Waves Of Data Collection Research Articles

Urban but not rural patterns of ambient air pollution exposure is associated with an accelerated rate of late life memory decline in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

AbstractBackgroundExposure to ambient air pollution is an emerging risk factor for dementia, yet air pollution levels are found to vary by neighborhood affluence and across rural/urban settings. In this study, we leverage data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) to evaluate the effects of ambient air pollution exposure on the rate of memory decline in late life, while accounting for both local (neighborhood) and regional (urbanization) residency characteristics.MethodAnnualized rate of change for both immediate and delayed recall trials of a 10‐item word list were calculated between 2010‐1 (baseline) and 2021‐2 (follow‐up) data collection waves. Yearly averages of geocoded regional air pollution data were obtained for 5 pollutants at baseline: particulate matter > 2.5um (PM2.5), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). Principal component analysis was performed to reduce multicollinearity among the 5 pollutants in subsequent analyses. Annualized rate of change in memory measures were regressed on resultant pollutant factor scores, additionally controlling for baseline age, adolescent IQ, education, health conditions (heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes), neighborhood‐level deprivation, ApolipoproteinE‐4 (ApoE‐4) status, and sex.Result3,601 WLS participants were included in analyses, with a mean age of 70.4±3.4 years at baseline and 80.1±3.4 years at follow‐up. PCA yielded a 2‐factor solution classifying air pollutants into distinct urban (PM2.5, NO2, and CO2) versus rural (SO2 and O3) composites. Linear regression analysis revealed that greater annualized decline in delayed recall was predicted by higher exposure to urban air pollutants (but not rural), adolescent IQ, older age at baseline, and a history of heart disease. Air pollution exposure did not predict annualized change in immediate recall.ConclusionUsing longitudinal data from the WLS cohort, we find that higher levels of urban ambient air pollutant exposure predicted a more precipitous decline in delayed memory across late life. This finding remained significant after controlling for relevant confounders including neighborhood disadvantage, adolescent IQ, and ApoE‐4 status. Although the effect size of pollution exposure on the rate of memory decline was small, it remains a modifiable risk factor and stands to inform public policies to optimize late life cognition.

Do the benefits of education for late‐life cognition change across birth cohorts? Assessing period effects in the Health and Retirement Study

AbstractBackgroundEducation consistently predicts late‐life cognition, but studies rarely consider the transformation of education that current older adults experienced across the 20th century. We assess whether the relationship between education and late‐life cognition remains constant across birth cohorts spanning over 40 years of changing social investments and progress.MethodUS Health and Retirement Study participants (age 50+) were enrolled at multiple points between 1998 and 2018, allowing for the study of participants of different birth years at the same age (n = 28,299 participants and 151,514 visits across all available data collection waves). US‐born participants with at least one memory measurement were stratified into eight birth cohorts of approximately five years each, spanning more than 40 years. Mixed models with random intercepts for each participant investigated the presence of effect modification across birth cohorts for the education‐dementia relationship. Age was not evenly distributed across birth cohorts; therefore models were additionally run restricted to ten‐year age groups. Secondary analyses investigated whether period effects further existed by race and gender. All models adjusted for age, quadratic age, gender, race, cognitive practice effects, childhood census region, and parental education.ResultEarlier birth cohorts showed larger associations between education and late‐life cognition, with each additional year increase in schooling associated with a 0.10 SD (95% CI: 0.09, 0.11) higher memory score in the earliest cohort compared to the latest (interaction p‐value <.0001). Findings were consistent when restricting analyses to age groups. Effects of education across cohorts also slightly differed by gender, with increased education being associated with larger gender disparities in memory of 0.04 SD (95% CI: 0.02, 0.06) more per year of schooling in the latest cohort compared to the earliest (interaction p‐value <.0001), and by race, with a narrowing of racial disparities in later cohorts for the cognitive benefits of increased education (interaction p‐value <.0001).ConclusionEach year increase in attained education had overall larger effects among earlier cohorts, though this may differ across sociodemographic and age groups. Future research is needed to examine whether differences arise from historical transformations of the educational experience or from changes in downstream economic opportunities across time periods.

Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), the Initial Lifetime’s Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease (WLS‐ILIAD): A Novel Opportunity to Study the Influence of Education on ADRD

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of education in shaping brain health and dementia risk are increasingly supported, although the mechanisms by which these life course factors impact late life cognition remain elusive due to a scarcity of full life‐course longitudinal studies. A new data collection wave of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), the Initial Lifetime’s Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease (WLS‐ILIAD), stands to address this gap. The WLS cohort is a randomly selected community sample that’s been followed since 1957, offering a wealth of prospectively collected lifespan data to pull from. Now that this cohort has reached their 80’s, the ILIAD study aims to detect dementia prevalence in this sample, and when combined with prior data waves, offers an unparalleled opportunity to explore how full life‐course and sociodemographic factors shape the relationship between education and dementia risk and resilience.MethodWLS‐ILIAD employs a multi‐phasic study design. In Phase 1, the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS‐m) was administered to all eligible participants to screen for dementia risk. Those performing below cutoff (TICS‐m≤28) were selected for Phase 2 to complete more robust cognitive assessment and to obtain comprehensive health history. Cognitive diagnoses were determined by multidisciplinary consensus panel. Proxy assessments were employed for participants who were deceased or unable to complete the assessment.ResultPreliminary results indicate a response rate of ∼78%. Approximately 4,800 participants completed Phase 1, with 1,227 (26%) falling below cutoff for dementia risk (TICS‐m≤28). Of those completing Phase 2, 460 participants were classified as normal cognition, 443 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 197 dementia. Another 300 dementia cases were identified via proxy. Participants diagnosed with MCI or dementia tended to be older, ApoeE‐4 allele carriers, and had a lower high school IQ. Of those diagnosed with dementia, 88% reported no prior clinical workup or existing cognitive diagnosis.ConclusionResults of the WLS‐ILIAD study yields detailed cognitive diagnostic classifications for this sample. When combined with prospectively collected life course data, the WLS cohort offers a unique opportunity to explore the impact of education on risk and resilience factors for dementia outcomes, leading to important public policy and public health implications.

The cross-level influence of ethical leadership on employee’s OCBE: a two-wave study based on the social identity approach

The importance of organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE) has received increasing attention in recent years because organizations face increasing pressure from environmental deterioration. The purpose of this study is to use social identity theory to construct a cross-level theoretical model of ethical leadership on OCBE, and to explore the cross-level influential mechanisms of ethical leadership on OCBE. Data collection was conducted via a two-wave distribution of leader-employee paired questionnaires in 20 manufacturing companies in China. In the first wave, data about OCBE and team environmental atmosphere were collected from leaders. Subsequently, 2 months later, we conducted the second wave of data collection when data about ethical leadership and leader identity were obtained from their employees. The results showed that at the individual level, ethical leadership has a significant positive impact on employees’ OCBE, and such relationship is partially mediated by employees’ leader identity and positively moderated by team environmental atmosphere across levels. At the team level, ethical leadership has a significant positive impact on employees’ OCBE, and such relationship is completely mediated by team environmental atmosphere. This study investigates the cross-level influential mechanism of ethical leadership on OCBE in China and provides theoretical guidance for enterprises to promote OCBE effectively.

The reciprocal relationship between consensual sexting and peer support among adolescents: A three-wave longitudinal study

Adolescent sexting is often linked with negative peer outcomes, which are more pronounced for girls. However, existing research has generally mixed non-consensual sexting and consensual sexting, the latter of which could be even beneficial for adolescents' well-being. A longitudinal approach is necessary to address how the change in peer relationships may be the outcome of engaging in sexting, as well as its driver. Using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) on a large, national, quota-based sample of Czech adolescents (N = 1,102, 11–16 years, 48.3% female) over three waves of data collection, we investigate the reciprocal relationship -between consensual sexting and peer support. To ensure that the outcomes do not differ by gender, we also test a multigroup model. Our results reveal no longitudinal relationship between consensual sexting and peer support, even after accounting for gender and age differences. In line with other studies within the mental health area, our results add to the knowledge that consensual sexting is not detrimental to adolescents’ well-being. Our results are thus important for parents and practitioners, because they support that sexting could be understood as a natural part of contemporary adolescent sexual development and, although engagement in sexting may be risky, it is not harmful.

Prospective Associations Between Family-Based Social Capital, Wellbeing, and Emotional and Behavioral Problems Amongst People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities: A Two-Wave Study

ABSTRACT Introduction Family members are often the main provider of informal support to people with mild intellectual disabilities. In the current study, we explored whether their family-based social capital is prospectively associated with their wellbeing and emotional and behavioral problems. Methods Sixty-nine participants with mild intellectual disabilities and key (proxy reporting) staff members participated in two waves of data collection (T1, T2). Data were collected about family-based social capital (FNM-ID), subjective wellbeing (PWI-ID), and emotional and behavioral problems (ABCL, BPI-01). Results People who reported less support provision to family members and more reciprocal family support relationships at T1 experienced higher levels of internalizing behavior problems at T2, after accounting for T1 levels of internalizing behavior problems. No other associations were found between earlier family-based social capital dimensions and psychological outcomes at T2. Conclusion Our study provides initial insights regarding the prospective associations between the family-based social capital of people with mild intellectual disabilities and their wellbeing and emotional and behavioral problems. Future studies should include larger samples to investigate if our preliminary results are replicated.

Mediating Effect of Social Self-Efficacy and Self-Blame on the Longitudinal Relationship Between Perceived Parent-Child Trust and Youth Mental Health

Guided by social cognitive theory and past empirical findings, the study’s conceptual model posited that parent-child trust promotes positive youth mental health through the pathways of social self-efficacy and self-blame. Using longitudinal data from 129 children aged 10–14 who participated over three waves of data collection in fall 2019, spring 2020, and spring 2021, this study extends current knowledge by examining potential mediators of the relationship between child-reported parent-child trust and youth mental health. Significant indirect pathways indicated that social self-efficacy fully mediated the association between perceived parent-child trust and youth mental health, and self-blame did not. Results of the study aligned with the social cognitive theory perspective that youth outcomes can be influenced by the acquisition of social skills through observational learning of healthy models, such as parents. Findings suggest that a tiered intervention model that utilizes social emotional learning and parent-based prevention could improve adolescent mental health.

Revisiting Audio Observations to Collect Qualitative Data During the COVID-19 Pandemic

With its physical distancing rules, the COVID-19 pandemic regulations urged researchers working in a qualitative paradigm to find pandemic-ready approaches to data collection. While many researchers turned to modern videoconferencing software, we explored an alternative route, and revisited audio observations. Audio observations replace the researcher as observer with audio recorders. Audio observations were pioneered in the 1960s, and continued to attract interest into the 1980s. Connecting with the methods literature from this earlier phase of interest, we evaluate a study design that combines audio observations with an interactive task that we applied to study active parental mediation of harmful media content. Drawing on a re-coding of data from two waves of data collection, we report on participants’ awareness of the observation episodes, issues with the recording quality, and the situational control during the observation episodes. We conclude that, although truly not a panacea, the combination of audio observations with interactive tasks not only helps to confront the challenges of physical distancing but also constitutes a serious alternative to more established qualitative data gathering approaches—even beyond pandemic restrictions. Thus, this article contributes to the extension of the methods repertoire in qualitative research.

Recruitment and Attrition for Panel Surveys of Hard-to-reach Populations: Some Lessons from a Longitudinal Study on Undocumented Migrants.

Conducting research among hard-to-reach populations is a difficult endeavor because some of their characteristics are known to be associated with survey nonresponse and panel attrition. In the case of the Parchemins study, which followed undocumented migrants over their process of regularization and during the first years of regularized life in Geneva, we underscore the difficulties in recruiting and keeping respondents who come from such a hard-to-reach population. Factors hindering their participation include the fear of being denounced as undocumented, missing time due to high workload, health issues, or language problems. Using unique data from the recruitment and the follow-up processes, we demonstrate that investing high resources and time is particularly beneficial to reach such a population and to reduce attrition over successive data collection waves. In addition, we present the strategies adopted to draw a convenient sample from our targeted population, which mainly relies on generating trust.

The Craniofacial Collaboration UK: Developmental Outcomes in 7- and 10-Year-Old Children With Metopic Synostosis.

The Craniofacial Collaboration (CC-UK) is a shared initiative across the Psychology teams attached to 4 highly specialized craniofacial centers in the United Kingdom. The CC-UK aims to address key limitations in the existing craniofacial literature by analyzing data for homogenous samples of children with craniosynostosis. This article presents the fifth wave of CC-UK data collection, focused on 7- and 10-year olds who have undergone primary corrective surgery for metopic synostosis (MS). Data for children with sagittal synostosis and MS have previously been presented at 3 and 5 years. This paper continues to build on this with consideration to older age groups, presenting the first CC-UK analysis of cognitive assessment data using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition. Results show that the majority of children with MS fall within the average ranges across behavioral and neurodevelopmental domains. However, several domains indicated a trend of heightened concern when compared with normative data, particularly for parent-reported outcomes, suggesting that there may be some subtle difficulties for children with MS. Consideration of how these findings compare with that of previous CC-UK analyses is explored. Further, implications for clinical practice and future research are considered, with the need for longitudinal analyses, as well as data from multiple perspectives (eg, school, parents, and self) at older age points to establish patterns over time. Through collaboration across the highly specialized craniofacial centers, the CC-UK hopes to work toward this goal moving forward.

Taking Shared Decision Making from Concept to Clinical Practice: What Do Sickle Cell Healthcare Providers Need?

Introduction:The landscape of therapies for sickle cell disease (SCD) is rapidly evolving. While hydroxyurea remains the gold standard treatment, since 2017 the FDA has approved three additional drugs (i.e., L-glutamine, voxelotor, crizanlizumab), and many others are under investigation. Thus, new therapies and multi-agent treatment approaches for SCD are on the horizon, along with increasingly complex treatment decisions for patients, caregivers, and clinicians. Best practice SCD guidelines recommend shared decision making (SDM; NHLBI, 2014) and SCD patients and caregivers strongly prefer a SDM approach when considering disease-modifying therapies (Jabour et al., 2019; Ross et al., 2016). SDM is a collaborative process in which patients, caregivers, and clinicians work in partnership to reach healthcare decisions based on scientific evidence and the patient's/caregiver's values, preferences, and treatment goals (Stiggelbout et al., 2012). SDM enhances patient and parent knowledge, engagement in the decision making process, and satisfaction with care (Stacey et al., 2014; Wyatt et al., 2015) and is particularly beneficial for marginalized groups (Durand et al., 2014). Evidence also suggests positive impacts of SDM on more distal outcomes, including adherence to the selected treatment (Hauser et al., 2015; Joosten et al., 2008) and health outcomes (Hauser et al., 2015; Tapp et al., 2017). However, few tools are available to facilitate SDM for SCD therapies (Crosby et al., 2019), and most healthcare providers who care for youth with SCD have not had specific training in SDM (Yawn et al., 2014). This study examined clinician perspectives on resources needed to foster SDM in the context of disease-modifying treatment decisions for SCD. Methods:SCD providers were recruited from across the United States using maximum variation purposeful sampling to ensure diversity in provider characteristics (age, sex, race, discipline, years in profession) and clinics (region, patient volume). After electronic consent, providers completed a demographics survey and joined a private online “crowd” on Slack. There were five waves of data collection; during each wave, a series of 4-5 questions were posed to the crowd. Providers were paid for each question they answered and encouraged to view and respond to others' posts. Thematic content analysis was used to summarize perspectives on resources needed to help healthcare providers better engage patients and caregivers in SDM for sickle cell therapies. Two raters independently coded each provider's responses; coding discrepancies were resolved via group discussion to consensus. Results:Of the 59 SCD providers who enrolled, approximately two-thirds were female (67%) and 61% were White; the remainder of the sample identified as Asian (20%), Black or African American (10%), or Middle Eastern (3%). Most were non-Hispanic or Latino (95%). Providers included physicians (73%), nurse practitioners or advanced practice nurses (22%), and nurses (5%) with a wide range of years in practice (2 - 57, M=12.8, SD=10.6). Providers were employed at care centers serving pediatric patients (37%), adult patients (29%), or both pediatric and adult patients with SCD (34%), with annual patient volume ranging from 16 to 2200 (M=420.5, SD=405.1). Across the waves of data collection, response rates ranged from 53-59%. These clinicians identified five resources necessary to optimize SDM for disease-modifying therapies: 1) well-staffed multidisciplinary care teams; 2) high quality patient education materials; 3) billing and reimbursement policies that incentivize SDM; 4) resources to address social determinants of health barriers; and, 5) peer mentoring and support programs for patients. See Table 1 for illustrative quotes. Conclusions:Providers identified several supports and resources to facilitate SDM with individuals with SCD. Findings from this study will inform the development of a multi-component SDM intervention, including decision support tools for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers and clinic-based implementation tools. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P20GM109021. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Moving to an Activity-Friendly Community Can Increase Physical Activity.

Creating activity-friendly communities (AFCs) is an important strategy to increase physical activity (PA). While cross-sectional links between community environments and PA are well documented, their causal relationships remain insufficiently explored. Using the accelerometer and survey data collected from adults who moved to an AFC (cases) and similar non-AFC-residing adults who did not move (comparisons), this pre-post, case-comparison study examines if moving to an AFC increases PA. Data came from 115 participants (cases = 37, comparisons = 78) from Austin, Texas, who completed 2 waves of 1-weeklong data collection. Difference-in-difference analyses and fixed-effect models were used to test the significance of the pre-post differences in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) between cases and comparisons, for the full sample and the subsample of 37 pairs matched in key covariates using the Propensity Score Matching method. Average treatment effect generated based on Propensity Score Matching and difference-in-difference showed that moving to this AFC led to an average of 10.88 additional minutes of daily MVPA (76.16 weekly minutes, P = .015). Fixed-effect models echoed the result with an increase of 10.39minutes of daily MVPA after moving to the AFC. We also found that case participants who were less active at baseline and had higher income increased their MVPA more than their counterparts. This study showed that, among our study sample, moving to an AFC increased residents' PA significantly when compared to their premove level and the comparison group. This causal evidence suggests the potential of AFCs as sustainable interventions for PA promotion.

Coping Responses in the Context of Family Stress Moderate the Association Between Childhood Anxiety and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms are common and highly interrelated. A relatively consistent temporal pattern of anxious and depressive symptoms has emerged from previous studies, such that the development of anxiety tends to precede and predict the development of depression rather than the other way around. Whether high levels of childhood anxiety predict depressive symptoms in late adolescence may depend, in part, on the ways in which children cope with stressful events. Accordingly, the present study used latent intercept models to examine involuntary and voluntary coping responses to familial stress as potential moderators of the association between childhood anxiety and adolescent depressive symptoms. Two hundred twenty-seven participants completed questionnaires measuring demographic variables as well as anxiety, depressive symptoms, and coping responses at a minimum of one time point over four waves of data collection (T1 Mage = 10.26years, T2 Mage = 15.77years, T3 Mage = 16.75years, T4 Mage = 17.68years). We found that childhood anxiety was positively associated with adolescent depressive symptoms when children reported higher levels of involuntary responses to family stress (e.g., rumination or physiological arousal) in conjunction with either lower levels of voluntary engaged responses (e.g., problemsolving or emotion regulation) or higher levels of voluntary disengaged responses (e.g., avoidance or denial). These results shed light on the conditions under which childhood anxiety is associated with adolescent depressive symptoms and underscore the need for continued longitudinal and developmental research on this topic.

Why can’t smokers quit? Longitudinal study of smokers in the US using the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) waves 1 to 5

IntroductionMost adult cigarette smokers have tried unsuccessfully to quit. We followed participants in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study through five waves (2013–2019), comparing smoking, quit behaviors and other characteristics between persistent smokers and those who became and stayed former smokers. MethodsThe main analysis employed treatment effects to estimate mean differences in smoking and quitting behaviors among smoker groups. Logistic models were used to estimate predicted means based on continuing smokers’ demographic characteristics to ensure that any differences in outcomes did not come from differences in demographic characteristics. ResultsAmong smokers enrolled in PATH Wave 1, 68 % persisted in all subsequent waves. Compared with smokers who quit after Wave 1, persistent smokers had remarkably stable smoking behaviors, including significantly higher proportions of everyday smokers, consuming 10+ cigarettes per day, and smoking within 30 min of waking up. Persistent smokers were also less likely to try to quit completely, and experienced more negative symptoms from nicotine withdrawal. They also showed less interest in quitting and were less confident of being successful than smokers who quit by the next wave. Neither electronic nicotine delivery systems nor menthol played a role in continued smoking or quitting. ConclusionsThe characteristics and behaviors of persistent smokers in this study were stable over five waves of data collection during a six-year period, suggesting that these smokers need new cessation options.

Green influencer marketing: conceptualization, scale development, and validation: an application to tourism products

This study aims to conceptualize the green influencer marketing (GIM) and to develop a GIM scale for its measurement. To achieve this goal, this research used a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. In this context, qualitative study and quantitative studies were carried out, respectively. Study 1 included qualitative study, while study 2, 3 and 4 included quantitative studies. In the study 1, the social media posts of 14 green influencers were subjected to the content analysis to provide an operational definition of the GIM. With this content analysis, green influencer marketing and its sub-factors, which are environmentally friendly product-oriented influence and environmental sustainability-oriented influence, were conceptualized and a 15-item pool was obtained. Quantitative data for study 2, 3 and 4 were collected from participants who followed at least one of the 14 green influencers. In the quantitative studies, multiple waves of data collection were used. In the study 2, the item pool was purified and refined with the help of quantitative research. Thus, a scale consisting of 2 dimensions and 8 items was obtained (n:100). In the study 3, the factor structure of the scale was confirmed through the test-retest method (n:202). In the study 4, the research model hypothesized using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) Theory was tested to ensure the nomological validity of the scale (n:321). The research model built for nomological validity consists of GIM, perceived fit with personal interests, green behavioral intention, and environmental consciousness variables. GIM was measured using an 8-item and two-factor scale developed in this study. Perceived fit with personal interests was measured using a three-item scale adapted from Casaló et al. Green behavioral Intention was measured using a four-item scale adapted from Jain et al. An eight-item scale developed by Huang et al. was utilized to measure environmental consciousness. According to the findings, environmentally friendly product-oriented influence and environmental sustainability-oriented influence significantly predicted behavioural intention towards green tourism products. As a result, this research makes a valuable contribution to the literature by conceptualizing the GIM and developing its scale.

The heart of Detroit study: a window into urban middle-aged and older African Americans’ daily lives to understand psychosocial determinants of cardiovascular disease risk

BackgroundCardiovascular disease disproportionately affects African Americans. Psychosocial factors, including the experience of and emotional reactivity to racism and interpersonal stressors, contribute to the etiology and progression of cardiovascular disease through effects on health behaviors, stress-responsive neuroendocrine axes, and immune processes. The full pathway and complexities of these associations remain underexamined in African Americans. The Heart of Detroit Study aims to identify and model the biopsychosocial pathways that influence cardiovascular disease risk in a sample of urban middle-aged and older African American adults.MethodsThe proposed sample will be composed of 500 African American adults between the ages of 55 and 75 from the Detroit urban area. This longitudinal study will consist of two waves of data collection, two years apart. Biomarkers of stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular surrogate endpoints (i.e., heart rate variability and blood pressure) will be collected at each wave. Ecological momentary assessments will characterize momentary and daily experiences of stress, affect, and health behaviors during the first wave. A proposed subsample of 60 individuals will also complete an in-depth qualitative interview to contextualize quantitative results. The central hypothesis of this project is that interpersonal stressors predict poor cardiovascular outcomes, cumulative physiological stress, poor sleep, and inflammation by altering daily affect, daily health behaviors, and daily physiological stress.DiscussionThis study will provide insight into the biopsychosocial pathways through which experiences of stress and discrimination increase cardiovascular disease risk over micro and macro time scales among urban African American adults. Its discoveries will guide the design of future contextualized, time-sensitive, and culturally tailored behavioral interventions to reduce racial disparities in cardiovascular disease risk.

Speak up to speed up innovation: servant leadership triggered innovative work behavior mediated through voice behavior

Purpose This study aims to unfurl the mediating role of facets of voice behavior. The study also unearths the relationship between servant leadership and voice behavior. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from follower manager dyads in two waves of data collection initiated after the completion of the preceding wave. The final sample size obtained was 312. Findings The study found servant leadership to be related to innovative work behavior and facets of voice behavior. The study also found promotive voice behavior and preventive voice behavior to be related to the innovative work behavior of employees. The study found promotive voice behavior and prohibitive voice behavior work as parallel mediators linking servant leadership to the innovative work behavior of employees. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to unearth mediation linking servant leadership to innovative work behavior through both facets of voice behavior.

"If You Just Tell Me You're 18, I'll Still Sell to You": A Qualitative Study of Underage Tobacco Product Purchasing Experiences in a Tobacco 21 Compliance Study.

Tens of thousands of underage tobacco buy attempts are conducted each year for research, compliance, and public health surveillance. However, little research has qualitatively examined the perceptions and experiences of underage buyers participating in these programs. We sought to understand underage buyers' experiences and gather recommendations for protocol improvements. We conducted semi-structured interviews in the fall of 2022 to assess experiences with underage tobacco product purchasing. Participants (N = 19, 58% male, 42% White) were research assistants aged 18-20 in New Jersey, New York, or North Carolina. Interviews examined purchasing experiences in relation to store characteristics, clerk interactions, and buyer identities. We used deductive and inductive thematic coding to explore key themes related to buyer experiences. We identified four themes: (1) non-chain stores lacked consistency in verifying age; (2) female data collectors experienced uncomfortable situations more frequently than male data collectors; (3) not identifying with the store's typical demographics impacted purchase attempts; and (4) participants suggested improvements for inspections and research during training. Retailer education, widespread adoption of ID scanners, and enforcement could increase standardization of ID requests and verification. Male and female buyers can be trained on what they might expect based on their gender, as well as how to maneuver through unwanted situations. Consideration of shared identity is important for future waves of data collection and research. Efforts to improve training include more extensive mock purchase training with supervisors well-versed in this area. Electronic ID verification and promoting compliance at non-chain retailers could impact access to tobacco products for underage buyers. Training for underage buyers in research and compliance assessments should focus on ways to enhance data collectors' confidence when making a purchase attempt, which may improve the validity of the rate of sales to individuals under 21.

Long-term Neighborhood Poverty Effects on Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescents: Mediated Through Allostatic Load and Pubertal Timing

PurposeThe long-term effect of neighborhood poverty on internalizing symptoms in adolescents and the biological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. We defined neighborhood poverty at the village level in two dimensions: intensity (i.e., poverty rate) and duration. This study investigated how the poverty rate and duration of exposure to neighborhood poverty interact to predict internalizing symptoms in adolescents through biological mechanisms (i.e., allostatic load and early pubertal timing). MethodsA total of 418 adolescents (50.2% girls; 11–14 years old; mean age = 12.57 years) living in rural China participated in two waves of data collection. Path analysis was conducted to examine the mediating role of allostatic load and pubertal timing in the relationship between the duration of exposure to neighborhood poverty and internalizing symptoms. Moreover, the interactive effect between the poverty rate and duration of neighborhood poverty on the allostatic load was tested. ResultsThe positive association between the duration of exposure to neighborhood poverty and internalizing symptoms of adolescents was explained by elevated allostatic load and early pubertal timing after adjusting for gender, age, prior family socioeconomic states and internalizing symptoms. The duration in neighborhood poverty was a stronger predictor of allostatic load for adolescents living in high poverty rate neighborhoods than for those living in low poverty rate neighborhoods. DiscussionNeighborhood poverty gets “under the skin” through biological pathways and affects internalizing symptoms among adolescents. The findings highlight the importance of considering different dimensions of neighborhood poverty (e.g., intensity and duration) on adolescents' health.

Avatar-Mediated Communication and Social Identification

ABSTRACT Avatar-mediated communication (AMC), commonly used in online environments such as games and the emerging metaverse, is different from traditional computer-mediated communication in that it is a human-object-object-human relationship mediated by the individual’s avatar and the avatar of the person with whom they are communicating. We conceptualize AMC by using three key concepts: user-avatar identification (i.e., how a user perceives their avatar as themselves), avatar-avatar identification (i.e., how a user perceives their avatar as part of a community of avatars), and social presence (i.e., how a user perceives the other avatar as a representation of the other person). We tested this model using 778 individuals who responded to three waves of data collection. The results show that the three factors of AMC influence users’ social identification with their community and strengthen its impact on loyalty. From a theoretical perspective, our research adds two novel constructs—user–avatar identification and avatar–avatar identification—that play key roles in AMC in addition to the well-known effects of social presence. From a practical perspective, our research helps developers better design online games and virtual worlds such as the metaverse.