Wave-like Character Research Articles

An updated quantum complementarity principle

Bohr’s complementarity principle has long been a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics, positing that, within a given experimental set-up, a quantum system (or quanton) can exhibit either its wave-like character, denoted as W , or its particle-like character, denoted as P , but not both simultaneously. Modern interpretations of Bohr’s complementarity principle acknowledge the coexistence of these aspects in the same experiment while introducing the constraint W + P ≤ α . Notably, estimations of W or P frequently rely on indirect retrodiction methods, a practice that has led to the claim of the violation of Bohr’s complementarity principle. By taking a different route, recent advancements demonstrate that quantum complementarity relations can be rigorously derived from the axioms of quantum mechanics. To reconcile these observations and eliminate potential paradoxes or violations, we propose an updated formulation for the quantum complementarity principle, which is stated as follows: For a given quantum state preparation ρ t at a specific instant of time t , the wave and particle behaviours of a quanton are constrained by a complementarity relation 𝔚 ( ρ t ) + 𝔓 ( ρ t ) ≤ α ( d ) , which is derived directly from the axioms of quantum mechanics.

IMPROVEMENT OF REPARATIVE REGENERATION OF THE JAW BONE IN EXPERIMENT

We conducted an experimental study on the effectiveness of the combined use of osteoplastic material Collapan-L with adhered MSCs to improve the processes of jaw bone regeneration in rats. The animals were divided into two groups: experimental and control groups of 50 animals each. Bone damage was induced in rats by drilling a defect with a dental bur in the area of attachment of the masticatory muscles in the angle of the mandible. We used only Collapan-L in the control group, and Collapan-L with adherent MSCs in the experimental group. During the cultivation process, statistically significant changes in concentration, depending on the day of cultivation, were observed for all cytokines: IL-1β (p<0.001 ANOVA), IL-2 (p=0.007 ANOVA), IL-4 (p=0.02 ANOVA), IL-6 (p=0.003 ANOVA), IL-8 (p=0.003 by Kruskal-Wallis test) and TNF-α (p<0.001 ANOVA). The dynamics of changes in the cytokines had a wave-like character. By the day 30 of the experiment, in animals with injected Collapan-L, the total volume of bone tissue in the regeneration zone was 50.14%, and in the Collapan-L + MSCs group it was 75.4%. The use of osteoplastic material Collapan-L with adhered MSCs is an effective combination for improving regeneration processes and reducing the inflammatory response of bone tissue.

Влияние извержений вулканов на радиальный прирост деревьев в лесах Республики Марий Эл

The data ofthe long-term dynamics of radial growth for Pinus sylvestris L., Picea×fennica (Regel) Kom., Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Quercus robur L. in the forests of theof Mari El Republic (Middle Volga region, Russia) are presented. The objective of the study wasto obtain fundamental knowledge about the reactions of trees and biogeocenoses in general to the effects of various environmental factors. The research was conducted in different types of forest and vegetation conditions of Mari ElRepublic according to the traditional method in dendrochronology, which based on the wood cores, measuring the width of the annual rings of trees and subsequent mathematical processing of the initial time series: highlighting the age trend, calculating the annual growth indices and their smoothing by the method of a moving average with a lag of 7 years. The length of the dendrochronological series varied from 70 to 300 years. Was shown that the dynamics of tree growth indices in each ecotope has a clearly pronounced wave-like character, but the period of fluctuations is unstable and variedwithin large limits. All decreases in the magnitude of the growth indices were associated with a series of volcanic eruptions and explosions of Supernova and powerful solar flares that destabilized the state of the climate system of our planet. The impact of the current weather anomalies on the dynamics of tree growth was very weak and not always unambiguous. The results indicate the ambiguity of the reaction of trees in response to the same changes in external conditions, which is associated with the peculiarities of the genotypic and age structure of their cenopopulations, as well as the spatial heterogeneity of ecotopes and the entire lithosphere, which is a complex fractal-wave system of lineaments (tectonic faults, watercourses, karst voids, etc.). In this regard, in our opinion, attempts to reconstruct the dynamics of climate in the past, especially changes in temperature and precipitation, according to dendrochronological series, which reflect only information about the degree of favorable conditions for tree growth, are untenable.

Особенности течения COVID-19 у больных с хроническими вирусными гепатитами

Objective. To study the features of clinical picture and levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and -6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in COVID-19 patients with CVH. Patients and Methods. A prospective case-control study included 222 patients admitted between 2020 and 2024 with a diagnosis of COVID-19 presenting with CVH at Zangiota Multidisciplinary Infectious Disease Clinic No. 1. The diagnosis of COVID-19 in all patients was verified either by polymerase chain reaction revealing SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (nasopharyngeal swabs) or by specific immunoglobulins of class M to coronavirus detected by enzyme immunoassay. The severity of the course of the disease was determined in accordance with the temporary methodological recommendations of the Republic of Uzbekistan “Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19 Group I included 103 (46.39%) patients with chronic viral hepatitis C (CVHC), Group II included 104 (46.85%) patients with chronic viral hepatitis B (CVHB), and Group III included 15(6.76%) patients with mixt-hepatitis. The examination included: history taking; clinical examination of patients; standard clinical and biochemical blood tests; multispiral computed tomography and/or lung radiography. Serum levels of TNF-alpha and interleukins (hereinafter referred to as IL) -1, and -6 were determined using diagnostic test systems manufactured by VECTOR-BEST LLC (Novosibirsk, Russia) according to the attached instructions. Statistical processing of the obtained results was performed using Statstica.12 program. Methods of descriptive and variation statistics were used; Fisher's criterion and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient were calculated. Differences were considered reliable at p < 0.05. Results. In groups I and II, the moderately severe form of COVID-19 was significantly (p < 0.05) redominant; in the whole sample, as well as in the moderately severe course of the disease, women were significantly (p < 0.05) predominant; 9 out of 10 patients who died were men. The later a patient was admitted to the hospital, the more often severe COVID-19 was diagnosed. In all groups, men were hospitalized significantly (p < 0.05) later than women. In 12(5,41%) patients the diagnosis of “CVH” was detected for the first time in hospital by ELISA method: in 11 cases – CVHC, in another 1 – CVHB. Thirtysix(16.21%) patients had diabetes mellitus, 17 of them had moderate COVID-19, and 19 had severe COVID-19. There was a significant (p < 0.05) predominance of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients from group I (25.2% vs. 3.6:% in group II, and 13.3% in group III, respectively). In 26 patients with diabetes mellitus from group I, the level of IL-6 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (59.45 ± 18.15 pg/mL, versus 30.61 ± 4.24 and 31.0 pg/mL for groups II and III, respectively). The level of C-reactive protein in the general group amounted to 41.21 ± 1.68 IU/mL; the dynamics of this index had a wave-like character, increasing with aggravation of the condition and decreasing with increasing saturation and decreasing intoxication syndrome. In 78 (35.13%) patients at hospital discharge the level of CRP remained elevated (24.03 ± 1.47 mg/L). Conclusion. Timely detection of disorders in the systems of cytokine regulation and hemostasis in patients with the combination of COVID-19 and CVH will allow increasing the effectiveness of treatment (hepatoprotectors, anticoagulants) both in hospital and in the rehabilitation period. Key words: COVID-19, diagnosis, proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, chronic viral hepatitis

DISTRIBUTION OF GERMANIUM IN THE COAL OF THE LVIV-VOLYN BASIN

Germanium – rare element, it is a raw material of multipurpose usage and it is included in the list of “critically important minerals” confirmed by the European Commission. The mineral base of Ukraine is characterized by considerable reserves of accompanying germanium and prospects of its development during the complex mining development of coal deposits. Purpose of the work is to study the origin of germanium in the course of the geological history of the formation of coalbearing deposits and to establish the law-governed nature of its distribution as the element-admixture in coal of the Lviv-Volyn Basin. Germanium in coal of Lviv-Volyn Basin is present in samples of the coal ash in all coal seams the Lower and Middle Carboniferous. The concentration of germanium for the seams v6, n7, n8, n8в, n9 was analyzed in the Chervonohrad geologicalindustrial region (Mezhyrichanske and Zabuzke fields). The article analyzes and constructs a map of germanium concentrations for coal of the seam v6 for the Chervonohrad geological-industrial region of Lviv-Volyn Basin. Along the lateral of the seam one can fix the rise in the concentration in the edge zones of paleopeatbog. Such distribution is explained by the mechanism of sorption accumulation of Ge in the organic mass of peats in the areas of increased water-mineral supplying. Data received while executing prospecting in the Lyubelske field of Lviv-Volyn Basin were analyzed. Coal of the seams п7 в, п8 в, п9, b1 of the Lyubelska-3 site that is planned from burning with the energy purposes, simultaneously may be used as source of germanium. At stratigraphic interval of the upper alluvial-lacustrine-marshy-lagoonal subformation of the Carboniferous formation of the Lviv-Volyn Basin (Bashkirian stages) the coal of the South-Western coal-bearing region (the Lyubelske field) is more germanium-bearing than coal from the Chervonohrad geological-industrial region (Mezhyrichanske and Zabuzke fields). The uneven distribution of germanium concentration is characteristic of the coal seams of the Lviv-Volyn Basin. The wave-like character of the distribution of concentrations is caused by the process of sedimentation which is subordinated to consedimentary movements that influenced the water regime of paleopeatsbogs, lithological and facies changing of the coalbearing deposits as a whole.

Features of the epidemic process in the spread of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 on the territory of the metropolitan area in the period 2020–2022

Introduction Conducting a comprehensive epidemiological etiological analysis of the development of the СОVID-19 pandemic in a metropolitan area is of interest to specialists of didderent profiles (epidemiologists, infectious disease specialists, pediatricians, therapists, immunologists, virologists). An important element of epidemiological surveillance is the assessment of collective immunity to infectious agents, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The natural ability of viruses to variability leads to the emergence of new types and strains. Currently, a number of mutations and polymorphisms have been identified that affect the structure and stability of proteins, factors of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenicity and virulence of the virus, and the ability to “elude” the immune response of the host organism.The aim of the work was to assess evaluate the character of the epidemic process development of a new coronavirus infection on the territory of the metropolitan area in the period 2020–2022.Materials and methods A total of 331,013 people were examined by PCR for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. Specific IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in serum were detected by ELISA in 42,955 people. Genetic variants of the virus were typed (by PCR and sequencing).Results During the entire follow-up period, the highest percentage of “positive for Covid-19” was observed in February 2022 (58.9 %) and September 2022 (46.8 %). Among the total number of patients examined (n = 331,013), adult patients accounted for the largest proportion, – 83.9 %, children – 16.1 %. The proportion of individuals with specific IgG to SARSCoV-2 in 2020–2021 ranged from 53.3–82.6 %.Discussion In 2020–2022, there was an increase in the proportion of individuals with detectable RNA virus. The greatest infection was observed in the age groups 19–27 years and 28–65 years. It was found that the linear dependence of the increase in the specific weight of seropositive persons with respect to IgG among the residents of Ekaterinburg has a progressive trend, the approximation reliability coefficient R2 corresponds to 0.8172. In samples of patients examined in April–August 2022, markers of the genetic variant Omicron were detected in 96.9 % of cases. The increase in the structure of infected pediatric population (almost twofold over 2020–2022 years) is probably caused by the adaptation of the pathogen to a new susceptible cohort of people.Conclusion The dynamics of the number of people examined and the proprtion of detectability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Ekaterinburg during the entire period of the pandemic (March 2020–December 2022) had a wave-like character. By the end of 2022, the level of seropositive individuals in all age groups increased significantly, which confirms the presence of collective immunity in the territory.

OSCILLATORY PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION CS-137 IN THE BARK OF SCOTCH PINE

The paper studies the vertical distribution of Cs-137 trees in the bark of two model trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), selected in the zone of radioactive contamination of the Bryansk region. Each tree was divided into 10 centimeter bars from a length of up to 17 meters, after which the bark along with the bast was separated from each bar into a separate sample. In addition to Cs-137, the content of natural radionuclide K-40 was measured in the bark of model tree No.2 from a comline to 6.5 meters. Measurement of specific activity of technogenic radionuclide Cs-137 and natural radionuclide K-40 by gamma-spectrometric method. For the first time, it was found that in the bark of the studied trees, the vertical distribution of Cs-137 has a wave-like character and can be represented as harmonic oscillations with a period of 1 m. The distribution of potassium also has an oscillatory character similar to caesium, which is consistent with a similar mechanism of behavior of potassium and caesium in woody plants. The correlation coefficient between the values of specific activity of Cs-137 in model trees No.1 and No.2 was 0.80, and between Cs-137 and K-40 in model tree No. 2 was 0.45. Thus, Cs-137 can be used as a radiotracer to assess the intake and distribution of chemical elements in the tissues of scots pine. The found oscillatory nature of the vertical distribution of caesium and potassium in the pine bark has no analogues in the world literature.

Improvement of research methodology mesostructures of atmospheric fronts on the basis of ground­based microwave radiometry

The paper considers the some results of experimental studies of the mesoscale structure of atmospheric fronts using a ground-based microwave water vapor radiometer. A methodology for studying the mesoscale structure of atmospheric fronts is described, which includes two stages: the stage of syn- optic (frontological) analysis and the stage of mesoscale analysis based on measurements of atmospheric moisture and cloud liquid water content using a microwave water vapor radiometer. The application of the methodology is demonstrated by the example of the analysis of the results of observation of the case of the passage of warm and cold fronts through the Leningrad region on September 9—14, 2020. Based on the analysis of the results of previous studies, the features of changes in the characteristics of moisture content during the passage of atmospheric fronts are generalized. The growth of the atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water content is delayed relative to the appearance of harbingers of a warm cloud front of the upper tier. The growth of moisture content characteristics has a wave-like character, which can be explained by the manifestation of the strip mesostructure of the front. Estimates of the characteristic scales of spatial heterogeneities in the structure of atmospheric fronts for the area under consideration differ from similar characteristics obtained by P. Hobbs for the northeastern coast of North America. In the course of mesoscale analysis, the type of atmospheric front crossing the observation point can be clarified. The results obtained determine the prospects for improving the methods of diagnostics and current forecasting of dangerous weather phenomena during the passage of atmospheric fronts using ground-based microwave radiometers

Compliance with Ministry of Health Regulations among Israeli Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Risk Perception.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a sustained state of emergency, causing uncertainty and risk taking. Israeli nurses were required to follow new regulations and safety measures issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health (MOH). This study aimed to examine nurses' compliance with MOH regulations and its association with their risk and threat perceptions and their positive and negative emotions. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 346 Israeli nurses. The study model was examined with path analysis. Most nurses reported complying with MOH regulations either fully (49%) or very often (30%). Negative emotions were positively associated with perceptions of both threat and risk, yet only risk perception was positively associated with nurses' compliance. A significant mediated relationship was found between negative emotions and nurses' compliance, with the possible mediator being risk perception. Hence, higher negative emotions were associated with a greater risk perception, which was associated with higher compliance. Health systems leaders must strategize to deal with the wave-like character of the pandemic. Solutions to nursing teams' negative emotions must be provided to keep the balance between feelings of complacency and a situation of high-level, intense negative feelings, which might lead to abstention, burnout, or emotional injury.

Неравномерность микротвердости и микроструктуры малоуглеродистой стали, прокатанной на двухклетьевом прокатно-дрессировочном стане

The relevance of the study is proved by two factors. One of them is the necessity to study the nature of the change in the microstructure of the cross-section of extra-thin tinplate made of TS 435 steel (analogue of 08ps steel) skin-passed in a new DSR-1250 mill of the Miory Metal Rolling Plant. The second factor is the need to develop an effective method for obtaining accurate geometry characteristics of an oblique cut of tinplate 0.19 mm or less thick. The purpose of the work is to determine the changes in microhardness and microstructure over the thickness of tinplate samples and identify the existence of a layer microstructure necessary for this type of flat-rolled products. The study was carried out on the selected samples of tinplate of TS 435 steel 0.19 mm thick. This tinplate was rolled from an annealed strip, 0.224 mm thick. The total magnitude of reduction in the mill was 15 %, and the reduction in the skin-pass stand was at least 3 %. The authors carried out measurements of microhardness at different points over the thickness of the selected tinplate samples. The microhardness values over the strip thickness were averaged using 6th degree polynomial interpolation. To study the grain dimension, a number of microstructure images were taken in various areas over the sheet thickness with ×500 magnification. The microstructure studies showed a pronounced strain microstructure with grains elongated in the direction of rolling. At the very boundary of metal contacting the rolls, the grains received the greatest deformation. The highest values of microhardness were identified in two zones adjacent to both strip surfaces and in the central layers along the strip thickness. The change in the microhardness values along the sheet thickness has a wave-like character with three pronounced zones of increase in hardness and two zones of a decrease in its values. The zones with the lowest microhardness values are located between the zones with the maximum values.

THE PECULIARITIES OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HEART OF THE CASTRATED RATS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADRENALIN DAMAGE OF HEART

The aim of the study was to evaluate the state of oxidation processes and morphological changes in the heart of castrated rats during the development of epinephrine heart damage (EHD). Materials and methods. The study was performed on 120 white male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four series: 1 - control, 2 - castration. For EHD, rats were injected once intraperitoneally with a 0.18% solution of adrenaline hydrotartrate at the rate of 0.5 mg/kg of weight. Castration was performed under anesthesia. The concentration of diene and triene conjugates (DC, TC), Schiff's bases (SB), TBA-active products (TBA-ap), oxidatively modi"ed proteins (OMP), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined in the heart. A morphological study of preparations stained with Azantrichrome was carried out. All studies were performed in control, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after adrenaline injection. Results: In the I series DC and TC increased after 1 day of EHD, fell to control values after 3 days, and then had wave-like character (highest - after 14 days). SB decreased (minimal after 7 days), TBA-ap increase (maximal after 14 days). OMP370 increased after 1 and 3 days, after 7 days they did not differ from the control, after 14 days they were higher than in control, and after 28 days they decreased to the control values. OMP430 and OMP530were greater than the control indicators in all terms, except the last; the maximum was noted after 14 days. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was lower than the control indicators at all times of the study. Castration caused an increase of lipid peroxidation. After 7 days, DC and TC, were lower and SB - higher, than in the I series. Castration caused a decrease in OMP. In EHD all values of OMP, compared to the castrated control rats, were higher at all studed times Castration leads to increase of SOD, and decrase of CAT. All indicators of SOD and CAT exceeded the indicators of animals of the I series at all times of the study. Biochemical changes are consistent with morphological changes. After injection of epinephrine, severe vascular disorders, adventitia edema, perivasal edema, endothelial cell damage, dilatation of hemicapillaries, full blood vessels, stasis, hemorrhages in the surrounding tissues, and sclerosing of the walls of arteries and venules were observed. Cardiomyocytes were swollen, shortening, necrosis was observed, myocytolysis was noted. Edema of the stroma was noted. In the stroma, around the vessels, located cells of connective tissue elements were observed. Indicate more damage to the myocardium in the process of development of EHD in animals of the I series. Conclusions: Castration of rats causes an increase of lipid peroxidation products and CAT activity in the heart, but a decrease in the content of OMP. Adrenaline injection causes activation of lipid peroxidation and an increase in the content of OMP. During the development of EHD, the activity of antioxidants is significantly higher in II group. Biochemical changes are consistent with morphological, and indicate more damage to the myocardium in the development of EHD in animals of the I series.

Influence of the arctic climatic conditions of the Kola Peninsula on the reactivity of the sympathetic-adrenal and cardiovascular systems of junior high school children

The growth and development of children aged 7-10 years takes place under conditions of continuous learning, and the level of fatigue increases by the end of the school year. Environmental factors of the Kola Peninsula play a special role here. the process of adaptation of the organism takes place in all age and gender groups. The most obvious is the reactivity of the cardiovascular and sympathetic-adrenal systems to physical load, which enhances the correlation links between indicators of the two active systems. It happens in the following way: by the end of the academic year, in all age and gender groups before the polar day, a proven shift of the observed indicators is recorded. The results obtained provide a comprehensive picture of age-related adaptation changes and increase in the level of fatigue in the arctic climate conditions of the Kola Peninsula. Examinations of children aged 7-10 years showed that age dynamics of cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal systems indicators is non-linear and significantly depends on specific parts of the academic year. This may be due to the periodicity of the polar night, namely, as the functional capabilities of particular systems tend to increase with age, certain indicators have a wave-like character of changes.

Wave-like character of rock pressure in a longwall face

Introduction. Coal seam extraction causes rock mass displacement, which often leads to negative consequences. It is important to take into account the process patterns within the undermined rock mass to reduce the negative effect. Intensifi ed mining operations, increased lengths of faces and extraction panels, and increased per face output inevitably cause changes in all geomechanical processes in the face. Research theory. When designing and developing the working area, it is important to examine and forecast the geomechanical situation, as well as take into account the parameters and elements of the displacement processes caused by coal seam mining. The research objective is to determine the infl uence patterns in the rock seam that exerts pressure on mine support. The article presents the results of pressure area construction when mining longwall faces in gently sloping coal seams. Methods of research. Rock pressure on a power support unit was monitored based on pressure readings in the legs using Marko company data. The Surfer software product was used to build the pressure area and its profi les. The pressure area is obtained by converting the fl uid pressure in power support legs into rock pressure. The variation of the longwall support pressure during coal seam mining is shown. Results and analysis. The paper proposes an algorithm for calculating the thickness of the seam that exerts pressure on the longwall face support. The algorithm considers its wave-like changes along the length of the panel. The thickness of rocks exerting pressure on the support is up to 10 seam thicknesses. Conclusions. The height of the pressure arch generally coincides with the parameters for the disordered collapse zone. It is 4–8 times as big as the thickness of the extracted seam. The process of roof collapse and displacement a longwall face is wave-like. The height of the pressure arch can be determined using a sinusoid and the concepts of rock mass structuring according to the algorithm presented in this paper

“Tap, Tap Water”. Quantum Tunneling Demonstration

Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon in which an atom or a subatomic particle appears on the other side of a potential barrier that should be impenetrable to the particle, given the difference between the kinetic energy of the particle and the potential energy of the barrier, the former being significantly lesser. However, if the barrier shrinks enough the particle will be able to tunnel right through it. This is among the most well-known quantum physics phenomena. Historically, physicists struggled to grasp the wavelike and particle-like duality of light and subatomic particles. The aforementioned phenomenon occurs due to the wavelike behavior of photons. Quantum phenomena, such as quantum tunneling, might appear quite convoluted, therefore a simple experimental demonstration was performed to highlight the basic mechanisms of the phenomenon in a manner comprehensible to the wide masses. The demonstration, however, is just what we are in fact observing instead of quantum tunneling – “optical tunneling”, perhaps more commonly known as Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR). This mathematically analogous phenomenon serves as a mere tool for explaining quantum tunneling while aiding our understanding of it and facilitating its visualization. The experimental demonstration shall prove that quantum tunneling is a daily occurring phenomenon and that it is possible once the barrier is thin enough. If these arguments are indeed met with a successful visual demonstration a wavelike character of the photons happens to be confirmed as well.

Analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 in organized military collectives of various types

Against the background of the global spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the prevention of infections with airborne mechanisms of transmission has become a priority in the Armed Forces. The development of effective COVID-19 prevention measures requires consideration of the peculiarities of military service and everyday life due to the inability of organized military collectives to comply with the requirements of the lockdown regime introduced at the peak of morbidity by the civilian health system. The patterns of incidence of COVID-19 in military personnel of the Western Military District in organized military collectives were studied in relation to the conditions of training and combat activities and the characteristics of military service. It was found that the dynamics of the incidence of COVID-19 among military personnel of the Western Military District in 20202021 exhibited a wave-like character and included four epidemic rises that coincided with epidemic waves among the civilian population. At the same time, from April to December 2020, the morbidity rate in military personnel was significantly higher than that in the general population, and from January to December 2021 against the background of mass vaccination of military personnel against COVID-19, the incidence rate in military personnel decreased by 50% relative to that in the general population. The effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures has increased significantly in recent months. The average number of patients in the epidemic outbreak decreased by 46.3%, the average duration of the outbreak decreased by 12.4%, and the proportion of group morbidity in the structure of the overall incidence of COVID-19 decreased by 19.8%. It is shown that the incidence of COVID-19 in various types of military collectives depends on the conditions of military service and the specifics of daily activities. The highest epidemiological significance of COVID-19 was detected in military units of constant readiness, as well as in medical and military educational organizations.

Effect of thymogen immunocorrected boar castration on biochemical indicators

The article presents the results of the dynamics of indicators of protein, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism during castration of boars in industrial production against the background of immunocorrection with thymogen. The studies were carried out on 14 boars (aged 5 months), selected by random sampling from 38 animals in compliance with the principle of paired analogues and divided into two groups ‒ control and experimental ones (n=7 in each). All boars were castrated by an open method with preoperative medical support according to the methodology adopted in the farm. Animals of the experimental group were additionally injected with thymogen for a five-day course. During the experiment, the content of C-reactive and total proteins, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, glucose was determined in the blood serum. Albumin-globulin ratio was determined by the calculation method. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that castration of boars was accompanied in both groups at all stages of the experiment by an increase in the content of C-reactive protein, changes in protein metabolism, mainly in the catabolic phase of the postoperative period ‒ a decrease in the concentration of total protein, globulin below the norm in the control group with similar dynamics of indicators in the experimental group, but within the reference intervals. Further dynamics were positive in the direction of normalization at the anabolic phase. The dynamics of urea and creatinine in both groups had a wave-like character, not going beyond the normative values, the level of urea increased with a subsequent decrease, creatinine – vice versa. Their final levels were lower than the original ones.The use of thymogen largely leveled the intensity of changes in the catabolic phase of the pathological process and contributed to the normalization of the biochemical profile at the final stage of the experiment.

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES: STATE AND FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD

Objective. The objective of the present research is an analysis of the state and features of the development of special economic zones in the world. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping. Results. It was established that in 1975-2018, the number of countries in the world in which special economic zones were created increased more than 5 times, and the number of special economic zones - more than 67 times. As of 2018, there were almost 5,400 special economic zones in 147 countries. It was established that the development of SEZs in the world has a wave-like character, three main waves of the development of SEZs in the world were identified: the first wave - the 90s of the XX century; the second wave – the first decade of the 21st century; the third wave – the second half of the second decade of the 21st century. It was established that the development of SEZs in the world is characterized by significant national and macro-regional asymmetries and disproportions. SEZs are developing most actively in developing countries. The countries of the specified group account for 88.6% of the total number of SEZs created in the world, 95.1% - SEZs in the world that are in the process of development, 99% of SEZs that are planned to be created in the world. It was determined that in the group of developing countries, Asia is the macro-region where SEZs are most actively developing.Asia accounts for 75.2% of the total number of SEZs created in the world or almost 85% of SEZs created in developing countries; 78% of the total number of SEZs under development in the world, or 82.3% of SEZs under development in developing countries; almost 83% of the total number of SEZs planned to be established in the world, or 83.5% of the total number of SEZs planned to be established in developing countries. Asia as a macro-region is characterized by significant asymmetries in SEZ development. The most active development of SEZ is observed in the countries of East Asia. Thus, East Asian countries account for 65.4% of the total number of SEZs operating in Asian countries or 49.1% of the total number of SEZs operating in the world. The largest centers of SEZ development are China and India. The area of most SEZs operating in the world in 2018 varied between 100.1 and 500 hectares. Almost 2/3 of the SEZs operating in the world in 2018 can be identified as multi-sector SEZs or SEZs without specialization. It was determined that on a global scale SEZs prove their effectiveness, the activity of SEZs in different countries of the world, even in individual regions of the same country, is characterized by significant differences in the levels of efficiency. Successful development of SEZs takes place when governments apply a strategic approach to the formation of policy frameworks, SEZ development programs, take into account competitive advantages and opportunities of the space where SEZs are created, take into account the requirements of sustainable development, and implement a set of measures aimed at developing SEZ connections with all branches of the national economy, etc.

Идея славянской взаимности в мышлении чешских националистов в 1860-е - начале 1870-х гг. (на примере сокольского движения)

The author uses the case of the Sokol (Czech for a “falcon”) movement in the 1860s - early 1870s to examine the ideas of the Slavic origin of the Czech nation and its kind of “kinship” with the other Slavs as an important component of Czech nationalist thinking. The first Sokol was founded at the turn of 1862 in Prague and followed the model of the German “Turnvereins”, combining nationalism with physical exercises. Analysing the print media that played a vital role in Czech nationalist culture, the author shows that Czech nationalists constantly sought to emphasize their belonging to the Slavs through verbal, visual, and musical representaions. Among the main principles of Czech nationalist thinking was totalism, which meant conceiving the nation as the highest value. Putting Czech national interests over everything else led Czech nationalists to take the idea of Slavic reciprocity as their subsidiary identity used as an instrument to define and achieve their goals. One of the manifestations of this approach was the Czech commitment to the concept of Austro-Slavism - the cooperation of Slavic nations to make the policy of the Habsburg monarchy serve their joint interests. This concept can be associated with the stable interest in the issues of Galician Poles, Slovenes, and Croats. The attention of Czech nationalists to the rest of the Slavs had a wave-like character. During the period under study, such waves were caused by one of the regular Montenegrin-Turkish military conflicts in 1862 (the popularity of the so-called Junak or heroic discourse), the January Uprising in 1863 (PoLonophiLia and Russophobia) and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which made Czech nationalists seek the external support (Russophilia). These trends have influenced the formation of the Sokol culture and the activities of the Sokol societies.

АЯНСКИЙ ТРАКТ ДЛЯ ОСВОЕНИЯ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА: СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОМ И СОВРЕМЕННОМ АСПЕКТАХ

The Ayansky Tract is the shortest route from Yakutsk to the Pacific Ocean. Its role in the Far East development was major. Operation of this road had a wave-like character: periods of rise replaced periods of decrease in cargo flows between the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and the Ayano-Maysky region of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Asia-Pacific countries. In the future, the construction of the gravel road from the Ayan rural settlement to Yakutsk will eliminate the transport isolation of northern settlements, providing the improvement of the local population quality of life and the Northern Transport Corridor formation. The road commissioning will activate economic development of the territory possessing the richest natural resource potential.

Tendencies of labor content changes at different stages of historical development

The article investigates how the main characteristics of labor activity are manifested during different stages of historical development. The authors propose to classify labor activity by four labor relations layering directions: free and bonded labor, prestigious and ordinary types of activity, skilled and unskilled labor, creative and routine labor. The main approaches to history periodization were analyzed and presented on a unified time scale. Based on the analysis of existing approaches, a generalized approach to the history periodization is proposed. For each historical period the manifestation of labor relations layering directions is shown: how they are manifested, how this manifestation changes from period to period, how labor activity is distributed within these characteristics. The visualization of how the labor relations layering directions manifest themselves at different historical stages of the proposed periodization is presented. The conclusion is made that the differentiation of labor has a wave-like character; the identified labor relations layering directions are manifested practically at all periods of history of economic activity, they change in different directions and interrelated with each other; creative and skilled labor relations layering types reflect the process of new technologies introduction; labor differentiation increases during the periods of technological revolutions.