Watson's Theory Research Articles

REVIEW OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY ON NGENGER WAY OF LIFE AMONG SANTRI

This study aims to analyze the way of life of ngenger among santri (pesantren students) from a behavioristic point of view at Fadllillah Waru Sidoarjo Islamic Boarding School. This study applies a phenomenological qualitative approach. The object of this study is the students who ngenger in the pesantren (Islamic boarding schools, in some conditions, may be closer to an Islamic Monastery). Data were collected by observation and interview techniques. Data analysis using interactive model analysis techniques from Miles and Huberman. The results of the study explained that students who "ngenger" have their own goals, such as learning tasawuf, recompense, devotion, making blessings, to life expectancy. They also have their duties such as cleaning ndalem, washing, and ironing kyai (pesantren principal) and bu nyai (the wife of pesantren principal) clothes, preparing kyai and bu nyai food, accompanying kyai and bu nyai wherever they go. Ngenger can shape student behavior, including obedient, obedient, patient, resigned, responsible, simple, humble, gentle behavior, and ability to interpret life. The more obedient a student is to the kyai, the better and more nimble he will be in completing his duties. In ngenger, it can be known that John B Watson's behaviorism theory of stimulus-response can influence a person's behavior.

The effect of nursing care based on human caring theory on posttraumatic growth in parentally bereaved adolescents: Action research.

The death of a parent is a traumatic experience for adolescents. Studies to ensure post-traumatic growth in adolescents are limited. The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of nursing care based on Watson's Theory of Human Caring on posttraumatic growth in parentally bereaved adolescents. This study was participatory action research. The study was carried out with four participants through online interviews. In the study, pre- and post-action data were obtained through individual interviews and scales. During the action process, nursing care based on the Theory of Human Caring was provided to the participants individually tracked through the Omaha System. Pre and post-action qualitative data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. In quantitative data, scale total and sub-scores were documented. During the action, it was determined via Omaha System coding that the participants mostly experienced grief and mental health problems. In the pre-action, the participants stated that they experienced various difficulties regarding grief. In the post-action, the participants stated that the meaning of parental loss,its effects on life, and their ability to cope with loss changed and they experienced positive changes. In addition, when the scale scores of the participants' pre- and post-action were compared, it was found that the Mourning Scale scores decreased, and the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory scores increased. The result of this study demonstrate that nursing care based on Theory of Human Caring reduces the grief symptoms and contributes to post-traumatic growth in parentally bereaved adolescents.

The role of safety leadership in nursing management during the pandemic

The role of safety leadership in nursing management during the pandemic

Frontline nurses experiences about human caring during pandemic of COVID-19: A directed content analysis study.

This study aims to investigate experiences of frontline nurses about human caring during COVID-19 pandemic based on the Ten Caritas Processes® of Watson's Human Caring Theory. A directed content analysis was performed. A total of 15 frontline nurses were recruited by purposive sampling from Razi hospital (north of Iran), in 2020 and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Extracted categories based on Ten Caritas Processes® included feeling satisfied in providing care to patients, effective presence with patients, moving towards self-actualization (moving towards transcendence), care with trust and compassion, experience positive and negative emotions, creativity in providing care, self-directing learning experience in the field of care, unfavourable environment for providing care, feeling acceptance and worth, uncertainty (facing the unknown). This study showed that communication skills, self-sensitivity, patient dignity, teaching-learning and problem-solving skills, holistic attention to the patient, and the provision of a healing environment are necessary for patient care.

A comparison of nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors in intensive care units

ObjectiveDifferences in patients and nurses’ perceptions of caring behaviors arouse patient dissatisfaction. Continuous monitoring and assessment of caring behaviors has revealed its problems, and this in turn would promote care services by planning rational interventions and removing the problems. The present study aimed to compare nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of nurses’ caring behaviors in intensive care units in accordance with Watson's transpersonal caring theory. MethodsIn this descriptive-analytical study, 70 nurses were selected using the census method, and 70 elderly patients over 60 years old were also selected using purposive sampling method from the intensive care units of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences during 2012–2013. Caring Behavior Inventory for Elders (CBI-E) was adopted in this research to detect the nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors. In the data analysis phase, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and Pearson correlation tests were used. ResultsThe research findings revealed no statistically significant difference between the total scores of nurses’ 83.80 (22.93), 95% CI [78.40, 89.20] and elderly patients’ 80.09 (26.00), 95% CI [74, 86.20] perception of nurses’ caring behaviors (P=0.379). From the viewpoint of the nurses and elderly patients, responding quickly to a patient's call 100.00 (0.00), 95% CI [100.00, 100.00] had the highest mean scores and patient participation in caring process had the lowest mean scores among nurses 22.86 (33.71), 95% CI [15.00, 30.80] and elderly patients 14.29 (28.41), 95% CI [7.63, 20.90]. ConclusionThis study indicated the elderlies and nurses’ similar perceptions of caring behaviors in intensive care units. This finding would help nurses to recognize and prioritize the elderly patients’ care needs, thereby promoting the quality of care services.

Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Experience of Watson's Theory of Human Caring Caritas Process III: Developing Spiritual Self to Provide Spiritual Nursing Care.

The purpose of this study was to explore intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' experience of developing spiritual self to meet the significant spiritual and existential needs of patients and their families. A qualitative descriptive method with directed content analysis guided by Watson's Theory of Human Caring was utilized. From a sample of 10 ICU nurses, 3 main themes were described. The themes articulate ICU nurses' experience of personal spiritual growth as influenced by their work environment and the need for continued development of spiritual self to support their clinical role.

The Use of Nursing Theory to Support Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Education in Nursing Curricula

Inclusive sexual and reproductive health care (SRH) content is limited in nursing curricula, resulting in nurses who lack education to provide complex SRH services to marginalized patients, especially sexual and gender minorities (SGM). The 10 Caritas Processes, the framework of Watson's Theory of Caring, were evaluated for being integral components of SRH. This theory is used to advocate for SGM-inclusive SRH content in nursing curricula. The interpretation of Caritas Processes 2, 4, and 7 provide theoretical support for SGM-inclusive SRH content. Specific strategies to modify and improve nursing curricula are described. There is a need to incorporate inclusive SRH education into nursing curricula to normalize evidence-based SRH for diverse, marginalized patient populations. By emphasizing the caring intentions necessary for nursing professionals, Watson's Theory of Caring is an appropriate framework to guide the development of SGM-relevant SRH content in nursing education. [J Nurs Educ. 2023;62(2):69-74.].

Assistência de enfermeiros a crianças em cuidados paliativos: estudo à luz da teoria de Jean Watson

Abstract Objective To understand the care provided by nurses to children with cancer in palliative care in the light of Jean Watson's Theory. Method Qualitative study, based on Jean Watson's theory, carried out with ten clinical nurses from a reference hospital for cancer in João Pessoa, PB. The collection of empirical material took place between October and December 2020, through the semi-structured interview technique, later analyzed under the Content Analysis Technique. Results The nurses’ testimonies brought strong reflections on knowledge in the field of oncology nursing, with an emphasis on assistance to children in palliative care, since the strategies implemented in this scenario are consistent with Jean Watson's Theory, based on the elements contained in the Clinical Caritas Process. Conclusion and Implications for practice The role of nurses based on humanized care, with the scope of promoting comfort and pain relief, and dialogical, playful and transpersonal practices, is essential in this disease process. In this way, the identified strategies may contribute to the clinical practice of nurses, when caring for children with cancer in palliative care, based on Jean Watson’s Theory.

Nurses assistance to children in palliative care: a study in the light of Jean Watson's theory

Resumo Objetivo Compreender a assistência de enfermeiros a crianças com câncer em cuidados paliativos à luz da Teoria de Jean Watson. Método Estudo qualitativo, tendo como referencial a teoria de Jean Watson, realizado com dez enfermeiros assistenciais de um hospital de referência em câncer de João Pessoa, PB. A coleta do material empírico ocorreu entre outubro e dezembro de 2020, por meio da técnica de entrevista semiestruturada, posteriormente analisado sob a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados Os depoimentos dos enfermeiros trouxeram reflexões contundentes acerca dos conhecimentos no campo da enfermagem oncológica, com ênfase na assistência a crianças em cuidados paliativos, uma vez que as estratégias implementadas neste cenário são coerentes com a Teoria de Jean Watson, pautada nos elementos contidos no Processo Clinical Caritas. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática A atuação dos enfermeiros a partir de uma assistência humanizada, com o escopo na promoção de conforto e alívio da dor e nas práticas dialógicas, lúdicas e transpessoais, é imprescindível neste processo de doença. Deste modo, as estratégias identificadas poderão contribuir para a prática clínica de enfermeiros ao cuidar de crianças com câncer em cuidados paliativos, fundamentada na Teoria de Jean Watson.

Experiences of nurses diagnosed with COVID-19 and recovered: A qualitative research.

AimTo explain the feelings and experiences of nurses who survived COVID‐19 in their care and recovery processes, based on Watson's Theory of Human Care.BackgroundThe COVID 19 pandemic was an extraordinary time when nurses both took care of their patients and dealt with their illness by catching the disease themselves. In this process, nurses who contracted the disease experienced the fear of transmitting the disease to their relatives.MethodQualitative descriptive research design was used in this study. The sample consists of 15 nurses selected by the convenience sampling method and diagnosed with COVID‐19 and recovered. The data were collected in face‐to‐face interviews using the individual in‐depth interview method through a semi‐structured interview form. A thematic analysis was performed on the data according to the 10 carative factors of Watson's Theory of Human Caring.ResultsIt was determined that the spiritual and professional difficulties experienced by nurses who recovered from COVID‐19 during the disease and symptom management process were the fear of death, infecting their family members and losing them, and the importance of life.ConclusionIt is considered that care practices based on Watson's Theory of Human Caring will be beneficial in the management of these processes.Implications for Nursing ManagementNurses diagnosed with COVID 19 should be supported by the nursing management during their illness so that their negative experiences will not be repeated. Watson's Theory of Human Caring can help eliminate this sense of fear and loss.

Experiences of COVID-19 survivors: A qualitative study based on Watson's Theory of Human Caring.

This study aims to investigate the experiences of survivors of COVID‐19 in Turkey. The research questions and results are structured according to Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. The study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative research design. The phenomenological method was used to explore the experiences of survivors of COVID‐19. A total of 34 survivors of COVID‐19 were included in the study. Data were collected using semi‐structured and open‐ended questions online and via telephone interviews between February and March 2020. Data were evaluated using thematic analysis and descriptive analysis. Six main themes and twenty‐five sub‐themes were defined that describe the experiences of survivors of COVID‐19 regarding the illness: (a) Denial and adaptation, (b) Fear, (c) Feeling of hopelessness, (d) Preventions (e) Meaning attribution, and (f) Metaphors about COVID‐19. Information from this research may be used by healthcare professionals to develop new strategies for the care of survivors of COVID‐19. Moreover, it can be said that Watson’s Theory of Human Caring is suitable for monitoring the psychosocial development of patients with COVID‐19.

A comparison of nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors in intensive care units

ObjectiveDifferences in patients and nurses’ perceptions of caring behaviors arouse patient dissatisfaction. Continuous monitoring and assessment of caring behaviors has revealed its problems, and this in turn would promote care services by planning rational interventions and removing the problems. The present study aimed to compare nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of nurses’ caring behaviors in intensive care units in accordance with Watson's transpersonal caring theory. MethodsIn this descriptive-analytical study, 70 nurses were selected using the census method, and 70 elderly patients over 60 years old were also selected using purposive sampling method from the intensive care units of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences during 2012–2013. Caring Behavior Inventory for Elders (CBI-E) was adopted in this research to detect the nurses and elderly patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors. In the data analysis phase, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and Pearson correlation tests were used. ResultsThe research findings revealed no statistically significant difference between the total scores of nurses’ 83.80 (22.93), 95% CI [78.40, 89.20] and elderly patients’ 80.09 (26.00), 95% CI [74, 86.20] perception of nurses’ caring behaviors (P=0.379). From the viewpoint of the nurses and elderly patients, responding quickly to a patient's call 100.00 (0.00), 95% CI [100.00, 100.00] had the highest mean scores and patient participation in caring process had the lowest mean scores among nurses 22.86 (33.71), 95% CI [15.00, 30.80] and elderly patients 14.29 (28.41), 95% CI [7.63, 20.90]. ConclusionThis study indicated the elderlies and nurses’ similar perceptions of caring behaviors in intensive care units. This finding would help nurses to recognize and prioritize the elderly patients’ care needs, thereby promoting the quality of care services.

Preferred Self-Care Behaviors of Participants Who Have Completed a Caring Science Online Course

Participant narratives from open discussion boards within a Caring Science, Mindful Practice Massive Open Online Course were analyzed to determine preferred self-care activities, and the degree to which course content supported the creation of self-care goals. Although the course explores different ways to apply Watson's Human Caring Theory, the data collected were focused on self-care activities reported by the course participants. Identifying preferred activities among participants may help facilitate self-care education for those interested in a Caring Science based approach to self-care. The focal points of the data were analyzed to assess whether participants focused on improving work-life or home-life.

Exploring Alternate Visions of Caring in a World of Social Distancing.

Compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, both loneliness and isolation are a growing concern for the older adult population. An intergenerational holistic exchange, Cardinals CARE (Cardinals, Adopt, Residents for Engagement), was developed as a way to connect older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) with nursing students while demonstrating the meeting of student service learning outcomes. Students shared correspondence with residents in LTCFs for a 10-week period, sending mail weekly in the form of letters, artwork, crafts, an appropriate joke, or anything to encourage engagement. Jean Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring was used as a framework for the project. Students (n = 109) participating in the program provided interaction with 734 residents in 11 LTCFs in 3 counties. Students utilized reflective journaling to demonstrate the meeting of service learning outcomes and described the power of connection and the opportunity to provide holistic care. A result of the project was the intergenerational connectedness showcasing the reciprocal nature of the CARE project. Further research is needed to build an evidence base for the use of such interaction to promote connection and combat loneliness.

A concept analysis of Watson'snursing Caritas process.

The main objective of this analysis is to give an understanding of Watson's nursing Caritas as a concept. Watson's nursing Caritas is an abstract concept, and difficult to define and operationalize because of its philosophical nature. Watson's nursing Caritas develops a clear relationship between care, caring factors, and the processes of human life. We used Walker and Avant's method. PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, EBSCO, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ProQuest were searched. "Caritas process" and "Watson's caring theory" were searched. In the primary search, 883 articles were found, but eventually, 25 articles were included in the study. We define Watson's nursing Caritas as the process based on caring consciousness, engaging in reliable human caring relationships for healing support, integrity, and development of humanity that alters the concept of caring into a higher ethical commitment inspired by responsibility for others, and different meanings, including kindness, compassion, joyfulness, and peacefulness and leads to the establishment of caring behavior in clinical Watson's nursing Caritas, thus leading to improving performance. Clinical nursing Caritas enables nurses to develop an effective human being relationship between nurse-client-family, and ultimately achieve a common experience and perception of caring.

Transforming standard pedagogy because of the COVID-19 pandemic: how social presence could establish and apply Watson's theory within the virtual classroom

Social distancing requirements during the Covid-19 pandemic have made virtual teaching the only means available whereby students’ health can be protected as they continue their education. Two key areas to be addressed for those seeking to teach effectively online are – establishing social presence and building from that to extend care toward learners. This paper examines practical ways in which these aims may be achieved, and will hopefully promote the debate and sharing of strategies and pedagogy between nursing educators.

Experience of providing nursing care based on Watson's theory to a patient who experienced acute rejection following a kidney transplant

<p>本文描述一位血液透析個案接受腎移植後出現急性排斥之護理經驗，照護期間為2020年1月6日至2020年1月31日。筆者藉由會談、傾聽、觀察、身體評估、病歷查閱等技巧收集資料，確立有急性疼痛、潛在危險性感染、焦慮等健康問題。運用Watson關懷照護理論，與個案建立良好的護病關係，提供個別性護理。針對術後急性疼痛，提供疼痛緩解技巧，如：呼吸控制等，並合併藥物介入，達到疼痛控制；潛在危險性感染風險，著重加強傷口照護，及出院後預防感染居家護理，加上雙重血漿置換後導致白蛋白低於正常值，更運用跨團隊會診營養師，提供高蛋白等營養攝取資訊；當對未來出現不確定，及對不熟悉的治療產生焦慮不安時，除給予治療前詳細介紹外，更運用關懷、聆聽、信仰等，加強其心理與靈性支持，增加個案的自信和希望，使其能以正向態度開始新生活。期望藉由此經驗分享在照護類似個案時，能提供更適切的護理照顧，作為日後臨床照護之參考。</p> <p> </p><p>This study describes the experience of providing nursing care to a hemodialysis patient who experienced acute rejection following a kidney transplant. The period of care lasted from January 6, 2020 to January 21, 2020. Data was collected through conversations, listening sessions, observations, physical assessments, and medical record reviews. The patient was found to be suffering from health problems such as acute pain, a potential risk of infection, and anxiety. Watson’s theory of human caring was applied to establish a strong nurse-patient relationship and to provide personalized nursing care. The patient’s acute postoperative pain was managed and controlled by means of pain alleviation methods such as respiratory control and medication treatment-based interventions. The patient’s potential risk of infection was managed by focusing on the implementation of wound care as well as infection prevention measures at the patient’s home after discharge. Furthermore, since the patient’s albumin level was lower than normal following a double filtration plasmapheresis, a multidisciplinary team was formed, and the patient consulted with a dietician who provided nutritional recommendations such as having a high protein diet. When the patient expressed uncertainty about the future or felt anxious about unfamiliar treatments, the team not only thoroughly described the treatments beforehand, but also enhanced the mental and spiritual support that they provided by expressing concern about, listening to, and placing faith in the patient, with the purpose of boosting the patient’s self-confidence and sense of hope. As a result the patient was able to begin a new life with a positive attitude. This experience is expected to serve as a reference for providing more appropriate nursing care plans for similar patients in clinical settings in the future.</p> <p> </p>

Nursing Administration: Watson's Theory of Human Caring.

Watson's human caring theory is widely used in nursing clinical practice, education, and research; however, further discussion on the application of this theory in administration is needed. The authors in this article aim to substruct Watson's theory of human caring for nursing administration. Major elements of the theory-transpersonal caring dimensions, caring competencies, and caring moments-are presented in a model of substruction that links the theoretical basis to methodology. In conclusion, this theory can be used as a framework or a conceptual model in nursing administration within an organization.

Spirituality as a core concept in the theoretical literature of nursing: A comparative overview between Watson & Lovering's perspectives.

Nurse theorists have addressed the primacy of the phenomenon of caring, aiming at providing a framework that captures the complex nature of caring. Several theorists emphasized the mechanical facet of care while others emphasized the holistic aspect of care. Spirituality as a central concept in caring theories was targeted in this manuscript; as it a fundamental aspect of holistic care. Watson's Human Caring Science Theory and Lovering's Crescent of Care Nursing Model represent two distinctive approaches to caring in the dimension of spirituality. A compare/contrast approach is used to depict the similarities and differences between both works, focusing on spirituality as a common concept. The outcome of the comparison showed that spirituality is a multidimensional metaphysical concept that both theorists had identified as an indispensable core aspect of holistic nursing and is context-bound in terms of its dimensions, applications, and meaningfulness.

Perceptions of nurses and parents about caring behavior in children with COVID-19: A mix method study

The prevalence of children experiencing COVID-19 infection is increased worldwide. This situation alarmed pediatric nurses to work more closely with the group of patients. Moreover, children’s parents also suffered health issues due to the pandemic. Understanding of implementation theory of Human Caring will help the nurses cope with the problem. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the perception between nurses and parents about nurses' caring behavior in hospitals. The study used a mixed method design integrating purposive sampling techniques. The instrument was the CNPI-70 consists of 70 items and 10 carative factors/subscales based on Watson's Theory of Caring. The study documented that the nurse’s perception is lower than the parent’s perception. It is important to increase the knowledge related to the perception through health education, routine training along with intensive discussion in Hospital.
 Keywords: COVID-19 infection; nurse’s perception; parent’s perception; theory of human caring; pediatric nurses