-crystals of francolite in skeletal fluorosis from 1,1-difluoroethane "huffing".

Inhalant use disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by repeated deliberate inhalation from among a broad range of household and industrial chemical products with the intention of producing psychoactive effects. In addition to acute intoxication, prolonged inhalation of fluorinated compounds can cause skeletal fluorosis (SF). We report a young woman referred for hypophosphatasemia and carrying a heterozygous ALPL gene variant (c.457T>C, p.Trp153Arg) associated with hypophosphatasia, the heritable metabolic bone disease featuring impaired skeletal mineralization, who instead suffered from SF. Manifestations of her SF included recurrent articular pain, axial osteosclerosis, elevated bone mineral density, maxillary exostoses, and multifocal periarticular calcifications. SF was suspected when a long history was discovered of 'huffing' a computer cleaner containing 1,1-difluoroethane. Investigation revealed markedly elevated serum and urine levels of F-. Histopathology and imaging techniques including backscattered electron mode scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microtomography, energy dispersive and wavelength dispersive X-ray emission microanalysis, and polarized light microscopy revealed that her periarticular calcifications were dystrophic deposition of giant pseudo-crystals of francolite, a carbonate-rich fluorapatite. Identifying unusual circumstances of F- exposure is key for diagnosing non-endemic SF. Increased awareness of the disorder can be lifesaving.

Screening and evaluation of potential bioactive compounds for antibacterial activity in Indian medicinal plants of Bacopa monnieri, Eclipta alba, Aegle marmelos and Centella asiatica

The study was focused to identify and screening the potential action (antimicrobial activity) of ethanolic extract of the selected Indian medicinal plant leaves of Bacopa monnieri, Eclipta alba, Aegle marmelos, Centella asiatica against the following bacteria pathogenic isolates (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus feceium , Enterobacter clocae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, Proteus mirabilis). Leaves of the above mentioned Indian medicinal plants were shade dried, powdered, and extracted using solvent ethanol. The potential ingredients present in these plants are associated to the bioactive components possessing antibacterial property. The analysis of antibiotic property was executed using disc diffusion method and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the plant leaf extracts. The two methods used in this study was that in the (method-1 the, disc were dried with plant extract and in the method-2 the, disc were soaked in the plant extract). The plant leaf extracts with potential bioactive compounds were screened using wavelength scanning in the range of 200nm to 900nm by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and their characteristic peaks were detected. Among the two methods, method -1 was found to be the best antibiotic activity among the tested medicinal plants. The disc diffusion method revealed a high degree of activity against bacterial clinical isolates. The UV-VIS profile showed different peaks ranging from 270nm-740nm with different absorption. The spectral analysis of Eclipta alba, Bacopa monnieri, Aegle marmelos and Centella asiatica revealed the presence of bioactive components and were answerable for the antibiotic activity against selected pathogens. From the result Eclipta alba was observed to be the best antibiotic activity while compared to other three medicinal plants. The results confirmed that these plants extracts were potential as a source of drugs to combat infections caused by prone bacteria. Thus helps to further studies to identify functional bioactive compounds responsible for the in vivo antibacterial activity and possible mechanism of action of the extracts.

Instantaneous determination of antihypertensive drugs utilizing TLC: Densitometric methods

An accurate, sensitive and time saving thin layer chromatography (TLC) - densitometric method has been developed and validated for determination of two Antihypertensive drug mixtures. Mixture one contains Spironolactone, Furosemide and Anthranilic acid while, mixture two contains Triamterene, Hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide. Mixture 1 uses developing system consist of Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Glacial acetic acid (5ml – 5ml – 0.1ml ) as developing system and 240 nm as scanning wavelength for separation and determination of Spironolactone, Furosemide and Anthranilic acid (metabolite of Furosemide) and mixture 2 uses developing system consist of Ethyl acetate, Methanol, Glacial acetic acid and Ammonium hydroxide (8ml - 1ml - 0.2ml - 0.3 ml) as developing system and 300nm as scanning wave length for separation and determination of Triamterene, Hydrochlorothiazide and Chlorothiazide ( impurity of Hydrochlorothiazide). This method was validated and shown to demonstrate good accuracy and precision according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Extending thermal stability of short-living soliton states in silicon nitride microring resonators

Dissipative Kerr solitons in microresonators enable on-chip chip generation of low-noise optical pulse trains with high repetition rates, finding applications in optical communication, distance measurement, spectroscopy and radiofrequency generation. However, the most common photonic integrated platforms often show very short living, hence difficult to achieve, soliton states. Here, we exploit an auxiliary resonance to access soliton regime in Si3N4 microresonators by simple wavelength scanning. We increase the likelihood of single soliton formation by more than two times using backward tuning of the laser, and we show that the increased thermal stability allows soliton formation by thermal tuning of the whole sample, keeping the laser at a fixed frequency.

A novel wavelength modulation spectroscopy gas sensing technique with an ultra-compressed wavelength scanning bandwidth

In a wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) gas sensing system, a scanning ramp combined with a high frequency sinusoidal signal is applied to drive the laser source. Generally, a wide wavelength scanning bandwidth realized by voltage scanning ramp is required to fully cover the target gas absorption profile. In this paper, a novel WMS-based strategy is proposed and verified in a CH4 detection system. The wavelength scanning bandwidth is compressed from ∼659 pm to ∼166 pm, even narrower than the half width at full height (HWFM) of the CH4 absorption profile. In addition, the second harmonic signal that induced by the absorption is increased threefold by virtue of making full use of the dynamic range of the preamplifier circuit, and the waveform distortion that comes from the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) effect is eliminated as well. Benefiting from the compressed driving current range, the thermal stability of the laser diode is improved from the original level of 0.5 °C to 0.1 °C. As a result, a linear sensitivity of 75.2 ppb is achieved within 0–3000 ppm CH4 concentration range at 12.7 s time constant.

Tin and Bronze Production at the Outeiro de Baltar Hillfort (NW Iberia)

Findings of Iron Age metallurgical activities related to tin metal and mining are very rare. In the present work, we present a detailed study of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort, dated to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period, located in a place where 20th century tin mining work took place. Elemental and microstructural analysis by portable, micro and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF, micro-XRF and WDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrometer (SEM-EDS) showed that metallurgical debris found at the archaeological site is related to tin smelting and binary and ternary bronze productions. Analysis of the artefacts of diverse typologies found at the site showed that a variety of metals and alloys were in circulation and use. Samples of tin ores (cassiterite) from the region were analyzed for comparison with an archaeological tin slag from the site. The analytical results point to the production of tin metal using local cassiterite and the production of bronze by directly adding cassiterite into a smelting process. Furthermore, data of remote sensing (airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and historical aerial imagery) and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping were combined with archival mining documentation and maps to retrieve a landscape context for the site. The study showed that the place of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort (NW Iberia) was mined periodically over time.

Conception of a single-component broadband high-resolution plane-VLS-grating monochromator.

We propose a broadband single-element monochromator with a constant deviation angle and fixed slits for the wavelength range of 3-60 nm, which uses a grazing incidence plane varied line-space (VLS) grating with exponential dependence of line frequency across the aperture. Wavelength scanning is performed by translating the VLS grating along its surface. The deviation angle is constant, and the source, input, and output slits are stationary. With an exit slit (or CCD pixel size) of 6 µm, the practical resolving power λ/δλ=6000 remains constant throughout the operating range. The proposed scheme is compared with a narrowband specialized monochromator (135±4Å) with the same acceptance angle, in which wavelength scanning is performed by rotating a plane VLS grating, as well as with a Rowland monochromator with a similar acceptance.

Simultaneous thickness and surface profiling of blank mask and its experimental verification using robust harmonic fringe-iterative algorithm and Fizeau interferometer

The quality of blank masks should be assessed with nano-scale accuracy to achieve the efficiency improvement of semiconductor devices. In this study, we proposed a harmonic fringe-iterative method that uses seven-frame interferograms for simultaneous thickness and surface assessment of blank masks. The incorporation of the noble convergence formula and pixel array into the proposed method was found to eliminate harmonics-related errors and significantly increase the computational ability. For verification, the numerical simulation and simultaneous assessment of a blank mask using a multi-surface Fizeau interferometer with wavelength scanning were performed using a seven-frame harmonic fringe-iterative method. The results of the simulations and experiments verify that the harmonic fringe-iterative method has a better phase-extraction ability than the conventional fringe-iterative and Fourier window methods in terms of computational ability and suppression of non-target harmonic signals and nonlinearity of phase-modulation errors.

A simple and sensitive electrochemiluminescence spectrum measurement platform and spectrum-resolved ratiometric sensor for miroRNA-141 determination

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) spectral information is useful in ECL mechanism investigations, ratiometric ECL sensors and multi-analyte determinations. To overcome the shortcomings of low sensitivity in charge coupled devices (CCD) ECL spectrometer and low time efficiency for spectrum discrimination by using single band-pass filter (BPF) in one potential scan, a simple and sensitive ECL spectrum measurement platform is developed by placing a portable BPF array turntable device (with eleven measurement channels and one indicator channel) between the working electrode and photomultiplier in a conventional ECL analyzer. The systematic error due to the time dependent ECL intensity, which is the main obstacle for ECL spectrum measurement in wavelength scan mode, is neutralized by using the accumulated intensity for each channel in a group of spectrum measurement cycles. In a spectrum-resolved ratiometric ECL sensor for miroRNA-141 determination, near-infrared ECL emitter of methionine-stabilized Au nanoclusters (Met-Au NCs) is used as the tag and blue ECL emitter of g-C3N4 as the reference. The ratio of the total ECL intensity in near-infrared wavelength region (from Met-Au NCs) to that in blue wavelength region (from g-C3N4) is in linear correlation with the logarithmic concentration of microRNA-141 from 1 fM to 10 pM, with the limit of detection of 0.22 fM.

Nonlinearity Reduction in a Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer Interrogated by a Wavelength Scanning Optical Source

A novel method to reduce the nonlinearity effect of a wavelength scanning diode laser interrogating a low-reflectivity Fabry-Perot interferometer is presented. The interferometer is used for refractive index measurement. The proposed method allows improving the resolution of the system from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−4</sup> to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−5</sup> ; and generates a temperature insensitive sensing system. Using the resolution improvement and the temperature insensitivity, the proposed system was used to measure the thermo-optic coefficient of two liquid samples with well-known refractive index. To demonstrate the reliability of the proposed system, experimental results of the long-term performance of a six-month interval, using the same samples but different sensing heads, are presented. The proposed method allows the implementation of a standard four-pin diode laser as an optical source and a standard PIN photodetector for signal detection; permitting the implementation of a high-performance fiber sensor system based on small, light, and standard optoelectronic components. These characteristics are important for different applications such as medical and aerospace, for example, to monitor strain, curvature, pressure, and refractive index using fiber interferometers.

Integrated scanning spectrometer with a tunable micro-ring resonator and an arrayed waveguide grating

Integrated spectrometers with both wide optical bandwidths and high spectral resolutions are required in applications such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Here we propose a compact integrated scanning spectrometer by using a tunable micro-ring resonator (MRR) integrated with a single arrayed waveguide grating for operation in the 1265–1335-nm range. The spectral resolution of the spectrometer is determined by the quality factor of the MRR, and the optical bandwidth is defined by the free spectral range of the arrayed waveguide grating. The spectrometer is integrated with on-chip germanium photodetectors, which enable direct electrical readout. A 70-nm optical bandwidth and a 0.2-nm channel spacing enabled by scanning the MRR across one free spectral range are demonstrated, which offer a total of 350 wavelength channels with 31-kHz wavelength scanning speed. The integrated spectrometer is applied to measure different spectra and the interference signals from an SD-OCT system, which shows its great potential for future applications in sensing and imaging systems.

A Multi-Analytical Investigation of Roman Frescoes from Rapoltu Mare (Romania)

(1) Background: Due to the precarious situation of many monuments or archeological sites, analytical investigations are necessary to obtain information about the used materials, as well as to identify the most appropriate solutions for their conservation/restoration. This paper addresses the characterization of mural painting fragments collected during the excavation in 2018 in Rapoltu Mare (La vie), Deva. (2) Methods: Specific analytical techniques were used, as follows: X-ray diffractometry (XRD), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), optical microscopy (OM), zoom microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectroscopic techniques (UV–Vis, FTIR, Raman), porosity and thermal analysis, all of which provide information about the structure, chemical composition, morphology and topography of pigments and their deterioration as well. (3) Results: Up to seven different pigments were identified: Egyptian blue, carbon, calcite, gypsum, hematite, goethite and green earth. Egyptian Blue is identified in all the other color areas, except the white area: in the green zone (as degradation product with beeswax) and in the red zone (in mixture with ochre) too. In addition, carbon and beeswax were highlighted as toner and binder for pigments, respectively. In the presence of the organic beeswax binding environment, the Egyptian blue pigment particles darkened or turned yellow significantly, changing the blue to a greenish color. It is also possible to identify wollastonite (CaSiO3) in the blue pigment, which indicates that the temperature used in the manufacturing of Egyptian blue was higher than 950 °C from thermal analysis. The presence of apatite, hematite and gypsum deposits in the Hunedoara region certifies that these pigments could have been of local origin, as demonstrated by the presence of analytically identified elements (Fe, P, S, Ca). (4) Conclusions: The analytical techniques used for such investigations have highlighted the main pigments used in Roman times for various Roman murals.

External-cavity laser diode using acousto-optic deflector as tunable grating.

In this study, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, external-cavity laser diode (ECLD) without a diffraction grating is proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed configuration, an acousto-optic deflector (AOD) acts not only as a deflector but also as a diffraction grating. Thus, the AOD functions as a wavelength-selective device, which helps improve the overall performance of the ECLD. In fact, the proposed configuration realizes a wide range of wavelength scanning with a simple configuration, highly efficient optical feedback, and a steady optical resonator with a constant cavity length. We confirm that the wavelengths scanned with the proposed ECLD agree well with theoretical calculations. The scanning range and maximum frequency response reached approximately 60 nm and 50 kHz, respectively. Moreover, reproducible measurements of the three-dimensional thickness distribution of a thin glass plate indicates that the proposed ECLD can be used for optical coherence tomography imaging systems.

Self-dressing Fano interference controlled by various crystal phase transition

We study the self-dressing Fano interference controlled by different phase transitions of rare-earth-doped ions. The self-dressing Fano interference originates from Pr3+: Y2SiO5, Eu3+/Pr3+: YPO4, and Eu3+: BiPO4 at different laser power and time-gate. We explore that the self-dressed Fano exhibits photon dressing and crystal field splitting in Pr3+: Y2SiO5 and Eu3+/Pr3+: YPO4, respectively. We report that Pr3+: Y2SiO5 depict the strongest narrow single Fano, results from the narrow scanning spectrum range (3 nm) and single-level photon dressing only; however, Eu3+: BiPO4 exhibit the most prominent broad multi-level Fano among other three atomic-like mediums, due to coexisting photon-phonon dressing and a large range of spectrum scanning wavelength (40 nm). For the first time, we observe the smooth evolution of Fano interferences from self-dressing Fluorescence (FL) Fano to hybrid (FL + SFWM) Fano and to self-dressing spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in different samples of Eu3+: BiPO4 by changing the time-gate. We disclose that the Eu3+: BiPO4 sample (6:1) exhibits strong Fano interference in contrast with samples (7:1) and (1:1) owing to more sample phonon dressing in the (6:1) sample. Further, we compare the self-dressing Fano with the external-dressing Fano and notice that the Fano switch in self-dressing Fano results from the different Eu3+: BiPO4 samples transitions owing to distinct samples different detunings. However, the Fano switch in external-dressing Fano is obtained by changing the time-gate, owing to the cross and self-Kerr nonlinear phase difference. We further declare the strongest self-dressing FL Fano interference compared to the external-dressing FL Fano interference due to the double cascade dressing.