Wave Measurements Research Articles

Large-scale laboratory trials of smart aggregates for self-healing in concrete under different curing regimes

To develop concrete with self-healing properties, a promising approach, through the incorporation of smart aggregates within the concrete mix, was tested in large-scale laboratory trials. In this work, lightweight aggregates impregnated with sodium silicate and sodium nitrate, as potential self-healing agents, and encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol coating were prepared and deployed as 30% replacement of the coarse aggregates by volume in 150 mm × 200 mm × 1000 mm beams. The beams were then cured in three different environments: outdoor exposure, distilled water and seawater. To evaluate the self-healing efficiency, multiple cracks, 100–700 μm in width, were created using four-point bending tests and confirmed through microscopy observations and ultrasonic wave measurements. The concrete beams containing the developed smart aggregates showed a considerable regain of stiffness and flexural strength after healing compared to the control specimens under all three curing conditions. The measured reduction in water ingress of the healed sections demonstrated significant recovery of water tightness (50% more) compared to the control specimens. The contribution of the sodium silicate and sodium nitrate cargo released from the aggregates to the proliferation of the healing products was evident but needs further investigations on the size effect to realise the full potential of the healing mechanism.

In-situ Primary Stress Detection Based on Seismic Tomography Measurements and Numerical Back-analysis for an Underground Radwaste Repository

In order to understand how the in-situ primary stress state has evolved with subsidence and uplift in a granitic rock mass for anticipated of a radioactive waste repository in Hungary, the authors investigated the applicability of seismic tomography as an interpretive tool. Very high P wave velocity (Vp) values were obtained during the tomographic scanning of the study area of the repository, and these were compared with existing findings of in-situ and laboratory seismic measurements.Apart from seismic tomographic survey, dynamic FEM numerical modelling, empirical calculations of residual stresses, laboratory measurements of compression wave (ultrasonic) velocities on intact rock cores, in-situ primary stress measurements as well as site geological model were integrated to evaluate the use of seismic tomography for identifying possible in-situ stress increases around the excavation.A detailed calibration modelling was carried out based on the site seismic tomography measurements and during the large-scale modelling. It was observed that the increasing Vp is directly related to simulated increasing directional loadings on the rock mass. Using a measured wave raypath it was possible to check the different in-situ stress parametrizations which resulted in the best approximation to the measured Vp values.It was concluded that the rock mass under investigation to extend the repository must have higher in-situ stress values than the area of the constructed deposition chambers nearby. The results of this research indicated that seismic tomography is a useful tool for determining relative stress around and within the vicinity of underground excavation.

Advancing measurement of zero-group-velocity Lamb waves using PVDF-TrFE transducers: first data and application to in situ health monitoring of multilayer bonded structures

Driven by the rapid advancement in manufacturing technologies, engineering structures with complex geometries are increasingly applied in various industries, posing challenges to the applicability and adaptability of existing structural health monitoring methods based on guided ultrasonic waves. To fulfill the characterization of defects in complex structures, a novel approach featuring a conjunction of zero-group-velocity (ZGV) Lamb waves and polarized poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) transducers is proposed. In this approach, the PVDF-TrFE solvent is deposited and in situ polarized on the structure surface to form thin and flexible coatings, with which the ZGV waves can be excited efficiently and measured reliably. On this basis, the defect can be characterized by investigating the defect-induced alteration in ZGV wave features. In experimental validations, disbond defects in multilayer bonded structures are evaluated using the ZGV waves measured with fabricated PVDF-TrFE transducers. For the first time, the ZGV waves are measured in a contact and in situ manner. Compared with conventional noncontact measurement of ZGV waves, the proposed approach features a remarkably improved reliability, convenience for narrowband excitation, immunity to measurement uncertainty and capability of in situ monitoring. The proposed approach can advance the ZGV wave-based methods toward the in situ health monitoring and enable the defect evaluation in emerging complex structures.

Enhancement of Guided Wave Detection and Measurement in Buried Layers of Multilayered Structures Using a New Design of V(z) Acoustic Transducers

This paper presents the possibility of enhancement of the generation and detection of poorly energetic acoustic-guided waves in multilayered structures using a new design for a V(z) transducer. By defining a modified V(z) transducer composed of segmented piezoelectric elements, the acoustical energy can be directed towards specific angles in such a way as to generate guided waves that are poorly energetic. By comparing the results using this new design to those obtained with a classical V(z) transducer, it is shown that the generation and detection of such waves is greatly improved, especially for poorly energetic waves that belong to a buried layer in a multilayered structure. This is especially seen on the components of the spectra of V(z). The modeling of the modified V(z) signature for a multi-element focused transducer is widely detailed first. Then, in order to illustrate the advantages of our proposed method, a three-layer structure (aluminum/epoxy/steel) is discussed. The interest of this method for the characterization of elastic properties of “buried” layers through specific guided waves that are detected with great difficulty—or even not at all—with a classical V(z) transducer is demonstrated, especially for the A0 and S0 modes corresponding to the steel layer inside the three-layer structure. In this study, we also develop a specific tracking method for particular guided waves possessing large phase velocity variations over the considered frequency range, as is the case for the S0 mode of the steel sub-layer.

DIC measurement of deflection waves travelling along a thin flexural plate floating at water surface

This paper addresses the deflection waves traveling along a floating thin plate using a series of tank tests. A measurement system using stereo Digital Image Correlation (DIC) with two sets of high-speed cameras is adopted in the tests to find the instantaneous distribution of deflection and strain in a structure by taking the difference between the images before and after deformation. The model is made of rubber foam and its elastic modulus is found from four-point bending and free-vibration tests. The deflection waves traveling along a thin elastic plate at the water surface are identified in the tank tests. The measured results are compared with the numerical simulation results based on a linear potential flow theory. The agreement between the measurements and numerical results is found to be satisfactory in terms of deflection and strain distributions. Further, nonlinear components including the second and third harmonics, whose properties deviate slightly from the predictions by Stokes wave theory, are found and discussed.

Sensitivity of sheltered mudflats to wind events

The impact of waves on the morphological changes of sheltered mudflats is less well studied compared to that on open flats. To investigate the sensitivity of low-energy sheltered mudflats to hydrodynamics such as waves, we carried out in situ measurements of bed level, currents, and waves on the middle flat of a sheltered mudflat in a bay in southern China. Two 1-month measurements, March 26–26 April 2021, and July 8–8 August 2021, were performed for repetition. We found that the sheltered system was not as stable as it appeared. The maximum intratidal bed-level variation, ΔZ, was <5 mm in calm conditions. However, wind speeds slightly highly than 3.0 m/s, under which significant wave height was approximately 0.1 m, triggered significant bed-level variation patterns, with ΔZ reaching up to 2 cm. Intratidal bed-level change patterns depend on the relative dominance of waves and currents: low τc (current-induced bed shear stress) and high τw (wave-induced bed shear stress) promote the generation and migration of bed ripples; comparable τc and τw, with medium-to-high values, lead to non-cyclic bed-level change patterns; high τc and high τw result in bed accumulation/degradation superimposed by bed ripple migration. From a long-term perspective, i.e. in the time scale of month to year, sheltered mudflats are stable systems, and their high sensitivity causes short-term significant bed-level variation. The sensitivity and stability of sheltered mudflats must be further investigated to explore the effects of human intervention and global climate change.

Precision early universe cosmology from stochastic gravitational waves

The causal tail of stochastic gravitational waves can be used to probe the energy density in free streaming relativistic species as well as measure g*(T) and beta functions β(T) as a function of temperature. In the event of the discovery of loud stochastic gravitational waves, we demonstrate that LISA can measure the free streaming fraction of the universe down to the the 10−3 level, 100 times more sensitive than current constraints. Additionally, it would be sensitive to mathcal{O} (1) deviations of g* and the QCD β function from their Standard Model value at temperatures ~ 105 GeV. In this case, many motivated models such as split SUSY and other solutions to the Electroweak Hierarchy problem would be tested. Future detectors, such as DECIGO, would be 100 times more sensitive than LISA to these effects and be capable of testing other motivated scenarios such as WIMPs and axions. The amazing prospect of using precision gravitational wave measurements to test such well motivated theories provides a benchmark to aim for when developing a precise understanding of the gravitational wave spectrum both experimentally and theoretically.

Anisotropy influence on guided wave scattering for composite structure monitoring

Composite structures are widely used for aerospace applications but are prone to barely visible impact damage from low velocity impacts. Guided wave measurements using sparse arrays of distributed sensors provide an important structural health monitoring (SHM) tool for detecting and localizing impact damage in composites. However, the anisotropy of composites needs to be considered as it can affect guided wave propagation and scattering, impacting imaging performance. Improved defect characterization can be achieved by considering the scattering characteristics for the signal processing. Scattering around two different damage types for multiple incident wave directions in a quasi-isotropic carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) panel were investigated. Full 3D Finite Element (FE) simulations were compared to the measured scattered guided wave field at an artificial insert delamination. Permanent magnets mounted on an undamaged region of the plate were used as scattering targets and both numerical and experimental scattering patterns were compared to the delamination results. Strong directional dependency was observed for both damage types, with energy focusing along the fiber directions of the outer ply layers. For the delamination, mostly forward scattering is observed for all incident wave directions, whereas the magnet blocked forward wave transmission and scattered wave energy in all directions. 2D scattering matrices were calculated, demonstrating distinct scattering behavior for each damage type. Implications of anisotropy and angular scattering on SHM guided wave sparse array imaging are discussed.

Metamaterial characterization from far-field acoustic wave measurements using convolutional neural network

Identifying the material properties of unknown media is an important scientific/engineering challenge in areas as varied as in-vivo tissue health diagnostics and metamaterial characterization. Currently, techniques exist to retrieve the material parameters of large unknown media from elastic wave scattering in free-space using analytical or numerical methods. However, applying these methods to small samples on the order of few wavelengths in diameter is challenging, as the fields scattered by these samples become significantly contaminated by diffraction from the sample edges. Here, we propose a method to extract the material parameters of small samples using convolutional neural networks trained to learn the mapping between far-field echoes and the material parameters. Networks were trained with synthetic time domain echo data obtained by simulating the free-space scattering of sound from unknown media underwater. Results show that neural networks can accurately predict effective material parameters such as mass density, bulk modulus, and shear modulus even when small training sets are used. Furthermore, we demonstrate in experiments executed in a water tank that the networks trained with synthetic data can accurately estimate the material properties of fabricated metamaterial samples from single-point echo measurements performed in the far-field. This work highlights the effectiveness of our approach to identify unknown media using far-field acoustic reflection dominated by diffraction fields and will open a new avenue toward acoustic sensing techniques.

Filling gaps in significant wave height time series records using bidirectional gated recurrent unit and cressman analysis

Continuous records of wave data are of great significance for marine researches and analyses. However, the measurement of wave by buoys is often interrupted for various reasons. In this paper, five machine learning methods were employed to fill in the missing significant wave height (Hs) data: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), gated recurrent unit (GRU) and bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU). Inputs to the model are the relevant meteorological data from one or more buoys in the vicinity of the target buoy. Then, this study adopted a data assimilation method, Cressman analysis (CA), to correct the outputs of the models. The performances of the five models before and after correction (RF-CA, SVM-CA, ANN-CA, GRU-CA, BiGRU-CA) were compared horizontally and vertically. The statistical results for the test period showed that BiGRU significantly outperforms the other four models, with lower RMSE and scatter index, and higher correlation coefficients. By CA, the errors of the five models were reduced to different degrees, and BiGRU has the most reduction. Multiple tests showed that the performance of BiGRU-CA was more stable than that of RF-CA, SVM-CA, ANN-CA and GRU-CA, and its estimation of storm waves was also accurate and reliable.

Correlating electroconvulsive therapy response to electroencephalographic markers: Study protocol.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective intervention for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite longstanding use, the underlying mechanisms of ECT are unknown, and there are no objective prognostic biomarkers that are routinely used for ECT response. Two electroencephalographic (EEG) markers, sleep slow waves and sleep spindles, could address these needs. Both sleep microstructure EEG markers are associated with synaptic plasticity, implicated in memory consolidation, and have reduced expression in depressed individuals. We hypothesize that ECT alleviates depression through enhanced expression of sleep slow waves and sleep spindles, thereby facilitating synaptic reconfiguration in pathologic neural circuits. Correlating ECT Response to EEG Markers (CET-REM) is a single-center, prospective, observational investigation. Wireless wearable headbands with dry EEG electrodes will be utilized for at-home unattended sleep studies to allow calculation of quantitative measures of sleep slow waves (EEG SWA, 0.5-4 Hz power) and sleep spindles (density in number/minute). High-density EEG data will be acquired during ECT to quantify seizure markers. This innovative study focuses on the longitudinal relationships of sleep microstructure and ECT seizure markers over the treatment course. We anticipate that the results from this study will improve our understanding of ECT.

Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in a hungry state decreases heart rate variability

Vagus nerve signals from the gut to brain carry information about nutrients and drive food reward. Such signals are disrupted by consuming large amounts of high-calorie foods, necessitating greater food intake to elicit a similar neural response. Non‐invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) via a branch innervating the ear is a candidate treatment for obesity in humans. There is disagreement on the optimal location of nVNS in the ear for experimental and clinical studies. There are also no studies comparing nVNS in hungry and post-prandial states. We aimed to compare ear position(s) for nVNS and explore the effects of nVNS during hungry and post-prandial states on proxies for autonomic outflow (heart-rate variability) and efferent metabolism (gastric wave frequency and resting energy expenditure).In a within-subject design, 14 participants (10 women, on average 29.4 +/- 6.7 years old) received nVNS in four different locations (cymba conchae, tragus, earlobe, or tragus AND cymba conchae) on separate days. In each session, participants were asked to consume a palatable chocolate flavored milk. With electrography on the abdomen and indirect calorimetry in a canopy, we measured electro-cardiogram, electro-gastrogram and resting energy expenditure for 15 min before and at least 35 min after consumption of the palatable drink. We also collected ratings of the palatable drink and internal and other states.Pre-drink consumption (in a hungry state) we observed no differences in the effect of location of acute nVNS on resting energy expenditure and gastric wave measures. However, nVNS in cymba conchae decreases heart-rate variability (relative to sham) and ratings of how much participants want to consume the drink (relative to tragus AND cymba conchae and a trend relative to sham). After drink consumption and with continued nVNS, gastric wave frequency is unchanged, and resting energy expenditure increases regardless of stimulation location. Heart-rate variability decreases in all locations, except cymba conchae. We also observe a trend for an increase in gastric wave amplitude in late post-drink consumption time-points in cymba conchae. We observe no support for the combined stimulation of tragus AND cymba conchae being more effective than either of the individual locations.These results suggest that nVNS in the cymba conchae in a hungry state has a similar acute effect on vagal tone as food consumption: to decrease heart rate variability. This effect then negates the usual postprandial effects of a decrease in heart rate variability as seen in the other nVNS locations. These preliminary observations suggest that nVNS in cymba conchae may act primarily on vagal afferent autonomic (and only modestly on metabolic output) in a similar way as food consumption does.

Quantitative Ultrasound Measurement of Endometrial Waves in Adenomyosis Versus Women with Normal Uteri - the Waves Study

<h3>Study Objective</h3> Measurement and analysis of uterine contractions by quantitative 2D transvaginal ultrasound measurements in women with abnormal uteri due to adenomyosis versus women with normal uteri. <h3>Design</h3> Multi-centre prospective observational cohort study. <h3>Setting</h3> Outpatient gynaecology department of participating centres. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> 29 women with adenomyosis with a natural menstrual cycle were compared to 70 women with normal uteri and regular menstrual cycles. Patients were included from September 2014 up to January 2022. <h3>Interventions</h3> Patients underwent a 4-minute 2D transvaginal ultrasound of the uterus in mid-sagittal section. Uterine motion analysis was implemented by a dedicated speckle tracking and strain analysis algorithm; with frequency, amplitude, coordination and velocity -related features extracted from the derived signals to characterise the uterine contractions. Measurements were carried out at different points of the menstrual cycle (menstrual, early follicular, periovulatory and early and late luteal phases. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> Results differed most significantly between groups in the periovulatory phase, with women with adenomyosis showing lower frequency (1.44 vs. 1.79 contractions/minute, p=0.025), higher amplitude (0.09 vs. 0.04, p=0.000) and lower velocity of uterine contractions (0.62 vs. 0.83 mm/sec, p=0.0008). In the menstrual phase, women with adenomyosis showed a trend toward higher contraction frequency (1.37 vs, 1.33 contractions/minute, p=0.592), amplitude (0.05 vs. 0.04, p=0.259) and velocity (0.72 vs. 0.67, p=0.456). Across all phases, women with adenomyosis showed a trend towards reduced contraction coordination (0.23-0.34 vs. 0.15-0.26). This being statistically significant in the late luteal phase (p=0.018). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our results confirm differences in uterine movement in abnormal versus healthy uteri. This could add to the aetiological understanding of clinical symptoms of these conditions (i.e. dysmenorrhoea or infertility). The notable difference between groups regarding coordination identifies this feature as a potential prognostic or therapeutic marker. Further research in women with (other) benign uterine disorders will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the clinical implications of abnormal uterine contractility.

Parametric Analysis of SV Mode Shear Waves in Transversely Isotropic Materials Using Ultrasonic Rotational 3-D SWEI.

Ultrasonic rotational 3-D shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) has been used to induce and evaluate multiple shear wave modes, including both the shear horizontal (SH) and shear vertical (SV) modes in in vivo muscle. Observations of both the SH and SV modes allow the muscle to be characterized as an elastic, incompressible, transversely isotropic (ITI) material with three parameters: the longitudinal shear modulus μL , the transverse shear modulus μT , and the tensile anisotropy χE . Measurement of the SV wave is necessary to characterize χE , but the factors that influence SV mode generation and characterization with ultrasonic SWEI are complicated. This work uses Green's function (GF) simulations to perform a parametric analysis to determine the optimal interrogation parameters to facilitate visualization and quantification of SV mode shear waves in muscle. We evaluate the impact of five factors: μL , μT , χE , fiber tilt angle [Formula: see text], and F-number of the push geometry on SV mode speed, amplitude, and rotational distribution. These analyses demonstrate that the following hold: 1) as μL increases, SV waves decrease in amplitude so are more difficult to measure in SWEI imaging; 2) as μT increases, the SV wave speeds increase; 3) as χE increases, the SV waves increase in speed and separate from the SH waves; 4) as fiber tilt angle [Formula: see text] increases, the measurable SV waves remain approximately the same speed, but change in strength and in rotational distribution; and 5) as the push beam geometry changes with F-number, the measurable SV waves remain approximately the same speed, but change in strength and rotational distribution. While specific SV mode speeds depend on the combinations of all parameters considered, measurable SV waves can be generated and characterized across the range of parameters considered. To maximize measurable SV waves separate from the SH waves, it is recommended to use an F/1 push geometry and [Formula: see text].

The liquid film behaviors created by an inclined jet impinging on a vertical wall

Liquid films created by inclined jet-wall impingement are commonly seen in industrial applications. We investigated the liquid film behaviors created by an inclined jet impinging on a vertical glass wall using a brightness-based laser-induced fluorescence method. It was found that the typical liquid film by an inclined jet-wall impingement consists of the thin layer zone, the raised zone, the liquid node, and the trailing edge. The liquid film expands with higher impingement velocity but keeps the same elliptical shape. A normalized linear correlation is proposed to estimate the liquid film thickness. Based on the continuity equation and the empirical convection model, the Reynolds number distribution is deduced from the film thickness distribution. The Reynolds number in the thin layer zone is less than the critical Reynolds number. The surface waves in the thin layer zone are divided into the ripple waves and the disturbance waves. The disturbance waves have a larger wavelength and amplitude than the ripple waves. The quantitative measurement of the disturbance waves shows that the wavelength and amplitude increase linearly along the radial distance. The smaller impingement velocity does not change the growth rate of the wavelength but accelerates the development of the amplitude.

A brachial artery-based system for blood pressure pulse wave measurement and its signal filtering technique

Human blood pressure (BP) and its pulse wave has always been a popular topic since it’s bound up with the heart related risks. In this paper, we mainly focus on the pulse wave of the brachial artery which is also widely used in the measurement of BP, hence we constructed a brachial artery-based system by using multi-Windkessel model and managed to generate a reliable pulse wave signal with adjustable authentic human parameters. On this basis, the signal filtering technique was also discussed. We mixed noises with different amplitude and frequency into the original signal intentionally, then several filters’ performances were compared. The designed combined filter represented a stable performance, and had little error in BP values, which ensure the stability and reliability of the designed system.

Comparing Myocardial Shear Wave Propagation Velocity Estimation Methods Based on Tissue Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Data.

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a promising technique used to assess cardiac function through the evaluation of cardiac stiffness non-invasively. However, in the literature, SWE varies in terms of tissue motion data (displacement, velocity or acceleration); method used to characterize mechanical wave propagation (time domain [TD] vs. frequency domain [FD]); and the metric reported (wave speed [WS], shear or Young's modulus). This variety of reported methodologies complicates comparison of reported findings and sheds doubt on which methodology better approximates the true myocardial properties. We therefore conducted a simulation study to investigate the accuracy of various SWE data analysis approaches while varying cardiac geometry and stiffness. Lower WS values were obtained by the TD method compared with the FD method. Acceleration-based WS estimates in the TD were systematically larger than those based on velocity (∼10% difference). These observations were confirmed by TD analysis of 32 in vivo SWE mechanical wave measurements. In vivo data quality is typically too low for accurate FD analysis. Therefore, our study suggests using acceleration-based TD analysis for in vivo SWE to minimize underestimation of the true WS and, thus, to maximize the sensitivity of SWE to detect stiffness changes resulting from pathology.

Research on vibration compensation technology of pressure sensors in shock wave overpressure measurement

In the dynamic pressure test of explosion shock wave, the interference of seismic wave and mechanical shock makes the interpretation of shock wave pressure measurement more difficult. In this paper, a comparative test is designed to peel off the vibration signal, and the source of vibration in shock wave measurement and the cause of acceleration parasitic effect of pressure sensor are analyzed combined with the data; Then, according to the experimental conclusions and the working principle of the sensor, a new pressure sensor with vibration compensation function is designed; Finally, the feasibility of the new sensor structure for vibration compensation is analyzed by finite element simulation. The results show that the vast majority of vibration interference signals are output by the sensor’s sensitive elements, and the new sensor with double sensitive element compensation can effectively suppress or eliminate the parasitic output caused by vibration interference. The design of the new structure sensor provides ideas for the design of vibration compensation structure of other pressure sensors, and has a certain reference value.

Analysis of material susceptibility in silicon on insulator waveguides with combined simulation of four-wave mixing and linear mode coupling

We derive propagation equations modeling third-order susceptibility-induced nonlinear interaction and linear mode coupling in waveguides. We model material susceptibility with Raman and electronic response which include approximations suited for optical communications. We validate our model by comparing numerical integration of the propagation equations to continuous wave measurements of a silicon on insulator waveguide.

Measurement of capillary waves with a laser wave recorder

Objectives. Capillary waves on the sea surface play an important role in remote sensing, both in the optical and microwave wavelength ranges. However, processes of electromagnetic radiation scattering on a rough sea surface cannot be studied in the absence of reliable monitoring of the parameters of these capillary waves under natural conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to develop methods for such monitoring purposes and test them under laboratory and field conditions.Methods. Novel laser-based methods for recording capillary waves at frequencies up to 100 Hz were developed in the laboratory. The proposed remote methods, which do not interfere with the sea surface, are based on the recording of scattered laser radiation using a video camera.Results. Under laboratory conditions, spatial profiles, time dependences of heights for all points of a laser sweep trajectory, and frequency power spectra were obtained. It is shown that slopes in capillary waves can reach 30° and that the amplitude of capillary waves at frequencies above 25 Hz does not exceed 0.5 mm. A new version of a scanning laser wave recorder was tested under natural conditions on an offshore platform. The measurements confirmed the possibility of measuring the parameters of sea waves on spatial scales covering 3 orders of magnitude: from units of millimeters to units of meters.Conclusions. The developed wave recorder can be used to carry out direct measurements of “instantaneous” sea surface profiles with a time synchronization precision of 10-4 s and a spatial accuracy of better than 0.5 mm. The method makes it possible to obtain large series (21000) of «instantaneous» wave profiles with a refresh rate of 60 Hz, which opens up opportunities for studying the physics of wave evolution and the influence of wave parameters on the scattering of electromagnetic waves. The advantage of the method is the direct nature of the measurement of applicates and other wave characteristics not only in time but also in space. The entirely remote method does not distort the properties of the surface and is not affected by wind, waves, or sea currents. The possibility of using the proposed method under natural conditions at any time of the day and in a wide range of weather conditions has been experimentally ascertained.